Physics: zvinokosha pfungwa, Masvomhu, mitemo. Mitemo inokosha wefizikisi, kuti munhu anofanira kuziva

Kufarira kunze nyika uye zvayo mitemo inoshanda uye kusimudzira dzinongoitika uye kwakarurama. Saka zvine musoro kuti kuteerera sayenzi yepanyama, akadai wefizikisi, rinotsanangura chaizvo zvinorehwa paumbwe uye shanduka zvakasikwa. Mitemo inokosha wefizikisi zviri nyore kunzwisisa. Nechekare pane muduku chaizvo School otaura vana mazano aya.

Nokuti vazhinji, sayenzi iyi inotanga bhuku "Physics (Grade 7)." Basic Dzidziso uye mitemo makanika uye wethermodynamics yakazarukira vadzidzi, ivo nezvevanakomana chinoumba mitemo mumuviri huru. Asi vanofanira kuziva kuti achingopiwa mazuva kuchikoro? Chii panyama mitemo vanofanira kuziva wose? Izvi zvichakurukurwa munyaya gare gare munyaya.

Science Physics

nuances Vazhinji yakarondedzerwa nesainzi vakajaira zvose kubvira ndichiri muduku. Uye ichi ndicho nokuti kuti, chaizvoizvo, kuti wefizikisi mumwe munzvimbo nesayenzi. Rinozivisa pamusoro mitemo yezvinhu zvakasikwa, migumisiro rine kukanganisa upenyu wose, uye munzira dzakawanda kunyange anopa naye pamusoro zvinoitwa yacho, ayo mamiriro uye mitemo inofamba.

Shoko rokuti "wefizikisi" yakatanga yakanyorwa Aristotle muzana remakore rechina BC. Pakutanga, kwakafanana ne "uzivi" pfungwa. Pashure pezvose, vaviri sainzi zvacho zvakafanana chinangwa - kuti zvakanaka kutsanangura zvose zvigadziriswe pakati kushanda muchadenga. Asi nenhanhatu remakore somugumisiro zvesayenzi yaifamba wefizikisi zvakava yakazvimirira.

mukuru mutemo

Vamwe mitemo inokosha wefizikisi muupenyu zvesayenzi. Kunze ikoko vamwe izvo kuonekwa nevanhu yose hwezvisikwa. Tiri kutaura simba kuchengetedza uye kutendeuka mutemo.

Anoreva kuti simba nerimwe namahwindo ezvinhu panguva aibuda zvose zvakavapo hazvo vakachengetedzwa. Kunyange zvakadaro, unogona kuva chimiro uye vachinje quantitative kugutsikana munyika dzakasiyana-siyana akati hurongwa zvinobudirira. Panguva iyoyo vari pachena ino, simba shoma kuwedzera simba, akapa mitumbi zvose uye minda anosangana nayo.

Kuwedzera pane zviri pamusoro apa musimboti, wefizikisi rine dzinokosha pfungwa, Masvomhu, mitemo kuti zvinodiwa kududzirwa kwemasayendisiti kuitika munyika dzakapoteredza nyika. kudzidza anogona kuva kusimba inonakidza ruzivo. Saka, munyaya ino ichaongorora zvishoma mitemo inokosha wefizikisi, uye kunzwisisa navo zvikuru, zvakakosha kuvapa nyatsoteerera.

Vanamakanika

Open vaduku masayendisiti, mitemo yakawanda inokosha nemakirasi wefizikisi 7-9 chikoro, izvo zvakazara kudzidza bazi ichi sayenzi, samakanika. zvarinotaura zvinokosha zvinorondedzerwa pazasi.

1. MuGarireya relativity Act (sezvazvakanyorwa kunzi mitemo zvemaziso pamusoro relativity, kana hwaro dzenhoroondo hurongwa). Musimboti nheyo iri chokwadi kuti mumamiriro ezvinhu akafanana ari zvemaziso pezvakaitwa ose inertial bhuku hurongwa akafanana.
2. mutemo Hooke vake. Chaizvoizvo Its ndechokuti mukuru matambudziko pamusoro kwakavharwa nenyama muviri (chitubu, tsvimbo, kunyaradza, danda) kubva kunze, zvikuru chiri deformation.

