Polar station "Vostok", Antarctica: tsanangudzo, nhoroondo, mamiriro okunze nemitemo yekushanya

Nzvimbo yepamusoro yeRussia polar station Vostok muAntarctica yakasimbiswa muna 1957. Iyo iri pakati pekondinendi, pakati pechando nechando. Sezvakaita makore makumi mashanu akapfuura, nhasi ihwowo chiratidzo chemukati wekusagona.

Nharaunda kubva pachiteshi kusvika kuSouth Pole iri pasi pegungwa, uye chikwata chemahofisi hachina kupfuura vanhu 25. Kutsika kwakadzika, kureba kwemakiromita matatu kubva pamusoro pegungwa, kupedzana kwakakwana kubva munyika muchando kunouita imwe yenzvimbo dzisina kunaka dzevanhu kuti varambe vari pasi pano. Pasinei nemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma, hupenyu mu "East" hahubvumi kunyange pa -80 ° С. Masayendisiti vari kuita tsvakurudzo mune imwe nzvimbo iri pasi pechando, iyo iri pakadzika kwemakiromita mana.

Nzvimbo:

Nzvimbo yekutsvakurudza vostok (Antarctica) iri 1253 km kubva kuSouth Pole uye 1260 km kubva kumhenderekedzo yegungwa. Ivha rinovhara pano rinosvika kuhupamhi hwemakiromita 3700. Muchando hazvibviri kusvika kuchipatara, saka vafudzi vepolori vanofanira kuvimba chete pamasimba avo pachavo. Muzhizha, mutoro unowedzerwa pano nemapurisa. Nokuda kwechinangwa chimwechete, sledge-mhondi yemotokari inoshandiswa kubva pachigaro che "Kufambira mberi". Pakutanga, teresi dzakadaro dzakabvawo kuMicny station, asi nhasi, nekuda kwekuwedzera kwemanyoko munzira yechitima, hazvina kuitika.

Nzvimbo yepurasitiki "Vostok" inowanikwa pedyo neSouth geomagnetic pele yenyika yedu. Izvi zvinotibvumira kuti tidzidze kuchinja kweMhepo magnetic field. Muzhizha, nzvimbo yacho ine vanhu vanenge makumi mana - injini uye masayendisiti.

Station "East": nhoroondo, mamiriro ekunze

Iyi nzvimbo yakasiyana-siyana yekutsvakurudza yakavakwa muna 1957, nokuda kwekutsvakurudza nekucherechedza kweAntarctic ecosystem. Kubvira pakatangwa nzvimbo yeRussia "East" muAntarctica haina kumbomira kushanda, mabasa ayo anoenderera mberi nhasi. Masayendisiti anonyanya kufarira munharaunda yepasi pegungwa. Pakati pemakore makumi mapfumbamwe nemapfumbamwe kubhadharira kwakasiyana-siyana kwema glacial kwakaitwa pachiteshi. Chokutanga, mabhodhoro e-thermobaric akashandiswa, uye ipapo electromechanical, pane kutakura tambo.

Kutora mapoka mapoka AARI uye Leningrad Mining Institute pamwe chete vakawana nzvimbo yakasiyana-siyana iri pasi pevhu "Vostok". Iyo yakavanzwa nechando inodzivirira yakawanda kupfuura mamita zviuru zvina. Kukura kwayo, zvichida 250x50 makiromita. Iyo yakadzika inopfuura mamita 1200. Nharaunda yaro inodarika 15.5 mamiriyoni makiromita.

Iye zvino mapurogiramu matsva ari kukurudzirwa kuti aongorore iri dziva rakadzika. "Vostok" inzvimbo iri muAntarctica, iyo yakatora chikamu pane chinangwa chehurongwa hwehurumende "World Ocean". Mukuwedzera, masayendisiti anoongorora hupenyu hwomunhu mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro.

Mamiriro ekunze

Mamiriro akaoma anozivikanwa nechechi polar "East". Mamiriro okunze epanzvimbo ino anogona kuratidzwa munguva pfupi - hapana nzvimbo yakaoma pasi pano. Pano mhedziso yakakwana yekushisa inogadziriswa - 89 ° C. Ivhareji inotonhora mukati megore inotangira--31 ° C uye -68 ° C, kusvika kune yakakwana, iyo yakanyorwa kure kure 1957 -13 ° C. Mazuva 120 anoenderera mberi Polar usiku - kubva pakupera kwaApril kusvika pakupera kwaAugust.

