Okugadzira zvinhu uye Biography pamusoro Shillera Fridriha

Zvinyorwa zvepasi rose zvakazivikanwa zvenyika ndeye Friedrich Schiller. Hupenyu hwake uye basa rinobudisa humiro hwemukirasi, murume asingazvifungidziri iye munguva yekusateerera mutemo kwepasi rose iyo inzvimbo yemambo wesimba. Hupenyu hwake hwehupenyu hwakashamisa kunyange munhu mukuru kwazvo, sezvatichakurukura gare gare. Upenyu hwomudetembi uye mutambi wenhau pachawo hunofanana nemutambo wemutambo, apo Tarenda inorwisana nekusarura, urombo uye hunobudirira.

Vanhu veEurope vakasarudza rwiyo rweEuropean Union sarwo "Ode kune Joy". Isa mbira naLudwig van Beethoven, iye akanzwika zvakashata, zvakashata.

Iyo nyanzvi yemurume uyu yakazviratidza pachechi yakawanda: mudetembi, mutambi wemitambo, nyanzvi yehutori, murwi wekodzero dzevanhu.

Akazvarwa asingasunungurwi

Apo Schiller Friedrich akaberekwa, nyoka yakanga ichiri kukosha muGermany.

Vatungamiri vemadzishe emapurisa vakanga vasingakwanisi kudarika zvakasara zvezvinhu zve suzerain yavo. Uye kana izvozvo zvikaitika, vapoteri vakadzorerwa nechisimba. Nyaya yaisagona kuchinja shanduro yake, iyo yaainge "yakanamatirwa" naIshe wamambo, kana kuroorwa pasina mvumo ya tenzi wake. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadai ehusiku hwemazuva ano, akafanana nedare resimbi, akanga ari Friedrich Schiller.

Akava wekare, kwete, kwete nekuda kwevanhu vemazuva ano vechiGerman, asi pasinei. Friedrich, nenzira yekufananidzira kutaura, akakwanisa kupinda muTemberi yeAkadhi kuburikidza nemukova, akavharirwa kwaari nehurumende nemagetsi eMiddle Ages.

Chero muna 1807 (Schiller akafa muna 1805), Prussia yakabvisa serfdom.

Vabereki

Schiller's biography inotangira muWürttemberg Duchy (guta reMarbach-on-Neckar), kwaakaberekerwa musi wa10.11.1759 mumhuri yehufumi, mubatsiri wezvemagariro ehurumende Johann Caspar Schiller. Amai vesheti yeramangwana vaibva kumhuri yevarapi vemashamba nevatenzi veimba. Zita rake raiva Elizabeth Dorothea Code. Muimba yevabereki vake, paiva nenzvimbo yakachena, yakarurama uye yakangwara urombo.

Baba naamai vaJohn Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (iri ndiro zita rakazara reklasiki) vaiva nechitendero zvikuru uye mumoyo mumwechete wakakurira vana. Papa wezveramangwana, anouya kubva kumhuri yewaini yewaini, aiva neropafadzo yakakwana yekuwana dzidzo yezvokurapa. Akava mutungamiri na tenzi wake, murume akangwara, asi haana kusununguka. Akashandura nzvimbo yake yekugara, nzvimbo, achitevera kuda kwa tenzi wake.

Dzidzo:

Apo mukomana uyu aive nemakore mashanu, mhuri yacho yakatamira kuguta rekumwe nzvimbo yeLorch. Baba vake vakanga varipo sevamiririri vehurumende vachipinda basa. Kwemakore matatu chechi yekutanga yaFriedrich uye dzidzo yehutungamiri hwevanhu yakapiwa na Pastor Lorch, murume ane mutsa akakwanisa kufarira mukomana muchiLatini, chiGermany, uye katekisimu.

Apo musikana ane makore manomwe Schiller akatamira nemhuri yake kuLudwigsburg, akakwanisa kudzidza muchikoro cheLatini. Pazera remakore makumi maviri nemaviri, jaya rakadzidziswa rakapfurikidza nekusimbiswa (kodzero yekuenda kuCommunion). Pakutanga akarota kuva mupristi, achitevera chisarudzo chevadzidzisi vake.

Dhiyabhorosi

Schiller's biography muhuduku hwake akachinja kuva matambudziko akawanda nekuda kwekukundikana kwechido chaDuke weWürttemberg. Akarayira serf yake kuti idzidze pachikoro chemasoja edzimhosva semhosva. Schiller aisagona kurarama upenyu husingazivikanwi, haana kuteerera zvidzidzo. Makore matatu gare gare, jaya racho raiva rekupedzisira muhuwandu muboka revezera vevanhu 18.

