Ndezvipi zvinhanho kukura inopfuura vanhu? The chikuru zvokukura Kugadzirwa vanhu

Ndezvipi zvinhanho kukura inopfuura vanhu? Tisati tapindura mubvunzo uyu, tinoona kuti socio-nhoroondo kukura kwayo - chinhu multilateral chichiitwa, zviri zvakaoma. It kunoitika anodarika kumbonyanya refu yenhoroondo uye inosanganisira zvematongerwo, zvemitemo, zvoupfumi, njere, pakunamata, mutsika uye vazhinji nevamwe zvinoriumba kuti anoumba mamwe kuvimbika. Nyanzvi dzakawanda akaedza kupa mhinduro yavo mubvunzo chii matanho munzanga kwayo kukura. Munyaya ino tichakurukura anokosha yokuti uye kupatsanura dzataurwa nokuda inonyatsozivikanwa vatsvakurudzi panyaya.

Specificity of Sociological kudzidza nhoroondo kuvandudzika vanhu

A Sociological Kudzidza pfungwa iyi kwakaoma, chokutanga nekuti zvakaoma kusiyanisa chaiko munzanga chinotaurwa. Uyewo zvakaoma kuona zviri pfungwa "munzanga kukura" mukufamba enhoroondo muitiro. Uye izvi zvose zvinofanira kuitwa kuti kupindura mubvunzo: "? Ndezvipi zvinhanho kukura inopfuura vanhu" Vaongorori kazhinji ndakatarisa yakaomerera magariro uye nhoroondo kwemashoko pasocial nyaya. Vanogona kuita somunhu, imwe nzanga (semuenzaniso Russian), uyewo boka makambani (muchiLatin America, European), rudzi, magariro boka, zvemagariro sangano (mhuri, dzidzo hurongwa), pasocial sangano. Zvingavawo mubatanidzwa (National zvoupfumi emakambani, mapato ezvematongerwo enyika, kutengeserana-maindasitiri kambani). Zvisinei, isu vanongofarira mubvunzo kuti mumatanho mhando kwayo kukura rinopfuura nzanga yose zvayo.

Budiriro uye mhando kwenzanga

The kufarira mukurusa sayenzi evanhu ndiyo kukura socio-kare nzanga chinhu chinokosha munzanga dzakabatana. Chokwadi, inoumbwa pave nomunhu makirasi, magariro mapoka, masangano, masangano, uye nharaunda. Zvisinei, padanho rimwe nerimwe raro mumagariro uye nhoroondo kukura imwe kambani iri kuvimbika, nokuti izvo kuongorora uye tsananguro anowanzoshandurwa kushandiswa pfungwa dzakasiyana. Vanogona kuva mapoka mapoka maviri - ". Mhando nzanga" "kupunduka" uye Izvi pfungwa munguva Qualitative mamiriro panguva dzakasiyana zvokukura socio-nhoroondo kukura. Vanofanira rinorondedzerwa kuti kupa mhinduro yomubvunzo: "? Ndezvipi zvinhanho wakaitwa kambani racho kukura"

Shoko rokuti "mhando nzanga"

Under chiitiko ichi chinoreva kwegadziriro STRUCTURAL dzakabatana (masangano, magariro mapoka, nharaunda, etc.), kuwadzana nomumwe uye interconnected nevamwe pasocial zvinangwa dzemunharaunda anokoshesa zvakajairika kwavari.

Kune mhando dzakasiyana-siyana kupatsanura munzanga. Zvepakutanga kupfuura - nokupesana kwavo mu nyore uye zvakaoma kunzwisisa. musana wake kune remakore rechi19 yakati kuti Herbert Spencer.

kupatsanura Spencer

Achipindura mubvunzo chii matanho nzanga rinopfuura kwaro kukura, asi masayendisiti akaisa mberi nemaonero kuti nzanga vari kutamira pamwe pacho ezvinhu anonzi nokusingagumi homogeneity kupinda pakatarisana - mumwe heterogeneity, muwanze kusangana uye Kusiyanisa unhu, zvemagariro noukama uye tsika. Pakarepo, tinoona kuti weboka pane zvinodiwa chaizvo. Pashure pezvose, kunyange nyore boka - zvikuru kunzwisisa muviri. Kunyange zvisinganyanyi pachena ndechokuti chokuita chinyakare hurongwa kwenzanga dzinorongwa zviri nyore pane Somuenzaniso, pave ano. Naizvozvo, Spencer kuti kupatsanura ndiko kururama kwazvo.