Mitemo Newton raMwari (inomiririra dzekare Vanamakanika hwaro):

1. Nheyo inertia rinoti chero muviri kunogona ndakazorora kana dzakafanana inofamba nenzira yakarurama mutsetse chete kana pasina mumwe muviri hakuna kukanganisa nayo, kana zvimwe kana vari chero nzira nekure nokuitika mumwe. Kushandura kumhanya kufamba, kusvikira muviri zvinokosha kuita nevamwe simba, uye chokwadi pamusoro inofambiswa akaenzana simba iri kukura muviri zvakasiyana kuchaitawo kusiyana.
2. Home muenzaniso emuchina rinoti kuti mukuru Pamusana masimba kuti pari kuita uri kupiwa muviri, ndipo kwaakaitwa kumhanyisa. Uye, naizvozvovo, mukuru uremu, mwero rezasi.
3. mutemo Newton kechitatu rinoti kuti mitumbi chero vaviri vanogara kuwadzana mumwe ane fingapirindi muenzaniso: namapoka avo vane hunhu, muri nerechiHebheru pakukura uye kuva nechokwadi kuti negwara pamwe yakarurama mutsetse, iro rinobatanidza muviri.
4. Nheyo relativity inoti zvose mananara kuti kuitika chete ezvinhu ari inertial bhuku mugadziriro, muri zvachose kufanana nenzira.

wethermodynamics

mabhuku School, kuvhura vadzidzi mitemo dzinokosha ( "Physics. Grade 7"), uye otaura navo zvinokosha wethermodynamics. Mazano aro hatina muchidimbu mibvunzo pazasi.

Mitemo wethermodynamics kuti zvinhu zvinokosha mumunda ichi sayenzi, muri mukuru zvakasikwa uye vasina chokuita nemamiriro oudzame chaiyo fuma panguva mabhomba chechetere. Zviya, misimboti iyi inokosha kwete bedzi wefizikisi asiwo kemisitiri, zvipenyu, Aerospace, uye zvichingodaro. D.

Somuenzaniso, muna pamusoro sectors, havasi amenable kuti musoro tsanangudzo kwoUmambo kuti ari namahwindo ino, kuti kwokunze zvakatipoteredza kuzochinja pamusoro nguva imwe zvakanyatsoenzana mamiriro. Uye kwemasayendisiti zvichiitika mairi, nguva dzose kubvisa mumwe kunze.

Chimwe poutongi wethermodynamics rinosimbisa katsika wegadziriro chine Tichitarisa kuwanda nezvimedu ane anongoitika sangano, kuchinja kusazvidzora kashoma kuti rinoti wegadziriro ari kupfuura fungidzira.

A mutemo Gay Lussac (anonziwo Gas Mutemo) rinoti kuti mumwe guru gasi mudanga nevezera mugumisiro kuparadzanise vhoriyamu wayo tembiricha Mhedziso hazvo zvava kugara.

Chimwe kutonga chinokosha pamusoro indasitiri - mutemo wokutanga wethermodynamics, rinonziwo musimboti kuchengetedza uye kusanduka simba kuti thermodynamic hurongwa. Maererano neizvi, chero uwandu kupisa, rave vakaudza negadziriro, richaperera vachingoshandisa metamorphosis waro womukati simba uye basa nayo panyaya chero kwokunze masimba kuita. Hazvina muenzaniso uyu uye kuve hwaro paumbwe redunhu kwomudzimu chafariz michina.

Other gasi mutemo - ndiwo mutemo Charles. Rinotaura kuti mukuru kumanikidzwa womumwe guru dzakanakira gasi apo kuramba kugara vhoriyamu, hwepamusorosoro tembiricha kwayo.

magetsi

It anovhura vaduku masayendisiti zvinonakidza mitemo 10 inokosha mukirasi wefizikisi chikoro. Panguva ino, tiri kudzidza zvinodiwa zvinokosha mitemo yezvinhu zvakasikwa uye zviito Magetsi, uyewo mamwe mashoko.

Mutemo Ampere Somuenzaniso, rinoti kuti conductors chokuita mu zvakafanana, kuburikidza icho kuitika inoyerera chete mirayiridzo, kunotozongoita kukwezvwa, uye kana zvakasiyana ano nhungamiro, ukuwo, vanosemburwa. Dzimwe chete zita rinoshandiswa nokuda mutemo panyama kuti anosarudza simba kuita aivapo remagineti iri chikamu chiduku muitisi iri parizvino kuitisa iyezvino. Its akadana - Ampere simba. Izvi chakawanikwa nemasayendisiti rokutanga yezana rechigumi nemapfumbamwe remakore (kureva muna 1820).