Muna 1776, akatamira kunzvimbo yezvokurapa, uko aidzidza achimufarira. Asi mukudzidzisa kwemishonga iye akabatwa nedzimwe dzidzo - huzivi, mabhuku. Muna 1777, bhuku rekuremekedza reGermany Makoronike rakabudisa kuumbwa kwekutanga kwechidiki Schiller, mureza "The Conqueror", yakanyorwa mukutevedzera mudetembi anodikamwa Friedrich Klopshtok.

Schiller's biography, sezvinotevera kubva pamusoro apa, haisi nyaya "huru". Mumwe mukomana akanga asina kutevera mutemo wekuti ave gweta haana kuda mutongi-mutongi. Chido chake 29 ane makore makumi mashanu akadzidza paChikemy akapiwa chigaro chimwe chete chechiremba wezvemagariro, pasina mukuru wehurumende. Despot akafunga kuti akakwanisa kuputsa hupenyu hwomukomana anonyadziswa, asi Friedrich Schiller akambonzwa simba re talenta yake nenguva iyoyo.

Tarenda inozviratidza

Uyu munyori wemakore 32 wemutambo akanyora dhiamusi "The Robbers". Hapana muparidzi anobva kuStuttgart anotora kudhinda basa rakakura rakadaro remuranda, nokuda kwekutya kupopotedzana naDuke ane simba rose weWürttemberg. Kuramba achizvipira, achizvizivisa pachake kuvanhu, inobudiswa naFriedrich Schiller pachake. Bhuku rake rekuita playwright rinotanga nebasa iri.

Nyaya isina tsitsi, iyo yakabudisa mutambo we "The Robbers" pamutengo wake pachake, ndiye wakakunda. Uye Fate akamutumira chipo. Shamwari yebhusellsell yakamuunza pamwe ne art connoisseur Baron von Dahlberg, mutungamiri weMayngem. Dhiyabhorosi mushure mekugadzirisa zviduku kwakava hurukuro yemwaka unotevera wemitambo muPrussia!

Munyori anotaura ushingi, anonakidza tarenda. Munguva imwecheteyo Schiller akadhinda hurukuro yake yekutanga yezvinyorwa "Anthology ye 1782". Anoratidzika kusvika kune imwe yakakwirira! Anokwikwidza kuti ave mukwikwidzi muS Swabian chikoro chekunyora ne Gotthald Steidlin, uyo akambobuditsa "Collection of Muses". Kuti ape mufananidzo wekunyadzisa kuunganidzwa kwake, munyori wenhetembo anoratidza nzvimbo yekubudiswa kweguta reTobolsk.

Kushungurudza uye kupukunyuka

Schiller's biography panguva iyoyo yakaratidzwa nebhaalati kuenda kumatunhu ePalatinate. Pachiitiko ichi chinotyisa, akasarudza musi wa 22.09.1782 pamwe neshamwari yake Streicher, pianist uye munyori. Mutongi weWürttemberg akanga asina kusimbiswa mune chido chake chekutora chikamu chemangwana kuva mushandi wehurumende.

Schiller akatongerwa kwemavhiki maviri muimba yevarindi nokuti akasiya gwaro kuti apinde muzvigadzirwa zvemitambo zveThe Robbers. Panguva imwecheteyo wakarambidzwa kunyora.

Shamwari dzakanga dzisiri pasina chikonzero dzichitya nechisungo cheArchduke. Schiller akachinja zita racho kuna Schmidt. Nokudaro, havana kugara muguta reMannheim, asi mucheche "Hunting Lodge" yemuguta wemuguta reOggersheim.

Schiller akatarisira kuwana mari itsva yakanyorwa, The Conspiracy of Fiesco muGenoa. Zvisinei, mari yacho yaishungurudza. Paaiva murombo, akamanikidzwa kukumbira rubatsiro kubva kuna Henrieta von Valcogen. Akapa mutevedzeri wemutambarakede kuti ararame mumusha wake usina nzvimbo.

