Old Vakatendeka mifananidzo: Photo

Kutanga kukurukurirana pamusoro kusiyana Old Vakatendeka mifananidzo kubva avo kuti isu vakajaira kuona mumachechi edu Orthodox, tinoenda shure matatu nehafu emakore apfuura, kuti tinyatsonzwisisa kufungidzira, tikafunga chii munhau vakaumba ichi zvisingawanzoitiki chaizvo mazuva ano mhando iconography. Chii chinonakidza of Old Vatendi, uye chii ayo chinokonzera?

Musimboti ari kuchinja Patriarch Nikon

Old Vatendi munyika yedu kwakaitika pakati XVII remakore, achiva mugumisiro mahwanda aizunungusa yeRussian rose Church Orthodox. Chikonzero ichi chaiva Reform, chinozoiswa ne Patriarch Nikon. Chaizvoizvo raro raiva nechokwadi chokuti kuitira kubvisa vakawanda zvarakasiya kubva pakutanga, uyo akauya Russia kubva Byzantium basa kuti, akarayira kuzodzosera rinoshandurwa kubva mumabhuku chechi Greek, uye maererano nazvo kuti zvakakodzera kuchinja tsika setsika.

Mukuwedzera, kuchinja zvakakanganisa zvokunze kupira siyana, achitsiva, kunyanya, kuti vanongogara dvuperstie wakatorwa pana rakaonekwa muchinjikwa, musi troeperstie kuti riparare kusvikira nhasi. Paivawo Zvakachinja canons, ichipa murayiro kunyora mifananidzo.

Vanhu ratidziro kupera paradzanisa

zvinhu izvi, musoro waro zvazviri, asi akaisa kushanda nokukurumidza uye crudely, akaita chinhu kusafarira pakati pavanhu. Zvizhinji vokuparidzira kubvuma zvakagadzirwa uye kuteerera Ecclesiastical masimba. The kunetsana yakanga kuwedzerwa ndechokuti kuchinja akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze pasi patronage ose chevaux Alexei Mikhailovich, uye zvose dzake vavengi vakapomerwa yokusateerera mambo, izvo akapa mhosva enyika Hue. Vakadaidzwa schismatics uye nokupomerwa.

Somugumisiro, muRussia Yakaumbwa yakazvimirira rechitendero kutsemura kubva chechi yepamutemo uye ainzi Old Vatendi, sezvo vateveri vake vakaramba kumarudzi vanoomerera pre-kuchinja canons uye mitemo. It akapukunyuka kusvikira nhasi, achiishandura pacharo kuva Russian yakabatana kutenda chechi.

Chii kunzi Old Vakatendeka mifananidzo?

Sezvo Vatendi vanodavira kuti sezvo kuchinja yaiva chechi mukuru akaita vakatsauka kubva "Ancient Orthodox" kutenda kwechokwadi, uye vakanga yaro chete vatakuri, ipapo kunyanya mifananidzo Old Vatendi Church dzinoenderana netsika tsamba yekare.

Munzira dzakawanda, imwe yokufunga kunogona kurondwa ari mabasa vatenzi muchechi pamutemo. Saka, shoko rokuti "Old Vakatendeka mifananidzo" anofanira kureva vaya vakaenda kunyora vake canons hwakasimbiswa kosi anochinja chete.

Icon kwoMuponesi, akatorwa Old Vatendi

The kupfuura chairwo panyaya iyi ndiyo mufananidzo unonzi "Kristu Yakanaka Kunyarara". Unoratidza Iisus Hristos sezvo ngirozi, korona ane octagonal korona Mwari Baba, uye akapfeka yamambo zvomukati. The zita iye akagamuchira kuburikidza zvakakodzera akanyorwa wakavhomorwa pamusoro payo.

