Nzvimbo uye nharaunda yevhidhiyo muhupenyu hwezvematongerwe enyika rwevanhu. Zvikonzero zvekukura kwemaitirwo enyika mune zvematongerwo enyika

Nhasi, ruzivo runonakidzwa nekubudirira kusina kumboitika, rwunosimudza kumusoro, uye pasina runyararo rukuru runouraya, uye kuva naro kune nyika yose. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura, basa rezvinyorwa muhupenyu hwezvematongerwo enyika zvakakura zvikuru, zvinokonzera upenyu hwehupenyu kune rumwe rutivi zvakasiyana zvachose nezvakange zviripo mumazana ose emakore adarika.

Mutoro

Ruzhinji runogadziriswa kwete chete izvo kana mamwe maonero, asiwo maitiro ekuzvibata anoputsa zvose zvinoratidzika kusingachinji. Terevhizheni, redhiyo, magazini, mapepanhau iye zvino ari kurwisana, uye izvi zvehondo hondo inowedzera ropa kudarika chero yehondo yeatomu, nokuti inobata zvakananga kuziva kwevanhu, kunyatsoshanda nehafu yezvokwadi, nhema uye pachena nhema. MumaSoviet, imwe nhepfenyuro yevhidhiyo muhupenyu hwezvematongerwo enyika yakaonekwawo, apo zvose zvinyorwa zvakanyatsoongororwa, zvakashandiswa nounyanzvi. Kuyeuka mitezo ine tsvina yebasa raive pedyo nevevahedheni vose vakasiya basa ravo.

Imwe huru yakawanda yechema yakanyanyisa pamusoro pezvikoro zvakadai se SMERSH, GULAG, uyewo nezvehupenyu hwaStalin naBeria. Paiva nenharaunda dzevanhu uye zviduku, paiva nekuratidzwa kwebasa repamutemo revakuru vakuru vezvematongerwo enyika, vezvematongerwo enyika nevanyori. Ruzivo rwakadaro rwakagara ruchibudirira zvikuru kune vaverengi uye rwakanga rune njodzi kune ma heroes emabhuku aya. Uye pane zvinopesana, zvinyorwa zvekurumbidza uye kuparidzirwa zvakagadzira vese vanogona kushingaira nevanotarisana nevashandi chaiwo nyeredzi dzezvikwata zvakasiyana, kusvika kuhutano hwehurumende. Nokudaro, basa rezvinobudisa muhupenyu hwezvematongerwe enyika zvakaoma kuwedzeredza. Uye zvechokwadi, kune ruzivo rwakapiwa kuvanhu vose, munhu wese anofanira kunge ane mhosva.

Mabasa ezvinyorwa mune zvematongerwe enyika

Muhupenyu hwevanhu vose, vhidhiyo vanoita mabasa akasiyana-siyana uye chaizvoizvo munzvimbo dzose uye masangano. Izvi ndezvenhau pamusoro pezviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana munyika uye munyika, munharaunda dzose-zvematongerwo enyika, hutano, hukama, dzidzo nezvimwe zvakadaro. Izvi zvinoshambadzira mune zvose zvayo. Uye kukosha kweruzivo rwemagariro evanhu hazvikwanise kusimbiswa zvikuru, nokuti kunoitwa munzira dzose, uye kunyanya basa rezvinyorwa muhupenyu hwezvematongerwe enyika, sezvo zvese zvinoshandiswa zvekushandiswa kwezvematongerwo enyika zviri mumaoko evaya vane ruzivo uye vanogona kuzvishandisa.

Sayenzi yezvematongerwo enyika yemazuva ano haigadziri kuita basa iri zvachose, ichipa mhizha mhesi dzakadai se "simba rechina", "mutongi mukuru" nezvimwe zvakadaro, kuisa iyo mhizha mutsva pamwe nehutongi, hutungamiri uye kunyange hurumende simba. Kunyange zvakadaro, masayendisiti ezvematongerwe enyika haasi akaipa, mhizha inofanirwa kuva yakakwana. Kudzora terevhizheni - kudzora nyika. Hakuna wezvematongerwo enyika anogona kuita pasina mutsara, anoda zvese zvayo - kudhinda, redhiyo, uye terevhizheni. Uye kuchinja kukuru uku kwave kuonekwa pasi rose, uku kugoverwa kwezvikamu zvehutano, ndicho chikonzero chekuti basa ravo rezvemashoko muhupenyu hwezvematongerwe enyika rwevanhu huri kutorwa nekufuridzirwa.