Upenyu pasi pezita renhema

Kubva muna 1782 kusvika muna 1783, Mr .. akavanzwa muimba yekuwana mari pasi pezita rakagadzirwa naDkt. Ritter Friedrich Schiller. Hupenyu hwake munguva ino inotsanangurwa nehupenyu hwomunhu akadzingwa, uyo akasarudza ngozi kuti akwanise kukura tarenda yake. Anodzidza zvakaitika uye anonyora mitambo "Louise Miller" uye "The Conspiracy of Fiesco muGenoa". Kune chikwereti cheshamwari yake, Andrew Streicher, akaita zvakakosha kumukuru weMannheim Theater, Baron von Dahlberg, akataura nezvebasa romumwe shamwari. Schiller akanyorera tsamba kumubhadharo pamusoro pemitambo yake mitsva, uye anobvuma kuzviisa iye pachake!

Munguva iyi (1983) iyo nzvimbo yakashanwa naHenrieta von Valcogen nemwanasikana wavo muduku Charlotte. Schiller anowira murudo nemusikana uye anokumbira amai kuti vabvumirwe kumuroora, asi anorambwa nekuda kwehurombo hwake. Akatamira Mannheim kuti agadzirire mabasa ake ekugadzirwa.

Kuwana rusununguko. Kuwana nzvimbo yakarongeka

Kana iyo nheyo "The Conspiracy of Fiesco muGenoa" inowanikwa pachikamu cheMannheim Theatre semhando inowanikwa, saka "Louise Miller" (anonzi "Uchenjeri uye Rudo") anounza kubudirira kukuru. Muna 1784, Schiller akabatana nesangano rekuGermany, paaigamuchira kodzero yekutongesa kodzero yake, kuva chidzidzo chePalatine, uye pakupedzisira akachera rwonzi pasi pekutambudzwa kweArchduke.

Iye, uyo ane maonero ake pamusangano weGermany yemitambo, anoremekedzwa semusikana anozivikanwa. Anonyora basa rake "Theatre - chivako chetsika," iyo yakava yekare.

Munguva pfupi, Schiller anotanga kuratidzana kwenguva pfupi nevakadzi vakaroora Charlotte von Kalb. Mumwe munyori aida kufungidzira zvisizvo akatungamira mararamiro evanhu. Uyu mudetembi wechidiki akafunga kuti mukadzi uyu sewe mushure mutsva mukutsvaga kwekukunda kwevakadzi.

Akaudza Schiller kuDarmstadt pamwe neArchduke Carl Augustus. Kwaari, mutambi wechirungu akaverenga chiito chekutanga chemufananidzo "Don Carlos". Akashamisika uye achiyemura netarenda yemunyori, guru rakapiwa munyori nzvimbo yemupi mazano. Izvi zvakapa muchengeti wechirangaridzo chete sehupenyu hwevanhu, kwete zvakare. Zvisinei, izvi hazvina kuchinja hupenyu hwake.

Nokukurumidza, Schiller kukakavara uye kuputsa chikamu nemutungamiriri weMannheim Theatre. Anofunga kuti munyori wehupfumi hwake hunogadzikana zvichienderana nekuda kwake uye mari, achiedza kuisa Schiller simba.

Leipzig inogamuchira nyanzvi yezvinyorwa

Kunyange zvakadaro Friedrich Schiller akaramba asina kugadzikana muupenyu. Hupenyu hwake haisi nguva yokutanga kugadzirira kuuraya muupenyu hwake hwega. Nemhaka yehurombo, Margarita Schwan, mwanasikana webhuku rebhikisi, anoramba kumuroora. Zvisinei, nokukurumidza hupenyu hwake huri kuchinja huri nani. MuLeipzig, basa rake rakatendwa.

Mutambi wenhau ave achishevedzwa kushevedzwa ipapo nevateveri vebasa rake, akarongeka kuva munharaunda inotungamirirwa naGottfried Kerner. Anonunurwa kune zvakanyanya (iye akange asina kubhadhara chikwereti che 200 guilders chakatorwa kuti chinyorwa che "Robbers"), munyori akatendeukira kune vanoyemura nekukumbira rubatsiro rwezvinhu. Kufadza kwake, nokukurumidza akapiwa kubva kuLeipzig mutemo unokosha zvakakwana kuti ubhadhe chikwereti chake uye uende kunogara kwaanokoshesa. Ushamwari naGottfried Kerner hwakabatanidza chikoro muupenyu hwake hwose.