Icon ichi chinowanikwa chete mu nharaunda iri Old Vatendi, sezvo canons muchechi pamutemo wairambidza kuratidzwa Kristu - Musiki wezvose - muchimiro rokusikwa, kureva akavasika sezvo zvisikwa, ari mutumwa. Apo tinoziva kubva muMagwaro, Mwari akasika yose zvinoonekwa nezvisingaonekwi nyika, raisanganisira zvose chinzvimbo kwengirozi, uye midzimu rima.

Uyezve, chinorambidzwa nekereke pamutemo, asi muvanhu Old Vatendi vari kunyange zvifananidzo zviviri - "Wet Beard Muponesi" uye "Kristu akatora zamu Eye". Mune wokutanga kwavari ndebvu Kristu ndiye achikanganisa serin'i uye kuruboshwe ziso, kupfuura kurudyi, uyewo ndebvu achikanganisa. On rechipiri kuvake Zvakanyorwa pasina denderedzwa rechiedza, izvo zvinopesana zvachose kuti akagamuchira dzemunharaunda, uyewo ane elongated musoro, rima, faintly kuoneka chiso.

Mienzaniso Marian mifananidzo uye mifananidzo vatsvene

Its mamirire zvinhu uye vakwegura vanotenda kuvake Mhandara. Rakajairika pakati pavo - "Virgin Ognevidnaya". Zvakasiyana zvatinosiita kwakajairika achinetsa (mhando) Marian Icons predominance ari mukuru ruvara Zano dzvuku uye nezvitsvuku mavara, kuti chaiva chikonzero zita rake rinoshamisa. Amai kwaMwari ngachipiwe oga, pasina Child. Chiso chake nguva dzose akatendeukira kurutivi rworudyi.

Old Vakatendeka mifananidzo vatsvene vari zvakare dzimwe nguva chaizvo chairwo uye nharo. dzimwe nguva vamwe vavo vanogona kuvhiringidzika pakati zvachero Fafitera. Izvi zvinosanganisira, kunyanya kune mufananidzo-uraya Christopher Psegolovtsa. Unoratidza mutsvene musoro wembwa. Uchisiya nharo dudziro iyi mufananidzo, tinoona chete kuti mifananidzo iyi pamwe neimwe zano chakafanana rakarambidzwa ne rinokosha chirevo Dzvene Revafundisi muna December 1722.

Occupy nzvimbo inokosha sezvo Old Vakatendeka mifananidzo unoratidza kupfuura yakakurumbira kare zvechitendero schism nemifananidzo, airemekedzwa vasande, asi haina kuzivikanwa pamutemo Church. Ndizvo, pakutanga kwezvose, kuti Old Vakatendeka sangano mutungamiri Avvakum, uyo akaurayiwa mabasa ake muna 1682, hwokunyanyisa uMwari priverzhenitsa yekare noblewoman Feodosiya Morozova, uye muvambi Vygovskaya bespopovskogo Andrei Denisov munharaunda. Old Vakatendeka mifananidzo, mifananidzo dzinokurukurwa munyaya ino ichatibatsira kuona hunhu siyana ichi chitendero art.

General zvechadenga Old Vakatendeka mifananidzo

Kazhinji, tinogona kutaura inoverengeka dzakananga kusiyana nevakawanda nekuda ruzhinji kuzvidhori akatorwa Old Vatendi. Izvi zvinosanganisira vazhinji zvinyorwa akaita muminda uye pamusoro pendi rukoko. Uyewo mifananidzo akaurayiwa pamatanda, dzinoratidzwa kwasviba, dzimwe nguva nepaburi kuoneka zviso, kana mutana tenda mufananidzo Amai vaMwari, Muponesi, kana zvimwe mutsvene.

Asi mubvunzo uyu haisi aneta. Pane chimwe chinokosha, umo munogona kuona Old Vakatendeka mifananidzo nyore. musiyano wavo kubva mukuru kunowanzoratidzwa pakuti vatsvene vanoratidzwa wakabata ruoko minwe miviri Kuwedzera.