Murairo kuchengetedza muripo ndechimwe inokosha Mirawu. Anoti kuti algebraic Verengai yemagetsi mhosva zvose kunobva chero electrically voga ezvinhu, atoponeswa (anova dzose). Pasinei neizvi, zvinoita kunzi musimboti hakurevi haabatanidzi panowanikwa vakadaro gadziriro iri idzva mhosva nezvimedu pamusana leakage vamwe kwendangariro. Kunyange zvakadaro, zvinonakisa yemagetsi mutariri rekuUnited nezvimedu vanofanira hazvo kuva razero.

mutemo Coulomb ndiyo imwe huru mune electrostatics. Kunoratidza musimboti simba nekuita pakati mira pfungwa kupomera uye anotsanangura quantitative kukarukureta ari kure pakati pavo. mutemo Coulomb kunotibatsira kupembedza mirayiridzo inokosha electrodynamics experimental nzira. Rinotaura kuti yakatarwa pfungwa mhosva hazvo kushamwaridzana ane simba riri kumusoro chikuru zvinobikwa magnitudes dzavo, uye maererano, vashoma duku muchivara ari nechokure pakati pezvinhu izvi uye kuti permittivity pakati nharaunda umo zvinorondedzerwa kudyidzana kunoitika.

mutemo Ohm ndiyo imwe mirayiridzo inokosha magetsi. Rinotaura kuti mukuru simba wechigarire magetsi ano kuita pane mumwe mugove cheni, zvikuru iyo voltage panguva yayo kumugumo.

"Right ruoko pokutonga" anonzi nheyo iyo inoita kuti tizive kutungamirirwa kuitika mune imwe kondakita kutamira ari remagineti kugara mune imwe nzira. Kuti aite izvi, isa rworudyi zvokuti rinobva nzira hanya kuumbwa pabani emichindwe napagumwe roruoko yakananga muedzo waya motokari. Panyaya iyi, vamwe minwe mina yakagadzirisa kuona peDare vakafurira ano sangano.

Uyewo nheyo iyi kunobatsira kuti uzive chaiyo nzvimbo mitsetse rinobva induction Linear kondakita kuitisa kuitika panguva iyoyo. Zvinoitika seizvi: isa rworudyi thumbs yako kuitira kuti anotaura vatungamirire kuitika, uye vamwe minwe mina kunzwisisa yokufananidzira chevaimbi. The nzvimbo nembambo izvi uye kuratidza chaiyo nechokugedhi rinobva nekubudisa mitsetse.

Nheyo remagetsi induction ndiwo muenzaniso rinotsanangura mukushanda transformers, emagetsi, Motors. mutemo uyu ndiwo sezvinotevera: mune namahwindo wedunhu kunotangira ari electromotive simba pamusoro induction hukuru, zvikuru mwero kuchinja rinobva nekubudisa.

optics

Davi "optics" uye zvinoratidza chikamu chikoro zvidzidzo (mitemo inokosha wefizikisi: 7-9). Saka, misimboti izvi hazvisi nyore kunzwisisa sezvo zvingaita sokuti pakutanga kuaona. kudzidza kunounza kwete zivo, asi unzwisise chokwadi. Mitemo inokosha wefizikisi, izvo zvinogona kunzi kumunda optics, sezvinotevera:

1. Gyuynesa musimboti. Chinhu nzira kuti zvinobudirira kunogona kuziva nomumwe zvakananga chinzvimbo chechipiri kuitika chinozunguzirwa pamberi. Chaizvoizvo wayo sezvinotevera: zvose pfungwa dziri munzira chinozunguzirwa pamberi mune imwe chikamu chechipiri Chokwadi, vanova manyuko idenderedzwa nemafungu (yechipiri), ukuwo placement chechinopiwa chinozunguzirwa pamberi zvakafanana paradzanisa wechipiri akafanana pamusoro pemvura iyo rinokomberedza vose idenderedzwa nemafungu (yechipiri). Pfungwa iri rinoshandiswa kutsanangura aivapo mitemo chokuita refraction chiedza uye kuratidzwa kwayo.
2. Huygens-Fresnel musimboti kunoratidza ane nzira inobudirira kugadzirisa nhau chokuita chinozunguzirwa kupararira. Zvinobatsira kutsanangura zvinhu matambudziko chokuita diffraction chiedza.
3. Murairo kupangidza mafungu. Pachirehwa zvakaenzana kuratidzwa mugirazi. Chaizvoizvo Its ndechokuti kudhonza-pasi danda rimwe iro rave zvinoratidzwa uye perpendicular zvakavakwa pfungwa kuitika dziri mune chete ndege imwe. Zvinokoshawo kuyeuka kuti ichi kana pakona pa iyo chiitiko danda anogara chose kuenzana pakona kuti refraction.
4. Nheyo chiedza refraction. Izvi Kuchinja trajectory pamusoro remagetsi chinozunguzirwa kupararira (chiedza) panguva kufamba ane homogeneous svikiro mumwe, inova yakasiyana mutsara kubva refractive indices vokutanga. Kumhanya Mashoko chiedza mavari dzinosiyana.
5. Murairo rectilinear Mashoko chiedza. At paro, ndiko mutemo chokuita kusango geometrical optics, uye riri sezvinotevera: chero homogeneous svikiro (zvisinei pezvawakaita) chiedza propagates zvachose mune yakarurama mutsetse, pfupi daro. mutemo uyu nyore uye anotsanangura paumbwe mimvuri.

