Native Russian mashoko: mienzaniso. Sharuka Russian shoko

Munyaya ino, tichakurukura zvakadai idzodzo mutauro sezvo usashanda uye chizvarwa mashoko Russian. On kwakabva chizvarwa Russian Mutauro haisi yunifomu. Inoitwa akaturikidzana akawanda, izvo akasiyana munguva panowanikwa yavo.

Indoevropeizmy

The kupfuura yekare Russian indoevropeizmy yekare vari, ndiko, mashoko vakapfuura mumutauro wedu kubva panguva Indo-European kubatana. Under zvekungofungira pakati vaongorori kwaiva Indo-European ibudirire muna 5-4 emakore BC, mukati iro vakabatana madzinza siyana yokurarama nzvimbo nokururamisira guru. Maererano nokutsvakurudza nemamwe masayendisiti, nharaunda iyi akatambanudza kubva Yenisei River kusvikira Volga River. Vamwe vanoti kuti chaiva South Russian kana Balkan-Danube localization. munhu mitauro vemunharaunda akadai Indo-European, chakaratidza kutanga mitauro yokuEurope, uyewo vamwe Asian (akadai Sanskrit, Bengali).

Words, kudzokera kune proto-mutauro, kwakavakirwa vemunharaunda iyi inomiririra mhuka, zvinomera, zvicherwa uye nesimbi, chimiro management, maturusi mhando ukama nevamwe - ndiwo chizvarwa mashoko Russian. Mienzaniso: Sarimoni, pomuouki, mhumhi, hanzi, mhangura, gwai, uchi, ndarira, mwanakomana, mai, usiku, mwanasikana, chando, magnifier, itsva, mvura, uye nezvimwe stitching.

Common kwechiSlavonic shoko

Inotevera paiva chizvarwa mashoko Russian inosanganisira Common kwechiSlavonic, yakanga nhaka kubva nevakawanda necheSalvic (kureva Proto-necheSalvic) mutauro Russian. Vakashumira seinokonzera kwete chete mutauro wedu, asiwo vamwe necheSalvic zvose. Izvi rurimi-chawo yaiva prehistoric nguva iri mundima Vistula, iyo Bug uye Dnieper. Nzvimbo idzi kugarwa maererano nemadzinza yekare Slavs. Common mutauro necheSalvic muna 6-7 emakore BC yakadhirika. Nokudaro achizarurira nzira kukura dzinoverengeka necheSalvic mitauro, raiva pamberi Russian yekare. Zviri nyore kukunda Common kwechiSlavonic shoko mavari, mavambo yavo wakajairika pachena nhasi. Nokuti zvakafanana necheSalvic mutauro rinobuda uye Russian. Primordially Russian Common kwechiSlavonic shoko anosanganisira sechinhu chinokosha.

Vazhinji pakati pavo vari emazita. Chokutanga, ndiwo mazita chaiwo vari chizvarwa mashoko Russian. Mienzaniso: huro, musoro, mwoyo, ndebvu, munda, nemichindwe, dondo, gomo, Maple, Birch, mhou, nzombe, sando, banga, forogo, mumwe muvakidzani, mumwe seine, muranda, mueni, shamwari, mumwe Chakabva, mufudzi, wehari.

Kune abstrakti, asi ivo vari duku zvikuru. Ava: kuda, kutenda, chivi, mhosva, kubwinya, mufaro, pfungwa, zvikuru.

Pakati wemigove kutaura anomiririrwa mu mukuru necheSalvic remashoko uye verbs: inzwai, ona, nhema, kukura. Adjectives: okuberekwa, vaduku, manomano, akachenjera. Sezviverengo: vatatu, vaviri, mumwe. Zvisazitasingwi: iwe, isu, imi. Pronominal adverbs: pane. Vamwe basa mashoko pamusoro, hongu, uye, sezvo kumusoro, uye mamwe chizvarwa Russian mashoko. Mienzaniso zvinogona mberi.

Common necheSalvic Mutauro pari zvuru zviviri mashoko, asi ichi ndicho chaizvo mashoko diki - makirisito duramazwi Russian. Chinosanganisira anowanzodanwa kushandiswa, mashoko stylistically kwazvakarerekera kuti anoshandiswa zvose kunyora uye matauriro.

Racho tsime Proto-necheSalvic mutauro necheSalvic dzakasiyana ayo, vane zvakasiyana lexical, zvivakamutauro uye ruzha zvinhu uye rusaruro munzvimbo inotevera mapoka matatu: yokumabvazuva, nechokumadokero uye kumaodzanyemba.