Mukuwedzera, musiyano inokosha iri kunyorwa chidimbu zita raJesu Kristu. Chokwadi ndechokuti, pakati pezvimwe zvinodiwa kuchinja akasimbisa mutemo yokunyora mairi tsamba mbiri "I" - Jesu. Saka, ichi chakava chidimbu. Old Vatendi pamusoro icon zita hweMuponesi nguva dzose akanyorwa kare nenzira - Jesu, uye mumwe anoiswa mukati chidimbu "I".

Pakupedzisira, tinofanira kutaura imwe mhando kwemifananidzo bytuyuschy chete pakati vaipikisa. Izvi kukandira pewter uye ndarira mortise Old Vakatendeka mifananidzo uye michinjikwa, kugadzirwa iyo hakubvumidzwi mumaonero pokutenda.

Kusiya idzva kwemifananidzo "graceless"

Zvimwewo zvinhu zvoupenyu zviri Patriarch Nikon zvinhu zvichinjwe muchechi zvakakanganisa kunyora Style mifananidzo. Kunyange Russian iconography yapfuura remakore pavainzwa simba kwomudzimu Western kupenda, akanga mberi yakatanga pakati XVII remakore. Maererano nemitemo iyo wakatangwa pamwe kuitwa zvinhu munyika asimbiswa mifananidzo sezvazviri chaizvo werudzii, chakatsiva gungano yapfuura zvakanga zvakakurumbira uye Chirevo.

Izvi zvakakonzera kushingaira kutsutsumwa pamusoro chikamu vatungamiri Old Vatendi akakudanai hanya izvi okumhura, kubva nemaonero avo, yakatofanana. Nezvenyaya iyi, anozivikanwa polemical zvinyorwa Avvakum, rinooneka vakatsoropodza zvisingagamuchirwi "zhivopodobie" itsva muchechi kupenda ivhu uye akataura mifananidzo yakadaro graceless.

Kudiwa kwemifananidzo yekare kuti akasika indasitiri pamusoro fakes

Mashoko akadaro vaiva chikonzero kuti, sezvo yechipiri yezana XVII remakore, Old Vatendi vakatanga nokushingaira kuunganidza "doraskolnye" mifananidzo okuberekwa, pakati ayo kunyanya kukosheswa Andrei Rublev. Nenzira, chikonzero kuti haana dhigirii dzavo zvinoyevedza, uye chisarudzo Church Council, iyo kwakaitika makore zana pamberi, uye aita chisarudzo funga basa Rublev womuenzaniso vemifananidzo ramangwana.

Saka, icon yekare kudiwa yawedzera zvinoshamisa, uye nokuti nguva dzose vakaramba husiri nyore kuwana, vanobudisa kugadzirwa ndevokunyepedzera hwakagadzwa kamwe akaita "zvenhaka". Kwakadaro Old Vakatendeka mifananidzo rinonzi "podfurnymi" uye pavainge kupararira, saka kuti vateveri rekare chekunamata vakaedza kudzivisa.

Art nyanzvi uye creators mabasa matsva

Kuti kudzivisa kurohwa dzokudarika dexterous vanamuzvinabhizimisi, Old Vatendi dzakamanikidzwa kupinda zvose nezvehukorokodzwa kunyora mifananidzo. Ndosaka kubva pakati pavo Wekutanga zvakakomba nyanzvi nyanzvi pasango iconography. Ainyanya kuoneka, avo muchinangwa XIX uye XX remakore, apo Russian vanhu raiva rakafara kufarira mabasa ounyanzvi yekare, uye naizvozvo, ikawanda uye kugadzirwa ose fakes.

Old Vatendi havasi kuedza chete kuwana akwegura kuzvidhori, asi pakupedzisira vakatanga kubereka yavo, chinoitwa dzose mitemo kuti ivo vakaisa. Kubva pakati pezana remakore XVIII iri kupfuura Old Vakatendeka nzvimbo achava yayo kamufananidzo-painting mumawekishopu iyo, mukuwedzera kune mifananidzo, akasika uye vakakanda mifananidzo emhangura.