17.04.1785 Shiller inosvika muguta rakagamuchira vaeni.

Panguva ino, yekare inowira yechitatu, asi zvakare haina kubudirira: Margarita Schwan anomuramba. Vaya vakabva vadzokera mukuderera kwakashata kweklasiki kunobatanidzwa zvakakosha neaibatsira, Gottfried Kerner. Anoodza mwoyo shamwari yaaida kuzviuraya, kutanga kukukoka Frederick kumuchato wake naMina Stock.

Akasunungurwa neshamwari uye akapona dambudziko guru remweya, akanyora ode rakanaka "Kuti Ufare" naF. Schiller nokuda kwemuchato weshamwari yake.

Iyo nyanzvi yemunyori akagara pamusana weKernner imwe chete mumusha weLoshwitz, pedyo neDresden, inoratidzwa nemabasa anoshamisa: "Philosophical Letters", iyo nheyo "Misanthrope", iyo yakashandurwa nhepfenyuro "Don Carlos". Nokugadzirwa kwekusika nguva ino inoyeuchidza yevhu raBoldin raPushkin.

Schiller inova mukurumbira. Mutambi wenhau anoramba chirevo kubva kuThe Hamburg Theatre kuti ataure mitambo yake. Zvinyorwa zvakare zvitsva zvezvinetso mukubatana uye kuputsa neMannheim Theatre.

Nguva ye Weimar: kubuda kubva pakusikwa. Tuberculosis

Musi wa21.08.1787 akauya kuna Weimar pamusana wekukoka komudetembi Christoph Wiland. Iye anofambidzana nakadzikadzi, munhu wekare anozivana, Charlotte von Kalb. Aine hukama munzvimbo dzakakwirira, anotaurira Schiller kune vanyori vekutungamira veGermany Johann Herder naMartin Wieland.

Munyori wenhetembo anotanga kubudisa magazini "Thalia", yakadhindwa mu "German Mercury". Pano, kwemakore anoda kusvika gumi, iye anobva pakusikwa, achizvitora pachake mundima yezvakaitika. Ruzivo rwake runorumbidzwa zvikuru, uye muna 1788 akazova purofesa paYunivhesiti yeJena.

Anodzidza nhoroondo yepasi uye nhetembo, inoshandura "Aeneid" Virgil. Schiller inogamuchira mubhadharo wematarenda 200 pagore. Iyi inowanikwa mari shoma, asi inomubvumira kuronga ramangwana rake.

Munyori wenhema anosarudza kugadzirisa hupenyu hwake uye anoroora Charlotte von Lengefeld. Asi makore mana gare gare, kuguma kuri kugadzirira mutsva mutsva kwaari: achitaura kune vateereri vane hutano uye kubvumirana kubva kumudzidzi wake, anotambura nechirwere chetachiona, Friedrich Schiller. Chokwadi chinonakidza muhupenyu hwake chinoratidza chisarudzo, kutendeseka kweunhu. Zvirwere zvinodarika basa rake rokudzidzisa, rivets kurara, asi nguva inowanzokunda ushingi hwevanhu.

Chikamu chitsva chekuguma

Sezvo kana nechisimba chemasimba makuru, shamwari dzinomubatsira munguva yakaoma. Kunyange iye zvino, apo chirwere chaSchiller chakaita kuti zvisakwanise kushanda, munyori weDanish Jens Baggens akakurudzira Prince Holstein na Count Schimmelmann kuti vagadze vanhu vekare kuti vabate rubatsiro rwezviuru zvine gumi.

Dare ichada uye rubatsiro rwezvemari rinomutsa murwere anononoka kusvika kumakumbo ake. Akange asingagoni kudzidzisa, uye shamwari yake, muparidzi Johann Kott akapa mukana wekuwana. Nenguva isipi Schiller anoenderera kune imwe nhanho yekugadzira. Iye, zvinoshamisa, anotanga nechiitiko chinotyisa: mudetembi wakadanwa nababa vanofa, avo panguva iyoyo vaigara kuLudwigsburg.

Ichi chiitiko chaitarisirwa: baba vakanga varwara kwenguva yakareba uye vairwara zvikuru. Makirasiki, kunze kwebasa rehurumende - kutaura zvakanaka kuna baba vake, akafurirawo mukana wokumbundira nekunyaradza vanin'ina vake vatatu namai, avo vaakange vasati vaona kwemakore gumi namasere!

Zvichida ndicho chikonzero haana kuenda iye pachake, asi pamwechete nemudzimai wake, ndiani ari munzvimbo.