Mwedzi inotonhora zvikuru pachiteshi yacho ndiDecember naJanuary. Panguva ino, kutengesa kwema air -35.1 ° C -35.5 ° C. Iyi yechando inofananidzwa nechando chaSiberia chando. Mwedzi unotonhora ndeweAugust. Mhepo inotonhorera inoenda ku -75.3 ° C, uye dzimwe nguva iri pasi -88.3 ° C. Iyo inotonhora zvikuru (zuva nezuva) iri -52 ° C, iyo nguva yose yekucherechedza muna May kutonhora hakusimudzi-41.6 ° C. Asi kutonhora kwakadzika hakusi dambudziko guru remamiriro ekunze uye kusanzwisisika kwevanhu vanoongorora mapoka.

Nzvimbo yekuti "Vostok" (Antarctica) iri munzvimbo inenge inenge yenyoro. Pane urombo hwe okisijeni. Nzvimbo iyi iri panzvimbo yakakwirira mamita matatu emamita pamusoro pegungwa. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma kudaro, kubvumirana kwemunhu kunotora kubva pavhiki kusvika kumwedzi miviri. Izvi zvinowanzoperekedzwa nekuputika mumaziso, dutu, kubuda kweropa, kurwadziwa munzeve, kunzwa kwekunetseka, kuwedzerwa kweropa, kukanganiswa kwekurara, kurasikirwa kwechido, kuora mwoyo, kurwadziwa kwakanyanya mumasumbu uye kubatana, kushaya kurasikirwa kusvika pamakirogiramu mashanu.

Scientific activity

"Vostok" inzvimbo yeAntarctica, nyanzvi dzaro dzave dzichiita tsvakurudzo yezvicherwa nemidziyo yeHycarcarbon, yekuchengetedza mvura yekunwa kwemakore anopfuura hafu yemakore, kuitisa actinometric, aerometeorological, glaciological uye geophysical. Mukuwedzera, vanoitisa tsvakurudzo yezvokurapa, kudzidza kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, kuongorora tsanangudzo pa "ozone", nezvimwewo.

Upenyu pachiteshi

"Kumabvazuva" inzvimbo yeAntarctica, uko vanhu vanokosha vanogara uye vanoshanda. Vanoramba vachizvipira kumabasa avo, ivo vanofarira kutsvakurudza nyika ino isina kufanira. Izvi zvinokanganisa, mupfungwa yakanakisisa yeshoko, rinovabvumira kuti vatsungirire matambudziko ose ehupenyu, kurega kwenguva refu kubva kune vadiwa vavo. Upenyu hwevatsvairi vemapurisa hunogona kuvhiringidzika chete nemagumisiro akaoma zvikuru.

Station "East" (Antarctica) ine zvinhu zvakawanda. Semuenzaniso, muupenyu humwe, takakomberedzwa nezvimwe zvipembenene - butterflies, utumhi, utunga. Hapana chinhu pachiteshi. Iko hakuna kunyange ma microorganms. Mvura iri pano inobva kuchando chakanyunguduka. Inenge isina mineral kana salt, saka kwekutanga kokutanga vashandi vepaimiti vanogara vaine nyota.

Tatove tataura kuti vatsvakurudzi vave vakatochera tsime kune chisinganzwisisiki Lake Vostok. Muna 2011, pakadzika mamita 3,540, mazaya echitsva akawanikwa, anobva pasi. Iyi ndiyo mvura yakanyanyisa yegungwa. Polar explorers vanoti yakachena uye inofadza chaizvo, iyo inogona kubikwa uye inodhawa.

Chivako apo vatsvakurudzi vepanoro vanogara kunoratidzwa nemamita maviri mita yechando. Mukati masikati masikati ipapo. Kunze uko kune zvivako zviviri - iyo huru uye inochengetedza imwe. Kubuda kukuru mukova, mushure mokunge mamiri makumi mashanu ematanho akachera muchando. Kubuda kwekukurumidzira kwakapfupika. Icho chitarisiko chepamusoro chinotungamirira padenga rechiteshi.

Muimba yekugara kune wardroom, kune terevhizheni pamadziro (kunyange pasina pane-mumhepo TV pachiteshi), tafura yebhiridhi yakaiswa. Kana iri mukamuri iyi kutonhora kunodonha kusvika kune imwe, munhu wese anoedza kuenda ikoko. Asi rimwe zuva, vaongorori vemapurisa muimba yekuchengetedza vakawana chimwe chinhu chakashata chendaneti. Yakanga yakagadziriswa, yakabatana necheterevhizheni, uye wardroom yakamutswazve - ikozvino vatsva vanoongorora pano vari kuunganidza pano. Mumakaka akadziya nemabhuruku, mune mahombodo uye zvikoti, vanouya kuzotamba nharo uye marudzi.

