Luminescence: Marudzi, nzira, uye mafomu. Thermally dzinovhurika luminescence - chii ichi?

Luminescence ndiyo kubuda kwechiedza nezvimwe zvinhu mumamiriro ezvinhu asina kutonhora. Inopesana nemirairo yemiti inotonhora, somuenzaniso kupisa huni kana huni, simbi yakanyunguduswa uye tambo, inopisa nemagetsi emagetsi. Kubviswa kwe luminescence kunoonekwa:

• Muineon uye magetsi e fluorescent, terevhizheni, radhiar uye zviratidzo zvefluoroscopes;
• Muzvinhu zvakasikwa, zvakadai se luminol kana luciferin mumoto;
• Mune dzimwe nguruve dzinoshandiswa kunze kwekutengeserana;
• Nemheni uye aurora borealis.

Muzviitiko zvose izvi, chiedza chemasikati hachisi chikonzero chekupisa zvinhu pamusoro pekupisa kwekamuri, naizvozvo inonzi chiedza chando. Kukosha kwezvinhu zvinonzi luminescent zvinhu zviri muhutano hwavo hwekuchinja mafungiro asingaoneki emasimba mumirairo inooneka.

Sources uye nzira

Chiitiko che luminescence chinoitika semugumisiro wekuwedzerwa kwesimba nemashoko acho, somuenzaniso, kubva kune inonzi ultraviolet kana x ray ray, magetsi emagetsi, kushandiswa kwemakemikari, nezvimwe. Izvi zvinotungamirira maatomu ehutano muhurumende inofadza. Sezvo zvisingagadziki, zvinhu zvinodzokera kune zvayo zvepakutanga, uye simba rinotora rinosunungurwa nenzira yechiedza uye / kana kupisa. Ndiyo chete magetsi anoshandiswa mune izvi. Kubudirira kwe luminescence kunobva pauwandu hwekutendeuka kwekunakidza simba kuedza. Nhamba yezvinhu zvakagadzirirwa zvakakwana zvekushandiswa kwakanyanya zvishoma.

Luminescence uye incandescence

Kuvhiringidzika kwe luminescence hakuiti nekuda kwekushushikana kweatomu. Kana zvinhu zvinopisa zvinotanga kupenya semugumisiro wekudzivirira, maatomu avo ari munharaunda inofadza. Kunyange zvazvo vachidengenyeka kare kutsivhenekeri yekunze, izvi zvakakwana kuti mihizha inowanikwa munzvimbo yakasvibiswa yakareba yehutachiona. Nekuwedzera kwekushisa, huwandu hwemagetsi emagetsi anoputika kuenda kunzvimbo inooneka. Kune rumwe rutivi, pane zvakanyanya kutonhora, izvo zvakasikwa, somuenzaniso, mukutyisa kwemashupu, kuputika kweatomu kunogona kuva kwakasimba zvikuru zvokuti magetsi anosarudzika kubva kwavari ndokudzokorora, kubudisa chiedza. Muchiitiko ichi, luminescence uye incandescence hazvizivikanwi.

Fluorescent pigments uye dyes

Mifananidzo yakasanganiswa uye madhesi ane ruvara, sezvo inoratidza chikamu ichocho chinopindirana neicho. Chikamu chiduku chesimba chinoshandurwa kuva kupisa, asi hapana mazaya anooneka anooneka. Kana zvakadaro, iyo luminescent pigment inokonzera masikati mune imwe nzvimbo yechirwere, inogona kubvisa photons zvakasiyana nezvinoonekwa. Izvi zvinoitika semagumisiro emitambo mukati meiyo molecule kana kuti pigment, nemhaka yekuti iyo ultraviolet inogona kushandurwa kuoneka, somuenzaniso, chiedza chebhuruu. Nzira dzakadaro dze luminescence dzinoshandiswa kunze kwekutengeserana uye mukushamba podders. Muchikamu chekupedzisira, "chidimbu" chinoramba chiri mumucheka kwete kungoita chena chete, asiwo kushandura miviri ye ultraviolet mubhuruu, kubhadhara yellowness uye kuwedzera kuchena.