Eastern necheSalvic Mutauro

Zvakaturikidzaniswa wechitatu, iyo inowanika mutauro Russian vanoumba mashoko Old Russian (Eastern necheSalvic) mutauro. Urwu rwatova imwe nguva gare gare, iyo zvinoshandawo kwakabva mashoko Russian yekare. Mutauro uyu hunovapo pachishandiswa Eastern mutauro necheSalvic, mumwe mapoka matatu, iyo ikashandiswa Old necheSalvic. kwayo nguva chiitiko - 7-9 remakore AD. By vanogara mu Eastern Europe shure dzemadzinza kubatana kuUkraine, Russian uye Belarusian avanhu. Ndokusaka vamwe iyi mumutauro wedu mashoko vanozivikanwa uye vamwe vaviri Belarusian uye Ukrainian, asi ndisiri pakati mumitauro kumaodzanyemba uye vokumadokero Slavs.

Unogona kusarudza zvinotevera ndowenyika mutauro East necheSalvic. Sezvo vakashandisa mashoko iwayo ari mutauro kubva pakutanga, hakuna yatorwa, asiwo chizvarwa mashoko Russian. mienzaniso:

- mazita shiri, mhuka, tsindi, imbwa, dhadha, zizi, bullfinch;

- mazita zvishandiso: chipande, demo;

- mazita zvemumba: bhakiti, majombo, Ruble, kuti kasiketi;

- mazita evanhu sika cook, muvezi, Miller, cobbler;

- mazita siyana nemisha: kugarwa, musha, uye vamwe lexical-kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro mapoka.

Chokwadi Russian Mutauro

Next, marongera chechina, izvo zvinogona akapora - chaizvoizvo Russian Mutauro unokura, iyo yakaumbwa mushure remakore rechi14, kureva nguva kuzvimirira pave Belarusian, Ukrainian uye mitauro Russian. Ivo kare kuzviratidza neShanduro avo kutaura zvimwe zvinhu kana zvakavapo.

Chaizvoizvo mashoko Russian zvinogona kupatsanurwa pane achishandisa rinobva: a Gwaro, mumwe Bricklayer, nzanga, mumwe cloakroom, uye nezvimwe chipingaidzo.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti Zvinoumba mutauro akadaro kunogona kuva shoko siyana asiri chizvarwa midzi kuti vaenda risinganyatsozivikanwi kuti rakabva papi uye yakatora kuti prefixes Russian, suffixes (non-nebato, bato, mutongi, utsinye, muhadyana, girazi), uyewo ane kunzwisisa nechimwe (locomotive , redhiyo chikwata). Ivowo zvinosanganisira siyana akawanda slozhnosokraschennyh mashoko, ayo muzana remakore rechi20 akabatana mutauro wedu: pepanhau rusvingo, LPH, bonde uye nevamwe.

Zvino chizvarwa Russian Mutauro richikura pamwe inclusions itsva, izvo zvinosikwa tichibatsirwa neshoko-kuvaka pfuma mutauro wedu somugumisiro pezvakaitwa siyana shoko inotungamirwa.

Sharuka Russian shoko

Vasiri kushandisa shoko hakuiti pakarepo inonyangarika pairi. Vakanzwisisa kuti vamwe nguva kutaura naye, aizivikanwa kwatiri mabasa yokunyepera. Kunyange zvazvo kutaura tsika nezuva vanoda kuti hazvichanyanyi ruzivo. Mashoko aya vanoumba pusa kuchengeterwa kwemashoko uye vari maduramazwi dzakasiyana chaizvo anozivikanwa "usingachashandi.".

Process archaization Mashoko

Yemanyorero archaization muitiro anobuda zvishoma nezvishoma. Pakati zvisingachashandi Mashoko saka pane avo vane kuchikosha "ruzivo" (akadai, saka, nezvitsvuku, reche, vorog, mwana). Vamwe kubva zvinoshingaira Mutauro pakati murwiyo zvinobviswa chokwadi kuti vanopinda Old Russian nguva pakukura kwake. Dzimwe nguva mashoko ave zvisingachashandi ari pfupi nguva, pakuonekwa uye kupera azvino munguva. Somuenzaniso, "Shkraba" kwaireva kuti 20s "mudzidzisi". Chero mashoko akadai sokuti "Vashandi", "NKVD" isashanda nokukurumidza kwazvo. Rega nguva dzose kuva nomination yakadaro unoenderana Labels mumaduramazwi sezvo archaism muitiro unogona akaziva kunyange kana tisina kwakakwana.