Nhau yakazara nenjodzi

Zvinonyanya kuipa ndezvekushungurudzika kwemashoko kana pasina mapoka anopikisa, zvibvumirano zvinokosha kana masangano asingabvumiri hurumende yekutonga. Mune mamiriro ezvinhu aya, basa revhidhiyo muhupenyu hwezvematongerwe enyika evanhu haisi nyore. Mienzaniso pamberi pemaziso ako. Izvi zvakaitika sei pamagumo emakore ekutanga makumi mapfumbamwe nemakumi matanhatu muSoviet Union, umo vanhu vainge vachiri nekutenda kwakasununguka mune zvose, pasinei nezvinobudiswa nepepanhau?

Zvechokwadi, panguva iyoyo zvaive zvakanyanya kufadza kuverenga kupfuura kugara chaizvo. Vanhu vacho havazivi tsika dzekunyadzisa uye zvakadai zvinopomerwa izvo zvakangoerekana zvabuda kubva kwose kwose pane vanhu vakavhiringidzika uye vanotyisa. Icho chaiva hondo yemashoko yakabudiswa mumakore iwayo nemasvikiro ayo akaronga uye akakurudzira masimba akakurumidza kuparadza uye akabva apamba nyika yakapfuma kwazvo, ndiye iye akabatsira pakukundwa kwenyika yose yezvematongerwo enyika yakashanda munyika yacho kwemakore makumi manomwe. Basa rinokura revhidhiyo muhupenyu hwezvematongerwe enyika rwevanhu hunoitika zvakanyanyisa apo kutonga kwemashoko kunowira mumaoko evasina maturo avo, kuburikidza nekugadzirisa, vanoita pfungwa yevanhu inobatsira kwavari.

Panguva iyi muAmerica

MuUnited States, basa revhidhiyo muhupenyu hwezvematongerwe enyika rwemunharaunda yakatanga kuongororwa zvakanyanya uye kuongororwa pakutanga kwema1960. Ndezvipi zvinogona kutungamirira kukutaurirana kusingadzorwi nekukurukura nevanhu, kunze kwekubatanidzwa kwemasangano akadai sezvikoro, chechi, mhuri, mapoka ehurumende nezvimwe zvakadaro? Uye chii chinoitika kana izvi zvichitongwa? Ichi chinhu chakakosha mubasa pakutsigirwa kwepurogiramu yakati. Chero bedzi vatapi venhau vasina kutora terevhizheni neredhiyo muhurumende dzavo, mabhuku ezvinyorwa chete ndivo vaiita, zvinhu zvose zvaisava zvinotyisa, kunyange zvazvo mapepanhau nemagazini akawanda zvaivhurwa senhengo dzemamwe mapato ezvematongerwo enyika uye vashomanana vavo vakasara kunze kwematongerwe enyika.

Chinyorwa chikuru chebhuku chero ripi zvaro nderokuwanda kwehuwandu hwemashoko. Kunyange mapepanhau akasungirirwa kune imwe nzvimbo yezvematongerwe enyika nguva dzose inotumira zvinhu zvisiri zvematongerwo enyika, zvinonakidzwa kana nhau, kureva kuti, vanhu kubva pakutanga zvakadzidziswa kuzviona sechikamu chenyika yakawanda uye neimwe nzira vanoita zvigaro mazviri. Asi apo terevhizheni yakauya ... Kutanga kwekutanga kwekugadzirira masarudzo muUnited States kwakatanga kare muna 1952. Kubva panguva iyoyo, zvikoro zvose zvakagadzirirwa, kudzidzisa vatapi venhau kuti vafadze vanhu vazhinji nenzira inobatsira. Mumakore ekuma80, terevhizheni yakave yakanyanya kunyanya pakati pezvinhu zvose zvenhau.

Iyo nharo

Basa rinokura revhidhiyo muhupenyu hwezvematongerwe enyika rwevanhu nekuda kwekuti yakave yakakwanisa kuve nehanya nekubatsira kwavo uye kunyange kuratidza mufambiro wezvematongerwe enyika pakati pevanhu, iyo yakarongedzwa kakawanda nemuenzaniso wekuvhota muUnited States mushure mokukurukurirana kweterevhizheni pakati pevakasarudzwa vehurumende. Saka Kennedy akakunda mushure mekuona musangano weTerevhizheni nevashori vezvematongerwe enyika - Nixon, uye nhengo dzakawanda dzevhoti dzakatsigira kuti iyi ndiyo nharo yakagadzirisa chisarudzo chavo.