Kutsvakurudza kwokutanga

Kunyange zvazvo mheni, magetsi ekuchamhembe uye kupenya kwemafuti nemafuta zvaigara zvichizivikanwa kuvanhu, zvidzidzo zvekutanga zve luminescence zvakatanga nemagetsi, apo muna 1603 Vincenzo Cascariolo, an alchemist uye shoemaker kubva kuBoli (Italy), akapisa musanganiswa we barium sulphate (barite, Heavy spar) nemalahle. Poda yakawanikwa mushure mokutonhora, usiku yakabudisa chiedza chebluish, uye Cascariolo akacherechedza kuti inogona kudzorerwa nekuisa pachena hupfu kuzuva. Chinhu chacho chainzi "lapis solaris", kana kuti sunstone, nokuti vaalchemist vakatarisira kuti inogona kuchinja masimbi mugoridhe, chiratidzo chezuva. Izvozvo zvakamutsa zvakasimudza kufarira kwevakawanda masayendisiti emunguva iyo yakapa mashoko uye mamwe mazita, kusanganisira "phosphorus", zvinoreva "mutakuri wechiedza".

Nhasi zita rokuti "phosphorus" rinoshandiswa chete kwekemikari element, nepo microcrystalline luminescent zvinhu zvinonzi phosphor. "Phosphorus" Cascario, zvinoita sokuti, yaiva bhaumus sulphide. Yokutanga phosphor yekutengeserana (1870) yekutengeserana yaiva "pevara raBalmain" - mhinduro ye calcium sulphide. Muna 1866, yekutanga phosphor yakagadzikana kubva kune zinc sulphide yakatsanangurwa - chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha mune teknolojia yemazuva ano.

Chimwe cheongororo yekutanga yesayenzi ye luminescence, yakaratidzwa mukuora kwehuni kana nyama nemafuta, yakaitwa muna 1672 neSayenzi nyanzvi Robert Boyle, uyo, kunyange zvazvo akanga asingazivi nezvekwakabva kwechimirochemical yechiedza ichi, zvakadaro zvakadaro yakagadzirisa zvimwe zvezvinhu zvakakosha zvezvinhu zvinonzi bioluminescent systems:

• Izvo kupenya kunotonhora;
• Inogona kuderedzwa nemakemikari anoshandiswa sewaini, hydrochloric acid uye ammonia;
• Radiation inoda kuwana mhepo.

Muna 1885-1887 zvakaratidzwa kuti zvinyorwa zviduku zvakagadzirwa kubva kumadokero-Indian fireflies (moto-flake kuisa-nyemba) uye kubva pamamollusk of folad, kana yakavhenganiswa, inobudisa chiedza.

Iyo yekutanga yakagadzirwa chemiluminescent zvinhu zvakanga zvisati zviri-biological synthetic michina, yakadai se luminol, yakawanikwa muna 1928.

Chemi- uye bioluminescence

Mazhinji emagetsi akabudiswa mumagadzirirwo emakemikari, kunyanya kushandiswa kweakisi, ane chimiro chekupisa. Mune mamwe maitiro, zvisinei, chikamu chacho chinoshandiswa kukonzera magetsi kumakwikwi akareba, uye mumafuta e-fluorescent vasati vatanga chemiluminescence (CL). Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti CL inoshamisa, kunyange zvazvo simba re luminescence rakanyanya kuduku zvokuti rinoda kushandiswa kwezvinonzi detectors. Iko kune, zvisinei, zvimwe zvikamu zvinoratidza CL inobwinya. Iyo inonyanyozivikanwa pane iyi ndeye luminol, iyo iyo, iyo yakasanganiswa neHergengen peroxide, inogona kubudisa yakasimba yebhuruu kana bhuruu-ruvara rwemavara. Zvimwe zvakasimba CL-zvinhu zvinonzi lucigenin uye lofin. Pasinei nekupenya kweC CL yavo, havasi vose vanobudirira mukushandura makemikari simba kuva chiedza, sezvo zvisingasviki 1% yemamoreksi inounza chiedza. Muma1960 yakawanikwa kuti oxalic acid esters yakasvibiswa mune anhydrous solvents muhupo hwezvinokonzerwa zvikuru zvinokonzera furoorescent dzinobudisa chiedza chakajeka nekukwanisa kusvika kusvika 23%.