Zvinokonzera archaism

Pane zvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana archaization mashoko. Vanogona wana extralinguistic (extralinguistic) hunhu, kana akabatanidza kurambirwa kushandisa mamwe mashoko evanhu transformations. Asi ingava zvimiso, uye mitauro mitemo. Adverbs "rworudyi", "oshuyu" (kurudyi, kuruboshwe) Somuenzaniso, kubva kushingaira Mutauro yakanyangarika nokuti kuti urwu pamusoro emazita ( "kuruboshwe ruoko" - "Shuitsev" uye "rworudyi" - "rworudyi") arhaizovalis. Muzviitiko zvakadaro, izvozvo airidza inokosha basa systemic ukama-siyana lexical dzakabatana. Somuenzaniso, kushandiswa kweshoko akasiya "Shuitsev", uye somugumisiro Zvaparara nemashoko chete kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro kubatana zvakasiyana vakanga akabatanidza mashoko munhoroondo midzi. "Shulga" Somuenzaniso, mumutauro haana arambe zvinoreva "ziboshwe" uye akaramba sezvo zita, iro yakatanga kusvika remadunhu-. Saka zvino shoko iri rinoshandiswa. About mutauro wokuRussia, kwemasayendisiti mukati maro, unogona kutaura kwenguva refu. Zvose izvi zviri anonakidza zvikuru. Takurukura muchidimbu chete, muna mumwe muenzaniso, achava kutsanangura hwokufananidzira muitiro.

Rakabhuroka anatomical anotevera vakaroorana: oshuyu-rworudyi, rworudyi-Shuitsev; Zvakafanana kubatana (kuruboshwe oshuyu). Asi shoko "rworudyi" kwenguva yakati, pasinei archaization hurongwa noukama chokuita nacho, inoitwa mumutauro wedu. Somuenzaniso, muna Pushkin kuti nguva yaishandiswa mutauro wokufananidzira, "mukuru kwemanyorero," shoko. About mutauro wokuRussia zvinogona kutaurwa se kuramba Evolving zvokuti mashoko ari yakatopfuura - dzinongoitika kwacho. Shoko "oshuyu" anoramba chete somunhu ungira ari zvekare, kurishandisa chete mune satirical chechinyorwa, zvaibvira panguva.

The Kuronga chikare Mutauro

Yechinyakare Mutauro heterogeneous mu mavambo. sezvamunoita Its rinosanganisira chepakutanga Russian shoko (mienzaniso: Semo, aforesaid, kuti, lzya) uye staroslavyanizmy (zviuno, kutsvodana, kumeso), nokukwereta kubva mumitauro ( "politesse" - "nounyoro", "Reise" - "Rwendo" "abshid" - "mudyandigere").

The kumutsidzirwa sharuka mazwi

Panewo nyaya apo zvisingachashandi Russian shoko patsva, kunyika vanoshingaira kuchengeterwa kwemashoko. Somuenzaniso, mumutauro wokuRussia nhasi dzinowanzotaura anotevera emazita: Minister, refutenendi, mupurisa, musoja, kuti zvekare pashure October. Vapa nzira kune rumwe; vanhu commissar, nokupesana mukuru, Red Army musoja. Kubva pusa Mutauro iri 20s nayo akaporazve Somuenzaniso, shoko rokuti "mutungamiriri", kunyange nguva Pushkin akaona sezvo zvekare uye mumaduramazwi nguva kunotungamirira kune runoenzanirana nemarara. Nhasi arhaizuetsya zvakare. Hue ichangopfuura vakarasikirwa zvekare mashoko akafanana Duma, jimunasiyamu, dhipatimendi Lyceum. Vakanga dzinoongororwa pashure 1917 sezvo historicism.

historicism

Vanodzokera tichishingaira nerubatsiro mamwe mashoko runobvira chete chinokosha ezvinhu. Nguva dzose nokuda siyana yokuwedzera-kwomutauro zvinhu pamusoro. Kana archaization zvinosiyana mitemo mitauro uye kwakaratidzwa lexical ino kubatana, vakagamuchira mashoko dzinonzi historicism.

Pakati pavo mazita pfungwa, mananara uye zvinhu kuti akanyangarika: chainmail, oprichnik, mupurisa, gendarme, muperekedzi, mumwe hussar, mumwe Bolshevik, kuchikoro, requisitioning, NEP, pakati murimi mudiki, mukuru kulak, kuti VKP (b) uye vamwe. Historicism, sezvo mutemo, dzinokonzerwa mamwe-mitauro zvikonzero: kukura kugadzirwa, zvemagariro, kunatsurudza zvemumba, zvombo, etc.

Nhasi mune purogiramu yechikoro inosanganisira wenyaya "zvisingachashandi uye chizvarwa Russian shoko" (Grade 6). Munhu vanoziva zvishoma pamusoro mutauro waamai, ayo kukura nhoroondo. Nyaya yedu yakanyorwa kuti kuwedzera vaverengi zivo siyana akaturikidzana kwemashoko, iyo huru Russian shoko.