Nenzira imwecheteyo, mushure megurogiramu yemuterevhizheni, Reagan akakwanisa kugadzirisa chete zvikamu zvina zvepakati pakati pake naCarter, asiwo kuti awane mamwe mashanu muzana yevhoti nekubatsirwa kwehurukuro dzeterevhizheni. Izvozvi zvakaitikawo pakati paVaReagan-Mondale, Bush-Dukakis, Bush-Clinton. Saka zvishoma nezvishoma TV yakakwikwidzana pakati pevadzivisi vari pachigaro chepurezidhendi yakava chigadziriro chakanaka munharaunda dzose, kusanganisira Russia. Nzvimbo uye basa rezvinyorwa muhupenyu hwezvematongerwe enyika zvinova zvakakosha uye zvinotungamirira. Uye terevhizheni mune iri mari yakawanda mukana mukuru wekutungamira nekuita kuti vanhu vazive. Iyo inoshandiswa zvishoma kana zvishoma kuti iwane nokukurumidza kana kuti chinangwa chinangwa, chekudzidzisa, yezvedzidzo. Kunyanya kakawanda pane zvinoshandiswa mune zvinodiwa nevamwe mapoka.

Image

Kunyange zvakadaro, zvikonzero zvekuwedzera kwemashoko muhupenyu hwezvematongerwo enyika haisi zvachose zvisinganzwisisiki, iyo inzvimbo yakawanda uye yakaoma yakaoma haigone kuongororwa imwechete. Mazhinji emitumbi nemarongerwo ayo anoona mabasa akasiyana-siyana kunyange kungoudza vanhu nezvezviitiko uye zviitiko zvinowanikwa kwose-kubva kune imwe nyika kusvika kune imwe nyika. Iyi ndiyo mutsara wezvinyorwa, uye kugoverwa kwayo kuburikidza nekucherechedza kwakasvinura kwenyika, kusarudzwa nemashoko, kureva, kugadzirisa mashoko akawanikwa, uye zvino chinangwa chekuumba maonero evanhu chiri kuitwa. Mikana yekutaurirana kwevanhu kuri kukura - ichi ndicho chikonzero chikuru chekukura kwema media.

Ruzhinji rwakanyanyisa mune zvematongerwo enyika, uye mhizha, redhiyo, terevhizheni inobatsira pakujekesa uku munzvimbo dzakawanda dzehuwandu hwevanhu. Nokudaro, basa rezvinyorwa muhupenyu hwemazuva ano zvezvematongerwe enyika zvakasimba kudarika kare. Vanofunga kuva mushizha wevanhu vose, maziso nenzeve dzevanhu vose: vanonyevera pamusoro pokuderera kwezvemari, kukura kwezvinodhaka kana zvimwe zvinopomerwa mhosva, vanotaura pamusoro pehuori muzvivako zvemasimba. Zvisinei, nokuda kwebasa iri, mhizha haifaniri kuvimba zvachose kune ani zvake, mune zvematongerwo enyika kana mune zvehupfumi. Asi izvi hazviitiki.

Basa

Munyika dzichiri kubudirira , iyo mhizha yehupfumi isangano rega rega rezvemabhizimisi kana bazi rezvemari, rinoshandisa mazana ezviuru zvevanhu. Basa rezvehupfumi rezvinobudisa nhau rinotangira kuunganidza, kushandiswa, kuchengetedza uye kutengeswa kwekutsvaga kwemashoko. Ikozvino, mabasa ezvinyorwa zvinonyatsotarisana nehupfumi hwemashamba. Zvose zvinopesana mumasangano, zvose zvinodiwa zvezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana uye mapoka zvakabudiswa mumabhuku nemapurogiramu. Simba rezvematongerwo enyika nemagariro evanhu nemagariro ari kukura - nyika uye makambani (vashambadziri) vari kurasikirwa nekugadzirisa.

Izvi zvinotoitikawo kuti maonero pane dzimwe nyaya haafananidzi nevakuru vekutonga uye hutungamiri hwehumwe bhuku. Vhidhiyo vashandurwa vakava masangano makuru, vane mhizha inogutsa uye inobatsira mune bhizinesi, asi iyi inyanzvi yekutengeserana uye haibvumi kuita kunze kwemashandisi ekushandisa kwemashoko anowanikwa. Uye pano ino inogona kuchinja zvakanyanya kwete chimiro chechiitiko ichocho, asi iyo yose iyo yevhidhiyo mune zvematongerwo enyika. Mienzaniso yacho yakawanda kwazvo. Kunyange Reagan, achiita panguva iyoyo purezidhendi wenyika, muna 1988, zvikamu zvitatu zvitatu zvemiterevhizheni yeUnited States hazvina kubvumirwa kutinhira nekuda kwekushaiwa kwekutengeserana. Somugumisiro, 1989 yaiva gore rapera rokutonga kwake.