Bioluminescence rudzi rukuru rwaC catalyzed by enzymes. Iyo miviri ye luminescence yekuita kwakadaro inogona kusvika kusvika ku100%, zvinoreva kuti imwe molecule yeairpucaine inopinda inopinda mune imwe nyika inopisa. Maitiro ose e bioluminescent anozivikanwa nhasi anogadziriswa nekushandiswa kweiyo oxidation inoitika pamberi pehupenyu.

Thermally stimulated luminescence

Thermoluminescence zvinoreva kuti haisi kupisa kwemazuva, asi kuwedzerwa kwechiedza chekudzikisa kwezvinhu izvo electrons dzinofara nekupisa. Inormally stimulated luminescence inowanikwa mune dzimwe maminera, uye kunyanya mu crystallophosphors mushure mekunge vafadzwa nechiedza.

Photoluminescence

Photoluminescence, iyo inowanikwa pasi pesimba remagetsi emagetsi echinhu ichocho, inogona kuitwa mukati mechiedza chinooneka kuburikidza ne ultraviolet kusvika ku-ray ray uye gamma radiation. Mu luminescence inokonzerwa nehothoton, kureba kwechiedza chinobuda, sekutonga, kwakaenzana kana kuti kukura kupfuura kuwedzera kwezvinhu zvinonakidza (kureva kuenzana kana kuderera simba). Iyi misiyano muhupenyu hwekureba hunokonzerwa nekushandurwa kwemhepo isingakwanisi kuve kudengenyeka kweatomu kana ion. Dzimwe nguva, nekutaridzika kwakanyanya kune raser laser, chiedza chakabudiswa chinogona kuva nekureba kwenguva yakareba.

Ichokwadi chokuti PL inogona kufara nemirairo ye ultraviolet yakawanikwa nemudhiyanisi wekuGermany Johann Ritter muna 1801. Akacherechedza kuti phosphors inopenya kwazvo munzvimbo isingaoneki mushure mechikamu cheiyo violet yechirwere, uye naizvozvo yakawana mazai eVV. Iko kushanduka kweVU muchiedza chinooneka kunokosha zvikuru.

Gamma uye X-rays zvinonakidza crystalline phosphors nezvimwe zvinhu kumamiriro e luminescence kuburikidza nekuita ionization inoteverwa nekugadziriswa kwema electrons neyoni, sechikonzero chekuti luminescence inowanikwa. Inoshandisa kushandiswa mumapurogiramu akashandiswa mu-X-ray kuongororwa uye mu scintillation counters. Iyo yekupedzisira inocherechedza uye inotarisa mazai egimma anotarirwa padhi rakaputirwa ne phosphor iri muhutano hwepamusoro nepamusoro pephotomultiplier.

Triboluminescence

Apo makristasi ezvimwe zvinhu, somuenzaniso shuga, anopwanyika, maruva anooneka. Izvo zvinowanikwa mune zvakawanda zvezvinhu zvakasikwa uye zvisikwa. Zvose izvi zvinonzi luminescence zvinoumbwa nemaonero akanaka uye akaipa emagetsi. Iyo yekupedzisira inogadzirwa nemichina yekuparadzaniswa kwezvisikwa uye mukugadzirwa kwekristalllization. Chiedza chechiedza chinobva chichiitika nekubudiswa - pamwe chete, pakati pezvimedu zvema molecules, kana kuburikidza nekunakidzwa kwei-luminescence yemhepo yakatarisana nechokuparadzaniswa pamusoro.

Electroluminescence

Kufanana ne thermoluminescence, izwi rokuti electroluminescence (EL) rinosanganisira marudzi akasiyana e-luminescence, iyo inowanzoonekwa yekuti chiedza ichocho chinobudiswa nekubuda kwegesi mumagesi, mvura uye zvisikwa. Muna 1752, Benjamin Franklin akasimbisa luminescence yemheni, inokonzerwa nekubuda kwemagetsi kuburikidza nemhepo. Muna 1860, mwenje unoyerera wakaratidzwa kwekutanga ku Royal Society yeLondon. Yakabudisa chiedza chakachena chena apo simba guru rakabudiswa kuburikidza ne carbon dioxide pakaderera. Mazuva ano marambi e-fluorescent anobva pakusanganiswa kwe electroluminescence uye photoluminescence: maatomu e mercury mumwenje anofara nokubuda kwegesi, iyo mihizha ye ultraviolet inobviswa nayo inoshandurwa kuva chiedza chinooneka nenzira ye phosphor.