Weboka vanhu kupinda muindasitiri uye zvetsika

Asi Spencer akanga asiri oga akapa mhinduro yomubvunzo wokuti: "? Ndezvipi zvinhanho wakaitwa kambani racho kukura" Chimwe ndicho nokure ndiyo classifications akagadzira pedyo Comte, K. Saint-Simon, Emile Durkheim nevamwe evanhu kupesana kupinda maindasitiri uye zvetsika. Kazhinji pfungwa "tsika vanhu" rinoshandiswa kureva kukura matanho, izvo pre-capitalist. Kuti muunganidzwa vanhu panguva ino haisati yakatanga maindasitiri kunzwisisa. It kunobva zvikurukuru pamusoro zvokurima upfumi. vanhu akadaro immobile munzanga. Kubva kuzvizvarwa nezvizvarwa mifananidzo maitiro uye tsika zvipenyu zviri kutapukira anenge kuchinja. Mugumisiro kwemaindasitiri ndiyo maindasitiri vanhu. Zvinowanisa urbanization, vakawanda kuverenga, nyanzvi specialization. vanhu kwakadaro kunobva zvikurukuru pamusoro maindasitiri upfumi. It pakuva kwegadziriro socio-mukirasi uye mumaindasitiri weboka basa. Hazvina simba, dzinoratidzwa kugara rwokugadzirwa uye zvesayenzi uye kwesayenzi zvakagadzirwa uye zvigadzirwa, yakakwirira azvipire mufambo.

Wallerstein dzakaitika kare hurongwa

Pane dzimwe pfungwa chii padanho munzanga kwayo kukura. Mhinduro pfupi kuti mubvunzo uyu, kwakavakirwa maonero rimwe vaitungamirira ano Western evanhu Immanuel Wallerstein, anogona kupiwa sezvinotevera. musayendisiti ichi ariwana zvakakodzera yavaive chenhau gadziriro. Mumwe nomumwe izvi hurongwa hunobva zvimwe mhando weboka basa. Inokudziridza siyana masangano (socio-tsika, zvematongerwo enyika, zvoupfumi), iro pakupedzisira kuona Implementation pakati dzinokosha ino, kuti socialization vemapoka vanhu. Wallerstein anoti munhu anogona kuwana nekuve zvenhoroondo gadziriro. Mumwe wavo - chakavapo kweanenge 500-600 makore upfumi hwenyika capitalist (ano). Chimwe - hweRoma. The wechitatu riri kuCentral America, Mayan zvivako. Small zvenhoroondo hurongwa, pane rakakura chitsama. Kubva pfungwa maonero muongorori, kuchinja chaiye munzanga zvinoitika apo kuchinja kunotanga kubva munhoroondo ino kune mumwe. Izvi hazvirevi kupesvedzera siyana dzakawanda kupokana kunoyerwa kwayo kunyangarika. Inefficiency mashandiro nzira kunozarura nzira zvimwe, yakagozha nzira.

Voga pakubhadhara siyana munzanga achibvumira vatsvakurudzi zvakasiyana pamakona, akasiyana nzvimbo uye dzakasiyana zvinoumba kudzidza mumagariro uye nhoroondo kukura uye kuti kufunga sechinhu multi-faceted mutoo, siyana zviratidzo uye zviratidzo.

Huru socio-nhoroondo marudzi munzanga

Kuti muchidimbu pamusoro, uye dzimwe pfungwa evanhu uye vazivi, nezvoupfumi uye kare, tinogona kusiyanisa zvishoma, muna schematic chimiro, marudzi anotevera socio-nhoroondo (zvokukura kusimudzira vanhu)

- anowanikwa kubva kuunganidzwa zvipo zvakasikwa uye kunovhima Nzanga vavhimi uye vaunganidzi;

- kuita hazvizivi kurimwa zvinomera uye kurimwa munyika yekurima munzanga;

- inobva kurimwa siyana kwemarudzi ose pezvipfuwo nemombe;

- dzinowanzotsigi- kwakavakirwa handicraft uye zvetsika okurima kugadzirwa (mavari pane private pfuma, guta, mamiriro simba, makirasi, kutengeserana, kunyora);

- inobva zvikurukuru pamusoro kugadzirwa maindasitiri michina maindasitiri munzanga;

- kutsiva maindasitiri postindustrial.

Kare, sezvataurwa nevanyori vakawanda, ndiyo upfumi hwaro kugadzirwa haisi zvikuru akasiyana zvinhu zvokunyama sezvo mashoko, ruzivo, uye basa indasitiri.

Kazhinji, typology ichi, iyo inorondedzera chikuru nzendo kukura vanhu, vakagamuchirwa vamiririri zvikuru zvakakwana pamusoro nevanhu uye sayenzi magariro munyika dzakasiyana. It rinowanzoshandiswa kuvaka zvikuru unyanzvi uye hwakadzama Dzidziso mumagariro uye nhoroondo kukura.

Pfungwa yokuti 'budiriro'

In evanhu, magariro uzivi netsika zveBhaibheri nezvezvichaitwa mhando tsika nemagariro nemamiriro nzanga achibatsirwa "yebudiriro" pfungwa. Zvisinei, kana mhando kwenzanga kunyanya richisimbisa hunhu evanhu ukama, noukama uye zvivako, budiriro sezvo pfungwa kusimbisa riri zvokunamata, zvemagariro, tsika uye zvitendero zviri zvakasiyana zvikuru.