Polar explorers vanocherechedza kuti mumakore achangopfuura chiremba "East" (Antarctica) chakachinja muupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Chirongwa chekugara chakasununguka, makamuri yebasa rezvesayenzi, imba yekudyira, diyeleri nedzimwe zvivako zvemasimirwo anokosha zvakaita kuti hupenyu huno hugamuchirwe.

Moto pachiteshi cheVostok muAntarctica

Musi waApril 12, 1982, Vostok haana kuonana neGreat Land. Hapana aigona kufungidzira zvakaitika. Mune rimwe zuva, maererano nesheti, nzvimbo yacho yakabatanidzwa katanhatu. Apo pakange pasina kubatana uye panguva yechipiri yaibvumirana, yakava pachena: chimwe chinhu chinoshamisa chakange chaitika. Kusakwanisa kukurukurirana - chero zvakadaro, chiitiko chacho chinoshamisa. Panguva iyoyo hakuna munhu aigona kuona kusvika kwemajaya ari panzvimbo yacho.

Siteshi "East" (Antarctica) yaiva neimba yakatsaurwa, iyo nzvimbo yemotokari yemagetsi yaivapo. Ikoko moto wakatanga usiku hweKurusi 12. Yakanga iri kutanga kwechando. Kuenda kunzvimbo yemagetsi kwakabatanidzwa neimba duku umo maikisiki aigara. Vakasimbiswa pazvina mangwanani mangwanani nehupfumi hwehusi hwehusi.

Kuenda kumugwagwa, vakaona kuti moto waipisa pamusoro pedenga reimba. Maminetsi mashomanana gare gare, vese vaifunga, vakashingaira kupfeka, vakabuda kunze kunotonhora. Chiedza chekutsvaga, chinovhenekera ndima, chakabuda. Chiedza chaingova kubva pamoto chete.

Kurwisa moto

Moto wakatanga kukanda chando, saka vakaedza kuifukidza nechokudzivirira kuchengetedza kukwanisa kwerojeni. Asi iyo yirivha yakaiswa pakarepo. Vanhu vakakwira pamusoro pedenga rekukurumidza vakakwira pasi. Denga rakapiswa zvachose mumaminitsi makumi matatu.

Makumi gumi namashanu mamita kubva kuchipatara pakanga pane matangi ane peteroli. Zvaisakwanisa kuvabudisa kure-zvakanyanya kuoma. Nenzira yakanaka, mhepo yakavhuvhuta pane zvakasiyana. Kuponeswa zvakanyanya uye chokwadi chokuti dizizi yakanga inotonhora zvikuru, mukutonhora yakava yakaipa. Aifanira kupisa zvizhinji kuti asvike.

Nenguva isipi vaongorori vemapurisa havana kuona kuti mukati mavo hamuna masiki imwe chete. Matsi ake akawanikwa pamadota. Pakarepo mushure memoto, nzvimbo yeimba yacho yakasara isina kupisa uye chiedza, uye mumugwagwa yaiva -67 ° C ...

Nzira yekupona sei?

Paiva nenhamo chaiye. Zviviri zvejeriri jenereta zvakabuda zvachose zvisingashandisi, zvichipa chivako chine magetsi, uye mbiri dzakachengetwa. Pakanga pasina chiedza mumakamuri, zvigadzirwa zvesayenzi zvakange zvisingakwanisi, mabhatiri uye sitofu mu galley yakanatswa. Dambudziko raiva kunyange nemvura - rakagamuchirwa mumagetsi emagetsi kubva kuchando. Muimba yevashandi hove yekare yepafosheni yakawanikwa. Akaendeswa kunzvimbo imwe yevasungwa.

Uye panguva ino muMoscow vakanga vachitsvaga kutsvaka nzira yokubuda nayo mamiriro acho ezvinhu. Vakarangana nevatyairi vengarava nevashambadziri. Asi hapana chimwe chezvakasarudzwa hazvikwanisi kuitika muusiku hwakaoma husiku.

Upenyu mushure memoto

Polar explorers vakasarudza kupona pachavo pachavo. Varume vakashinga havana kumirira rubatsiro kubva kuGuru Guru. Irojamiro yakatumirwa kuMoscow: "Tichapukunyuka kusvikira Spring". Vakanzwisisa zvakakwana kuti kondinendi yechando haina kukanganwira kukanganisa, asi ine utsinye uye kune avo vanowira mukuora mwoyo.