EE akacherechedza mu electrodes munguva ye electrolysis inokonzerwa nokuchenesa (hence, iyo rudzi rwe chemiluminescence). Pasi pesimba remagetsi mumagetsi echinesimine zinc sulphide, chiedza chinobudiswa, icho chinonziwo electroluminescence.

Nhamba yakawanda yezvinhu zvinokonzera kupisa pasi pesimba rekusimudzira magetsi-diamond, ruby, crystalline phosphorus uye imwe yakawanda platinum salt. Kushandiswa kwekutanga kwe cathodoluminescence ndiyo oscilloscope (1897). Zvimwe zvikwiriso zvinoshandiswa pakuvandudza kristalline phosphors zvinoshandiswa muTV, radar, oscilloscopes uye electron microscopes.

Radioluminescence

Majekitema anogona kubudisa alpha particles (helium nuclei), magetsi uye gamma rays (high-energy magetsi magetsi). Radiation luminescence inonzi luminescence inofara nemhepo inoshandiswa. Apo maAlpha particles ari bombarded ne crystalline phosphorus, zvishoma zvishoma zvinoonekwa zvinowanikwa pasi pe microscope. Iyi nheyo yakashandiswa neFrench physicist Ernest Rutherford kuratidza kuti atomu ine chinangwa chepamusoro. Zviratidzo zvinodzivirira, zvinoshandiswa pakucherechedza maziso uye zvimwe zvishandiso, zvinoshanda maererano nesaradar. Izvo zvinosanganisira phosphor uye chinhu chinokonzerwa nemhepo, somuenzaniso tritium kana radium. Kunoshamisa kwemazuva ekumedza luminescence ndiyo magetsi ekuchamhembe: radioactive matanho ezuva anokanda mashoma emasikironi nemaononi munzvimbo. Apo pavanoswedera Pasi, iyo inonzi geomagnetic field inovatungamirira kumatanda. Gasi-kubudisa zvirongwa munzvimbo dzakakwirira dzemhepo zvinogadzira magetsi anozivikanwa epa polar.

Luminescence: fisikiti yekuita

Kubudiswa kwechiedza chinoratidzika (kureva., Nevevelengths pakati pe 690 nm ne 400 nm) kunoda simba rekurudzira, izvo zvishoma zvaro zvinosarudzwa nemutemo waEinstein. Simba (E) rakaenzana nechigadziro Chine Planck (h) chakawedzerwa nekufamba kwenguva (ν) kana nekukurumidza kwaro muvharo (s) yakakamurwa newavelength (λ): E = hν = hc / λ.

Nokudaro, simba rinodiwa kuti rive nerunyararo runokwana 40 kilocalories (rutsvuku) kusvika kuma 60 kilocalories (yechitsvuku) uye 80 kilocalories (nekuda kwe violet) pamusi wezvinhu. Imwe nzira yekuratidza simba-kuburikidza ne electron-volts (1 EV = 1.6 × 10 ^-12 maggigi) - kubva 1.8 kusvika ku1 eV.

Iko kunakidza simba kunoshandiswa kuma electrons anotarisira luminescence, iyo inotumuka kubva kune simba ravo guru kusvika kune imwe yakakwirira. Aya mazita akatarirwa nemitemo ye quantum mechanics. Nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekunakidza dzinoenderana nokuti dzinoitika mune imwe yemaatomu nemamolekoro, muzvibatanidzwa zvemamolekemu kana mune kristini. Dzinotangwa nechiito chekukurumidza kuita zvinyorwa, zvakadai se electrons, ion positive kana photons.

