Oleg Kufamba musi Constantinople: tsananguro, nhoroondo uye migumisiro

makore 907 munhoroondo Russia ndipo kunozivikanwa kutevedzana musi Constantinople (kana sezvazvakanyorwa kunzi - Constantinople), uyo akatungamirira Muchinda Novgorod, Oleg. Chiitiko ichi chiri chokuita zvakawanda yokufungidzira uye chokwadi pamusoro chikamu dzekare, vakawanda vacho havatendi nderechokwadi zvikonzero. Munyaya ino isu hunonyatsodonongodza pamusoro danidziro Oleg pana Constantinople (pfupiso), uye edza kunzwisisa kuti chiitiko ichi chakaitika sezvo anokwevera yaMakoronike yekare.

Ndiani Prince Oleg?

Oleg aiva muchinda Novgorod uye Grand Muchinda Kiev, kutangira 882 uye 912, riri gore afa. Agamuchira simba pamusoro penyika Novgorod (izvo zvakaitika pashure pokufa Rurik) sechinhu yokupara regent Igor, akanga akatapwa Kiev yekare. Rakanga kuguta rino panguva iyoyo aizova guta guru uye chiratidzo mubatanidzwa zvikuru zviviri nzvimbo nokuda Slavs. Ndokusaka Prince Oleg kazhinji kare vanoona sezvo muvambi Old Russian mamiriro. A Zvakazoitwa danidziro Oleg pa Constantinople chaiva chikonzero rakatumidzwa "Rouprofita".

Sei ainzi Oleg Ouprofita?

anotiudza, "The zvakaedza yakapfuura Makore", chirongwa Oleg Constantinople wakaitwa muna 907. In renhoroondo dzamadzimambo mubvunzo kwakafanana chiito uye akatora guta, uye akarumbidza ushingi uye anonzwisisa pakati Prince, uyo akanyengedza ari Byzantines. Maererano kunobva, akaramba kutora zvokudya muchetura mavari, izvo Ndokusaka akanzi "Rouprofita". Vanhu Russia ndizvo chaizvo akasvika pakunzi Oleg, uyo akava nevaGiriki. Uyewo, zita raro rinobva dzekuma Scandinavia, uye kana zvashandurwa rinoreva "Mutsvene."

Kwidza Veschego Olega pa Constantinople

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, zviri mushandirapamwe uye hondo Russian-Byzantine inorondedzerwa PVL (Chronicle). Zviitiko izvi kwakaguma rugare chibvumirano yakanga yakasainwa muna 907. In vanhu, yava akavonga nomukurumbira mashoko: "Wouprofita Oleg akaroverera nhoo yake pamusoro magedhi Constantinople." Asi, zvakadaro, chirongwa ichi haadudzwi nechiGiriki zvinyorwa, uyewo, zvarwo, nezvazvo haritauri zvapo asi ngano Russian uye yaMakoronike.

Uyezve, kare muna 911 rusichi akasaina gwaro idzva. Uyezve, nderechokwadi kwemamiriro chibvumirano ichi, hapana venhau pasina mubvunzo.

Byzantium uye Rus

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti pashure mushandirapamwe Russes pana Constantinople mugore 860 ari Byzantine zvinyorwa hapana raanotaura pamusoro kurwisana navo. Zvisinei, pane zvimwe zvisina kunanga hunoratidza kuti zvinopesana. Somuenzaniso, pakutanga X remakore kare akarayira Kesari Leo IV rine mashoko kuti hasha "VaSitiya hwokumusoro" akashandisa ngarava duku, chaienda pane zuva rokutsanya nokukurumidza.

Oleg kwidza pamusoro "zvakaedza zvekare Years"

Sezvo ngano inoti Oleg kwidza, Constantinople akatorwa kwete chete nezvokupindira iri Slavs, asiwo Finno-Ugric madzinza, izvo akarongwa yekare Zvivako Russian kunyora pakutanga remakore rechi12 - "The zvakaedza yakapfuura Years". Kana uchitenda yaMakoronike, vamwe varwi vakatamira akatasva bhiza mhenderekedzo, uye mumwe - gungwa achibatsirwa ngarava zviuru zviviri. Uye mumudziyo mumwe pakuiswa vanhu vanopfuura makumi matatu. Historians vachiri dzinosiyana kana kuti kutenda "zvakaedza zvekare Years", uye kana mashoko ari chirongwa inotaurwa yaMakoronike, zvechokwadi.