Mimwe mienzaniso

Zvinyorwa, mitsara uye rondedzero dzinofanira kujekesa matsime akavanzika anoshanda pamitemo yekutenderera kwekutonga, kuratidza kufarira kwevanhu vose kune zvakashata zvakanyanya zvebasa iri. Dzimwe nguva zvinowanzoitika. Semuenzaniso, New York Times yakabudisa hurongwa hwakadaro, apo mamwe magwaro ePentagon akabudiswa, pepanhau reWashington Post rakaratidza kupesana kweMvuragate, uye mapurisa eTV akaparidzira kuparidzwa kubva kuCongress, apo maonero ehurukuro akaitwa. Maonero evanhu pamusoro pehondo muVietnam akabatanidzwawo nekupikisa, uye vazhinji vezvinyorwa zvenyika, kusanganisira USA, vakabatanidzwa mune izvi.

US Presidents L. Johnson naRa. Nixon vakamanikidzwa kubva mubato rezvematongerwe enyika, sezvo basa revhidhiyo muhupenyu hwezvematongerwo enyika hukuru. Kuti uzviise muchidimbu, ruzivo rwemashoko rinogona kupedza simba rose uye zviito zvakananga zvekutonga. Zvisinei, izvi zvinowanzoitika munhau apo mhizha inobatsira. Mazhinji emagazini nemapepanhau, redhiyo uye terevhizheni, kunyange mazita anozivikanwa zvikuru, vanoramba vachiwedzera nekuda kwekunzwa. Kuzivisa pachena zvinonyadzisa, kuratidzira unyengeri, kutsvaga zvakavanzika, kuisa izvi zvose pakuratidzwa kwevanhu - iyi ndiyo nheyo huru yevanhau mune zvematongerwo enyika. Chikoro che11 chechikoro cheRussia chiri kutodzidza nzira dzekuita kwakadaro.

"Mabhomba"

Kazhinji kazhinji mabhuku anonzwa, achida "kuputika bhomba", kutsvaga uori kana mamwe mimwe mitemo yepamutemo, kutaura pamusoro pokuwa kwetsika pakati pevakuru vakuru kana kuti kunyengedza kwevhoti kubva kuvatsananguri vehurumende. Izvi zvinogadzirisa inzwi rehurukuro dzevanhu vose. Kune vanhu vanounza matambudziko ose nekunyengera mumakorani emasimba. Uye pane dzimwe nguva apo vhidhiyo vari kukunda kukunda kwakanakisisa.

Somuenzaniso, mushure mekunyadziswa kweWaltergate kwakatevera yekutanga munhoroondo yekuregererwa kwemuAmerica kwemuAmerica. Uye apo Der Der Spiegel akagovana ruzivo nevaverengi nezvekupinda kwepachivande kwevashandi vari kuchengetedza mutemo, kupinda muimba yega yeanjiniya asina mano uye nezvekuiswa kwemarudzi ose ezvigadzirwa zvemvura ipapo, Mutungamiriri weGermany weIndonesia akarega.

"Dada"

Asi izvi zvinoitikawo zvimwe. Mutori wenhau anobva ku Interfax aivepo pamusangano wematare, apo Khodorkovsky aizotongerwa. Akagadzirira kukurukurirana kwemaviri kuhofisi yekunyora mushure mokunge mutongo wacho wapfuura. Uye ipapo ndakakanganisa nokutumira. Mune nhau yepamusoro kwakanga kune ruzivo rwakanga rwuri kuitwa naM Khodorkovsky. Kuramba - hachisi chinhu chinokurumidza, kunyange chakanga chagadziridzwa, mutengesi wakakura nemazana akawanda. Iyi haisi yega nyaya. Runyerekupe pamusoro pekuregererwa kweVi V. Chernomyrdin zvakare akazotevera "dha" yakadaro muNova Gazeta, uko Boris Gromov "akabviswa" kubva kumubati wegavhuna weMoscow kunotumirwa kumusangano weUkraine.

Ndiyo iyo inoshanda muhupenyu hwezvematongerwe enyika inotambidzwa nevanhau mune zvekutsvaga manzwiro. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, kukurukurirana pakati pezviremera pamwe nehuruzhinji hazvigoneki, nokuti kukurukurirana kwakafanana chaizvo nekutamba kwevana kunonzi "foni dzisina maturo." Mutemo unonyanya kukosha wekunyengera kwepfungwa yevanhu ndeyekuti mune zvingaita kuti zviparadzanise mudzidzisi, kuti amuchengetedze mafungiro akawandisa. Kana pasina humwe huripo, pfungwa dzakangwara uye dzisingadzorwi. Dhaurirano nemakakatanwa mumamiriro akadaro hazvibviri. Zvinosuruvarisa, panguva ino, nzira yekushandisa ruzivo rutivi rwematongerwe enyika munharaunda ipi zvayo yenyika. Mushure mokunge "dha" rinotevera remunhu akabatwa, vateereri vanoyeuka semunhu ane rusununguko rwemamwe marudzi: kana chikwama chake chabiwa, kana kuti akaba. Hungu hazvikoshi kune ani zvake, sezvo ruzivo mumazuva edu runokurumidza kupera kuva rwakakosha.