Kakawanda simba rekudaidzira rinokunda zvakanyanya kudarika zvakakosha kusimudza elektronti kusvika kumazinga emisasa. Semuenzaniso, kupenya kwemakristasi e-phosphor mu terevhizheni zvinogadzirwa nemaketoni emagetsi nemavhareji emagetsi e 25,000 electron-volts. Kunyange zvakadaro, ruvara rwechiedza che fluorescent rinenge rakasununguka kubva kune simba rezvikamu. Inoshandiswa nehuwandu hwehupenyu hunofadza hwe simba rekriststalline nzvimbo.

Matambi eFluorescent

Izvo zvikamu, nemhaka yekuti luminescence inomuka, ndeye electrons kunze kweatomu kana mamolekoro. Mune mwenje we fluorescent, somuenzaniso, atomu ye mercury inofara pasi pesimba rekuita 6.7 eV kana kupfuura, kusimudza imwe yema electrons maviri kunze kwepamusoro. Mushure mokunge yadzokera kuhurumende yepasi, musiyano mune simba unopisa mumwero we ultraviolet chiedza newavelength ya 185 nm. Kushandura pakati peimwe nhanho uye nheyo yepasi kunobvisa mihizha ye ultraviolet pa 254 nm, iyo inogonawo kufadza dzimwe luminophores dzinoita chiedza chinooneka.

Iyi mizizi inonyanyisa zvikuru pamhepo yakadzika ye mercury vapor pressures (10 ^-5 atmospheres) inoshandiswa mumhepo yakadzika- yakasununguka mabhenje . Nokudaro inenge 60% ye electron power inoshandurwa kuva monochromatic UV chiedza.

Pakushamwaridzana kukuru, kuwedzera kunowedzera. Izvo zvisiri izvo zvinenge zvisingasviki nemutsetse mumwe chete we 254 nm, uye mashizha emhepo anogoverwa pamirara ye spectral inowirirana nehutano hwakasiyana-siyana: 303, 313, 334, 366, 405, 436, 546 uye 578 nm. Iko-inonzi mercury mabhanji inoshandiswa pakujekesa, sezvo 405-546 nm inofananidzwa neoneka bluish-green, uye kana chikamu chemashizha chinoshandurwa kuva chiedza chitsvuku nerubatsiro rwe phosphor, mhinduro yacho yakachena.

Apo iyo gas molecules inofara, luminescence yavo inoratidzira inoratidza zvidimbu zvidimbu; Haisi chete magetsi anosimudzira kuwedzera simba, asi panguva imwechete kushandura uye kushanduka kweatomu maatomu kazhinji kunofara. Izvi ndezvekuti simba rekusimudzira uye rinoshandiswa kwemakomlekoro ari 10 ^-2 uye 10 ^-4 kubva pamasimba ekushandura, ayo anosangana nekugadzirisa zvakasiyana-siyana zvevevelengths zvinoumba rimwe boka. Muma molecules makuru, kune mazvikokota akawanda akabatanidzwa, rimwe chete kune rumwe rudzi rwekushanduka. Mazaiyo emakemikari mumugadziro inowanzoita ribbon-like, iyo inokonzerwa nekubatana kwenhamba yakawanda yemakemikoro anofara ane molecules echinomwe. Mamolekoro, seatomu, magetsi ekunze eorbital molecules anobata mu luminescence.

Fluorescence uye phosphorescence

mazwi aya zvinogona kupatsanurwa kwete chete kwakavakirwa ya luminescence, asiwo nokuda kwayo nzira inoshandiswa. Kana Erekitironi dzinoitirwa kuti singlet ezvinhu chete gavhuna mairi 10 ^-8 s, izvo zvinogona nyore dzokera kuvhu, nefuma inongorira ayo simba sezvo fluorescence. Munguva kuchinja, kuti kuruka haachinji. Basic uye kufara inoti vane zvakafanana multiplicity.

Erekitironi Zvisinei, vanogona kumutsirwa yakakwirira simba pamwero (anonzi "yaifara triplet mamiriro") ake musana kurapwa. In quantum hurongwa, ari kuchinja kubva triplet ehurumende kuti singlet wairambidza, uye naizvozvo, nguva upenyu hwavo zvikuru. Naizvozvo, luminescence hazvisi zvikuru yakareba: pane phosphorescence.