Achigara munyika yake yekuzvarwa, mudetembi anogamuchira simba rekunamata-kukudziridza unyanzvi.

Mwedzi nehafu shure kwekuvigwa kwababa vake, akashanyira alma mater yake, chikoro cheuto. Akanga achishamisika kuti akanga ari chifananidzo chevadzidzi. Vakasangana naye nomufaro: pamberi pavo vakamira nhoroondo - Schiller Friedrich, nhetembo nhamba 1 muPrussia. A touch touch class after after this visit wrote his work famous "Letters on the Aesthetic Education of Man".

MuLudwigsburg dangwe rake akaberekwa. Iye pakupedzisira anofara. Asi ane makore manomwe chete okurarama ...

Uyu mudetembi wakadzokera kuguta reYen, achigara mune zvekusika kukura. Tarenda yake yepamusoro inovhenekera nesimba rakavandudzwa! Schiller, mushure memakore gumi ekudzidza zvakadzama zvakaitika, nheyo yemabhuku, aesthetics, zvakare inodzokera kumanyori.

Akakwanisa kukwezva vose vanyori vakanakisisa vePrussia kuti vabatanidze mumagazini "Ory." Muna 1795, kunze kwepeni rake, nhetembo dzefilosofi dzakabudiswa: "Dhani", "Nhetembo dzeUpenyu", "Hope", "Genius", "Kuparadzaniswa kwePasi."

Kubatana naGoethe

Pakati pevanyori vakakokwa naSchiller kumagazini "Ory" vaiva Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Mweya yavo yekusika yakapinda mune resonance yakasimudzira kusika kwemaparera mazhinji anokosha kubva mumutsipa weGermany classical mabhuku ezana remakore rechi18.

Vaiva nechiono chimwe chete chekukosha kwehupfumi hweFrench French Revolution, nzira dzekuvandudza mabhuku echiGerman, kufungisisa zvakare unyanzvi hwekare. Goethe naSchiller vakatsoropodza kurapwa kwezvinyorwa zvechitendero zvemazuva ano, zvematongerwo enyika, maitiro uye mafirosofi. Mutsamba dzavo dzakaratidza maitiro emagariro uye ehurumende. Vanyori vaviri vakachenjera, avo vakasarudza mazano ekunyora ivo pachawo, vakakwikwidzana pakati pavo pachavo kubudirira kwayo:

• Kubvira muna December 1795 - kunyora epigrams;
• Muna 1797 - mukunyora kwema ballads.

Tsamba yeshamwari pakati peGoethe naSchiller muenzaniso wakanaka wepistolary art.

Chikamu chokupedzisira chekusika. Weimar

Muna 1799 Friedrich Schiller akadzokera ku Weimar. Mabasa akanyorwa naye uye Goethe akashandira kukurudzirwa kwemajeri echiGermany. Vakava nheyo inoshamisa yekusikwa kwemuzinda weGerman wakaisvonaka - Weimar.

Zvisinei, simba raSchiller riri kupera. Muna 1800 akapedzisa kunyorwa kwechirungu chake song - dambudziko "Maria Stewart", kuumbwa kwemvura yakadzika, yakabudirira uye yakazara munzanga.

Muna 1802, mambo wePrussia aifarira mutongi wenhetembo. Zvisinei Schiller anongoramba achiita izvi. Vana vake vechidiki uye vakanakisisa mumakore akakura vakange vazere nematambudziko, uye iye zvino mutungamiriri wechangobva kuitwa akafunga kuti akanga achifa. Aida kuti munhu arambe zita rake risina maturo kwaari, asi akabvuma, achifunga nezvevana vake chete.

Akanga achiwanzorwara, akatambura nechirwere chisingagumi. Mukurwisana nemamiriro ezvinhu aya, chirwere chetachiona chakamuendesa kurufu risina kufanira mukutanga kwetarenda yake uye pazera remakore makumi mashanu rakasimbiswa.

Mhedziso

No kuwedzeredza kutaura kuti vanhu vokuGermany vaida vadetembi kakawanda zvose zvave ndichavamanikidza Iogann Gete uye Friedrich Schiller. Photos Monument nokusingaperi kuratidza shamwari mbiri vanogara neWeimar, zvaizivikanwa ose German. mupiro yavo chinokosha mabhuku: Classics vakauya naye kuna munzira imwe Humanism idzva, nokupfupikisa pfungwa Kujekerwa, Romanticism uye Classicism.