Legends ino danidziro

The Legend kuti Prince Oleg kuti kurwisa Constantinople rine vakawanda ngano. Somuenzaniso, nyaya inoratidza kuti motokari zvinofamba mavhiri, iro vakanga Oleg. The Byzantines vakatya nzira dzavo kuConstantinople uye vakabvunza Russ nyika. Zvisinei, vakatakura zvokudya muchetura, iro Prince akaramba. Zvino vaGiriki asina sarudzo, sei kupa kwavo kuti munotenderana kuti zvinopiwa Oleg. Maererano nengano, vaifanira kubhadhara masendi 12 zvose varwi, uyewo yoga uwandu machinda muKiev, Pereyaslavl, Chernigov, Rostov nemamwe maguta kunze Novgorod. Asi kukunda uku kwakanga kusiri kuguma Prince. Kuwedzera imwe-nguva kubhadhara, nevaGiriki Byzantium aifanira kubhadhara Ruses kugara mutero, uyewo kubvumirana kwemamiriro chibvumirano (ndiko mubvunzo pamusoro chibvumirano nemasaini 907), iyo aifanira waidzora ezvinhu Kugara, uyewo kuita zvebhizimisi vatengesi Russian mumaguta echiGiriki. The mapato vakauya yakawiriranwa mhiko. Uye Oleg, akavapindurawo, chakaitwa yakakurumbira chiito akaita kuti iye kunozivikanwa, maererano nengano, mumaziso vanhuwo zvavo. Vaiturikira nhovo pamusoro pamasuwo Constantinople, guta guru Byzantium sechiratidzo nomufaro. VaGiriki vakapiwa mirairo - kusonera maseiri kuti mauto necheSalvic. Chronicles vanoti kuti paiva pashure pokunge pamushandirapamwe yakapera musi Oleg Constantinople muna 907, muchinda vanhu pakuzivikanwa se "rouprofita."

Zvisinei, kana nyaya yekare Rus sahwira pamusoro kurwisa Constantinople muna 860, kunobva chete Byzantine yaMakoronike, nyaya bvuta ichi kunobva mashoko awanika kubva ngano zvichigere kunyorwa. Uye vanotongwa shoma uwirirane likes of Air sagas.

chibvumirano 907

Chii vaiva Pakuurayiwa chibvumirano, uye kana zvakaitwa? Kana uchitenda "zvakaedza zvekare Years", pashure kuhwina zviito Prince Oleg pana Constantinople akanga yakasainwa pamwe vaGiriki zvikuru runobatsira Russia gwaro. Chinangwa chacho chikuru zvatinopiwa kuonekwa resumption rugare uye akanaka vavakidzani ukama pakati pemarudzi uye States. Byzantine simba vakaedzawo kubhadhara Ruses mumwe yakawanda pagore mutero (uye saizi waro wakanaka yakasimba), uyewo kubhadhara imwe-nguva kwokuripirwa indemnity - zvese mari uye zvinhu, ndarama, machira zvisingawanzoitiki, etc. The chibvumirano iroro zvataurwa pamusoro apa .. hukuru rudzikinuro murwi mumwe nomumwe, uye kukura aipiwa, nevaGiriki aifanira kupa vatengesi Russian.

Information pamusoro danidziro Oleg kubva kumwewo

Maererano mashoko ari Novgorod First Chronicle kakawanda kwave kuchiitika zvimwe. Mushandirapamwe uyu pamusoro Constantinople dzaiitwa achitungamirirwa Prince Igor uye "Wouprofita 'iri nyaya - chete gavhuna. Chronicle inorondedzera kunozivikanwa Oleg danidziro pamusoro Constantinople. Gore kana ichi raanotaura sezvo 920, uye kudanana inotevera bvuta chiitiko inobatana 922 gore. Zvisinei, tsananguro mushandirapamwe muna 920 ari mashoko akafanana tsananguro Igor kuti rutsigiro kwemakore 941, izvo zvinoratidzwa magwaro akawanda.

Mashoko ari Byzantine yaMakoronike rakanyorwa Pseudo-Simiyoni mukupera 10th remakore, rine mashoko pamusoro tiers. Mune rimwe nezvimedu zvezvingwa kare kuona mashoko zvinoratidza nokufanotaurirwa nezveramangwana Zion Oleg afa, uye ari munhu Rosa - muchinda. Pakati zvesayenzi uye akakurumbira mabhuku vari pfungwa dzinoratidzwa V. Nikolayev pamusoro kungofamba Rosov vaGiriki vakaita makore anenge 904. Kana uchitenda kuvakwa kwayo (chaiva rwokutaura yaMakoronike Pseudo-Simeon), dova akakundwa Trikefala kubva Byzantine mutungamiri Ioanna Radina. Uye vashoma kutiza echiGiriki maoko kubva nzwisiso yavo Prince.