Cultural-nhoroondo mhando

To ichi izwi uyewo pedyo pfungwa wakatangwa muna remakore rechi19 N.Ya.Danilevsky, Russian nyanzvi uye uzivi ( "tsika-nhoroondo mhando"). mutsvakurudzi uyu aiva pakati wokutanga nevafungi akaedza kutiza kwakajairika mufananidzo socio-nhoroondo kukura chete sezvo Linear, planar rikurumidze. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti vanhu vakaumba mhando tsika-nhoroondo kuti rakasiyana yekudyidzana pakati pavo. Aiona chikuru dzekuziva kuti kusarudzwa mhando "sungano mutauro", miganhu, zvechitendero, psihoetnograficheskoe kubatana, political rusununguko, marudzi ezvoupfumi basa, uyewo zvimwe zvinhu. Danilevskii (kuratidzwa pazasi) vari pakati mhando Assyrio-Bhabhironi, Chinese, muEgipita, Iranian, Indian, chiGiriki, chiHebheru, Arabic, muRoma, European (German-muRoma).

Mumwe nomumwe kukura kwayo zvishoma nezvishoma muupenyu kutenderera, dzakadai mavambo, kukura, kutumbuka, kuora. Pashure paizvozvo, dzetsika-nhoroondo mhando itsva anouya pamberi nhoroondo yedu. Maererano Danilevsky, pakatangwa necheSalvic yebudiriro zvichiitika kwemazana emakore akawanda. It kunoratidzwa dzavo kuitika padanho kukura vanhu. Iye ataura zvikuru ramangwana necheSalvic budiriro. Concept Danilevsky, pasinei enyika Rumhangapanga uye zvinoverengeka yokungotaura naivete, kunokosha nokuti inopa asiri Linear mufananidzo enhoroondo kukura vanhu. It presupposes kuvapo munhau digressions, zigzags, kunyange kuparadzwa nouchapupu kuti kare vaunganidza tsika.

Opinion Toynbee

Gare gare, pfungwa cyclical pakukura yaiva mabasa Spengler mberi, muzivi wokuGermany, uye kunyanya Arnold Toynbee, wenhoroondo Chirungu. By Toynbee mumwe Budiriro (uye zviri munhoroondo yevanhu yebudiriro kuverengwa 21, kusanganisira chinoumba 13) kunosvika zvayo namahwindo kukura lifecycle. Inofamba kubva pakuzvarwa kusvikira pakufa uye manyowa. Toynbee rinozivisa 5 zvikuru pundutso: Russian, Western, kwechiIslam, Indian uye Chinese. Akaripira Cherechedzai zvikonzero kufa budiriro. Toynbee, zvikurukuru, vaidavira kuti vatsigire hondo imwe tsika upenyu, ayo "rokusika vepamusoro" riri imwe nguva asingakwanisi kukurira zvichiitika matambudziko hwenhoroondo uye socio-mune zvoupfumi. Zvachinja ive akaparadzaniswa vashoma chavagari unodzora iye hapana kodzero simba, uye simba zvakakodzera simba. Pakupedzisira, kuti muongorori, azvaiitwa kuparadza budiriro.

Zvino kuti munoziva matanho vanhu inoitwa kwayo zvoupfumi maererano Toynbee.

Pfungwa yebudiriro munzanga

Munzanga (uye, kupfuura kazhinji zviri nevanhu uye sayenzi magariro) Mumakore achangopfuura iri kuramba zvakajairika pfungwa yebudiriro, kana uchida kutsanangura munzanga uye nhoroondo kukura. Izvi imhaka kuchitendero pakuti Marxist pfungwa kuti vakatonga zvachose muSoviet zvemagariro nesayenzi, maererano izvo munhoroondo aivapo zvemagariro zvoupfumi idzodzo, akarambwa vazhinji evanhu masayendisiti ave kutsarukana uye kunyanyokwidziridzwa politicized. Pfungwa yebudiriro pari kushandiswa mudzimai mabhuku nesayenzi pane chikuru tsika matatu:

- zvichitevera ufuza padariro socio-tsika Kugadzirwa vanhu;

- socio-tsika mhando (Russian, European, Chinese, Japanese uye dzimwe dzomunyika);

- sezvo kumusoro pamusoro kuitika pamwero zvigadzirwa, socio-mune zvoupfumi, zvematongerwo enyika uye zvetsika kukura.

Kunyange kuchikoro isu kutanga kuzivana nevanhu chii mumatanho munzanga kwayo kukura. Grade 8 - yava nguva yokudzidza nyaya. Zvisinei, muna chikoro nyaya chaizvo asingafungi. mashoko akakwana Kupindura mubvunzo rakapiwa munyaya ino pamusoro chii matanho vanhu dzapera. Rinogona kushandiswa kugadzirira makirasi uye bvunzo, kwete chete vadzidzi, asi vadzidzi.