Atomic uye Physics Nuclear

Mitemo inokosha quantum wefizikisi, uyewo zvinokosha mabhomba uye renyukireya wefizikisi vari kudzidza kuchikoro uye dzidzo yepamusorosoro.

Saka, postulates Bohr vari zvinoverengeka zvinokosha hypotheses, iyo yakava nemhaka dzidziso. Chaizvoizvo Its iri pakuti chero mabhomba ezvinhu anogona kuramba kutsigira chete mira States. achine Chero kana Absorção de Água simba nokuda atomu zvirokwazvo kuitwa kushandisa nheyo, musimboti iri sezvinotevera: nemwaranzi chokuita transporter anova monochromatic.

postulates ava chirongwa kuchikoro mureza kuti vanodzidza mitemo inokosha wefizikisi (mugiredhi wechi11). ruzivo rwavo kunodiwa kuti kudzidza.

Mitemo inokosha wefizikisi, kuti munhu anofanira kuziva

Zvisinei, vamwe muviri misimboti, uye nhengo imwe mapazi sainzi, zvisinei, zviri mukuru zvakasikwa uye vanofanira kuzivikanwa kuti zvose. Nyora mitemo inokosha wefizikisi, kuti munhu anofanira kuziva:

• Archimedes mutemo (zvinoreva nzvimbo hydro uye aerostatics). Anoreva kuti chero muviri rakanga anyatsofukidzwa iri gaseous kana mvura anoita kuti buoyancy imwe mhando, iro zvechokwadi rinotungamirirwa vertically kumusoro. simba Izvi nguva dzose dziwande kuenzana uremu misha Urume muviri kana gasi.
• Chimwe Pfungwa mutemo uyu: muviri achinyatsotaurira gasi kana mvura, iva nechokwadi kuti kuderedza uremu sezvinongoitawo kurema nemvura sezvamunoita kana gasi, umo akanga nengarava. mutemo uyu akava inokosha tenet pakati dzidziso Diving miviri.
• Murairo regiravhiti (Newton akazarura). Chaizvoizvo Its iri chokuti zvachose vose muviri vanotozvikuvadza vakwezvane aine simba kuti mukuru Kureba zvibereko negurumwandira mitumbi uye, naizvozvovo, duku, duku muchivara iri kure pakati pavo.

Ndiyo mitemo 3 inokosha wefizikisi, izvo munhu wose anofanira kuziva anoda kunzwisisa mashandiro kuti inoshanda munyika uye peculiarities pamusoro pezvakaitwa kuitika mairi. Kunzwisisa musimboti chiito chiri nyore.

Kukosha kwezivo yakadaro

Mitemo inokosha wefizikisi kunge penhumbi munhu wezivo, pasinei nezera rake uye basa. Vanoratidza kuvapo yose mashandiro nhasi chokwadi, uye chokwadi chete chenguva ari akaramba kuchinja nyika.

Mitemo inokosha wefizikisi pfungwa kupa mikana mitsva kuongorora dzakapoteredza nyika. ruzivo rwavo rinobatsira kunzwisisa mashandiro zvakasikwa uye kufamba mitumbi yokudenga. Zvinotifadza kwete Rinonananidza zviitiko zvezuva nezuva uye pezvakaitwa uye anobvumira kuziva kwavari. Kana munhu anonzwisisa zvakajeka mitemo inokosha wefizikisi, ndiko, zvose zvinoitika kumativi kurongedza, hazvina kugona kutarisira zvikuru basa nzira, zvichiita pakuvhurwa uye pakudaro kuita hwavo vasununguka.

zvabuda

Vamwe vanomanikidzwa kudzidza zvakadzama mitemo inokosha wefizikisi nokuda bvunzo, vamwe - ne basa, uye vamwe - kubva havi nesayenzi. Pasinei zvinangwa nesayenzi ichi, kushandisa ruzivo vakawana haigoni dzakanaka. Hapana chinhu chinogutsa kupfuura kunzwisisa zvinokosha zvenhengo nemitemo kuvapo kwenyika.

Regai vanoramba vasingafariri - kutanga!