A. Kuzmin kudzidza mashoko Chronicle "The zvakaedza yakapfuura Years" pamusoro mabasa Oleg zvave kuti munyori ari muMagwaro Bulgarian kana Greek zvinyorwa pamusoro vachirwisa rinotungamirirwa muchinda yaishandiswa. Greek sahwira ataurwa okuti: "Uyu haasi Oleg asi Saint Demetrios, vakatumwa naMwari kwatiri." Mashoko aya anoratidza, maererano mutsvakurudzi, panguva zviitiko mugore 904 - the Byzantines vasina zvakabatsira vaTesaronika. A vaichengetedza weguta kwainzi kubirwa Dimitriy Solunsky. Somugumisiro, vakawanda vagari Thessaloniki chekawo, uye chete vamwe vavo vaigona rokuti kubva Arab Pirates. Mundima iyi, shoko kujeka Greek Demetrius aigona kuva chinoratidza nzvimbo Constantinople mutsvene, yaiva isina mhosva zvichaitirwa vanogara ichi.

Sezvo dzekare vanodudzira mashoko enhoroondo?

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, mashoko pamusoro bvuta chinowanikwa chete yaMakoronike Russian, uye mune Byzantine Zvinyorwa panyaya iyi haana kutaura.

Zvisinei, kana tikatarisa rugwaro nezvimedu magwaro anotaura nezvomudzimu "zvakaedza zvekare Years", tinogona kutaura kuti zvose zvakafanana mashoko pamusoro makore pamushandirapamwe 907 havasi zvachose vemungano. Kushaya mashoko muchiGiriki zvinyorwa, vamwe vatsvakurudzi akatsanangura musi uko hondo mu "zvakaedza zvekare Years" zvakaipa. Kune vakawanda kuedza kuita ukama dzaro chirongwa Russes (dromitov) Makore 904 okuberekwa, apo vaGiriki pamwe hondo Pirates, inotungamirwa Revh Tripoliysky akarwa. A dzidziso kuti chinonyanya akafanana chokwadi, munyori Boris Rybakov uye Lva Gumileva. Maererano pfungwa dzavo, mashoko pamusoro kuzopamba mumakore 907 zvakafanira kureva zviitiko mugore 860. hondo iyi yakatsiviwa mashoko kundikana Mushandirapamwe inotungamirwa Askold uye DIR, izvo akafuridzirwa ngano pamusoro kunoshamisa kwebhuku echiKristu Vagari madzinza wechihedheni.

kufambidzana chirongwa

Saizvozvowo, hazvina kuzivikanwa kuti kana zvakanga akaita danidziro Prince Oleg pa Constantinople. Year, izvo zvinosanganisira chiitiko (907), pane zvinodiwa uye akazviratidza mushure venhoroondo akaita Masvomhu yavo. Kubva pakutanga ngano pamusoro Duke bhodhi haana musi chaiwo, tichitarisa iyo achangobuda Data vakanga rakakamurwa muzvikamu, anoreva kwokutanga uye wokupedzisira nguva kwake.

Uyezve, mashoko "zvakaedza zvekare Years" vane ruzivo uye hama zvokufambidzana yacho bvuta. Yaiva mashoko nezvacho vakachenjera (kufa muchinda) chokwadi makore mashanu pashure pokunge aita rwendo kuConstantinople. Kana Oleg akafa mukati 912 makore (maererano nemashoko nezvibayiro nemabasa Tatishchev, kwakaitika munguva chitarisiko Halley - the kunozivikanwa kometi), munyori anenge inofungidzirwa zvose zvakanaka.

Zvichireva kuyambuka Oleg kuna Tsargrad

Kana zvirokwazvo paiva rutsigiro, rinogona anoonekwa somunhu chiitiko chinokosha. Gwaro, iyo yakasainwa somugumisiro mushandirapamwe, pakunzi nokududza ukama vaGiriki uye Rus nguva inotevera gumi makore. Tevera munhau, imwe nzira kana imwe, vave chokuita vachirwisa, izvo zvakaitwa Prince Oleg, pasinei wakarurama misi.