Nguva yechando yakagara mumasimba-majeure. Polar explorers akaendeswa mune imwe imba duku. Pachikonzero chegasi, mabhandi mashanu matsva akaitwa. Muimba ino, iyo yose yaiva muimba yekurara, neimba yokudyira, uye kicheni, paiva nesimbi dzesayenzi.

Iko kutsvaga kukuru kwezvivako zvitsva kwaiva soti. Akanga akaunganidzwa pane rimwe zuva zuva. Mushure mechinguva, nekuda kwehupamhi hweaerologist uye mubiki, vawinterers vakakwanisa kubika chingwa. Zvikamu zvehupfu dzaiiswa pamadziro echitofu uye saka vakagamuchira zvingwa zvakakwana.

Mukuwedzera kune zvokudya zvinopisa nekupisa, chiedza chaidiwa. Uyezve vanhu ava vakasimba vakatanga kugadzira makenduru, vachishandiswa iparafini yepo yakave uye tambo yeAsbestos. "Factory factory" yakashanda kusvikira pakuguma kwechando.

Basa rinoenderera mberi!

Pasinei nemamiriro ezvinhu asinganzwisisiki, vatsvakurudzi vemapurisa vakatanga kurangarira zvakanyanya pamusoro pekuenderera mberi kwezvinoitwa nesayenzi. Asi izvi zvaive zvichikonzerwa nehotera huru yemagetsi. Iyo injini chete yakasara yakasangana chete nezvinodiwa zveredhiyo rekukurukurirana uye kushandiswa kwemagetsi. Akanga "achityisa kufema."

Kunyange zvakadaro, nyanzvi yezvematongerwo enyika yakavhiringidza maonero ake emamiriro ekunze mumoto chete. Mushure mokutambudzika, akashanda seanowanzoita. Kutarisa kwaari, magnetologist zvakare akatanga basa.

Ruponeso

Saka chakapfuura munguva yechando-mumvura yakasimba kwazvo, isina chiedza chezuva, nekushaya oxygen, ine nhamo huru yemhuri. Asi vanhu ava vakadzimwa, iyo iyo pachayo iine feat. Havana kurasikirwa nekuzvidzora kwavo uye "kuravira" kwebasa. Vakapedza mwedzi 7.5, sezvakavimbiswa kuMoscow vatengesi, mumamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa.

Mukutanga kwaNovember, ndege yeI-14 yakauya panzvimbo yacho, iyo yakaunza jenareji itsva nevana vatsva vana vemazuva ose, 28th expedition. Ikoko kwakanga kune ndege yakamirira kwenguva refu pakati pevatakuri uye chiremba. Maererano naye, aitarisira kuona vanhu vakaora mwoyo uye vakaneta pachiteshi. Zvisinei, varume ava vakanga vakanaka.

Uye mazuva gumi nemashanu gare gare sledge-tractor treni yakabva kuMirny. Akapa zvinhu zvokuvaka uye zvigadzirwa, pamwe chete nezvose zvakagadzirwa pakugadzirwa kwemagetsi. Mushure mekunge nguva iyo pachiteshi yakakurumidza kuenda: vose vakaedza kubata "zvikwereti" zvekutsvakurudza kwesayenzi.

Apo shanduko yaisvika, vatsvakurudzi vehurumende vane ushingi vakatumirwa nemota kuna Mirny. Iro rimwe rutivi rwakatakura masasa eakafa Alexei Karpenko. Akavigwa muAntarctic Novodevichy Cemetery. Vose vevatsvakurudzi vemapurisa vakaendeswa kune motokari "Bashkiria", iyo yakavaendesa kuLeningrad. Nhasi ivo vose vari vapenyu uye vakanaka, uye vamwe vavo vakakwanisa kutora chikamu muAntarctic expedition imwe nguva zvakare.

Vostok station: kushanyira mitemo

Vatashanyi, pamwe chete nevanofambira vakarovedzwa, havasi vakakokwa kuchiteshi, iyo inongonyanya kushandiswa nesayenzi. Kunyange zvakadaro, kushanyira "East" zvinogona kuitika. Kuti vaite izvi, avo vanoda kuti vashandise kuArctic Research Institute uye zvinonzwisisika kuti nei chigaro ichichida. Zvishoma zvido zvevakakumbira - hutano hwakanaka uye hutano hwakakosha.