Muzivi wechiJudha Martin Buber: Biography, upenyu, okugadzira zvinhu uye zvinonakidza zvinhu

Martin Buber - the humanist mukuru wechiJudha uye muzivi, uyewo kuzivikanwa pachena uye zvechitendero. unhu ichi chinoreva zvakawanda, zvakaoma chaizvo. Vamwe vanotsvakurudza funga naye theorist, muvambi Zionism. Vamwe vanodana tsika uzivi wokutanga zvikuru. Ndiani chaizvoizvo aiva Martin (Modhekai) Buber? Biography ake uye zvikuru nemabasa achapiwa yakatsaurirwa nyaya yedu.

Muzivi akararama refu, asi murombo kwokunze upenyu zviitiko. Asi, zvakadaro, aiva nyaya dzakawanda oupenyu mabasa uye zvidzidzo. zita Buber ndiyo nyika akakurumbira. Akashanda muminda tsika dzakasiyana-siyana. Concerns kwete chete uzivi chokuvapo kwevanhu, asi dzidzo, unyanzvi, evanhu, zvematongerwo enyika, chitendero (kunyanya Biblical Studies). basa rake riri Hasidism mumitauro yakawanda. Asi muverengi Russian riripo harisi kwazvo mabasa muzivi. asi ivo zvaiendeswa "unyanzvi wechiJudha", "Yokugadzirisa wechiJudha" uye vakawanda nyaya. Munguva manonwe uye vakanga anotumirwa inokosha mari. Mabasa Buber vakanga ikazobudiswazve uye kuvhurwa pakati mberi vagari veSoviet samizdat.

Biography Martina Bubera. Uduku

Modhekai akaberekwa (Martin) Buber muVienna musi February 8, 1878 mumhuri nokururamisira yakabudirira Jewish. Mukomana akanga asina kunyange matatu nemakore vabereki vake vakarambana. The baba akatora mwanakomana wake Lemberg (nhasi Lviv, Ukraine), uyo panguva iyoyo aiva chikamu hweAustria-Hungary. guta rino ndiyo musha kune mbuya nasekuru kurutivi baba vake Martin - Soromoni Adele. Shlomo Buber (akafa muna 1906) aiva akapfuma bhenga. Asi akanga yakakurumbira muLviv harizi, uye kuti akanga kwakajeka nyanzvi zvakawedzerwa Midrash. Uye Naizvozvo simba guru iri Hasidic munharaunda muLviv. Sekuru uye mukomana vakaroverera kuda mutauro wechiHebheru. Iye chaizvo akazarura mikova ayo mumwoyo inonakidza uye chinoshamisa nyika Hasidism - rechitendero kuti yakabuda pakati pezana-nemasere remakore pakati vaJudha Eastern Europe. Mbuya kuverenga mukomana zvishomanana kubva Kabbalah, uye sekuru vake akamudzidzisa Hebrew, vakaroverera rudo mabhuku uye chitendero.

Hasidism uye muuzivi nhaurirano Martin Buber

MuLviv ramangwana muzivi vakadzidza nezve "Vatsvene" zvechiJudha. Muvambi Hasidism, vaIsraeri Bhaari Shemu akanaka, vaidavira kuti kutenda kwechokwadi hakusi nedzidziso Talmud, uye kuda Mwari nomwoyo wedu wose, mweya nekuchinja usingaonekwi goho kuti usina muviri inopisa uye vepachokwadi munamato. Izvi zvechitendero kwazvo zvinoitika kodzero Nhaurirano Musiki Universe. Naizvozvo Hasidim vari kutamira kure zvokunze zvinhu inorambidza vechitendero chechiJudha. Vaya vanogara anokurukura Mwari, tsadiks anokwanisa muporofite uye clairvoyance. vanhu ava wakazvipira kubatsira nemamwe Hasidim nzeve ruponeso uye kucheneswa pazvivi. Ichi chisinganzwisisike uye usingaonekwi nyika yose zvikuru kukanganiswa vechiduku Martin Buber. Mubhuku rake rinonzi, "nzira yangu Hasidism" Anoti nechinguvana vakaziva musimboti zvitendero zvose kwevanhu. kutaurirana ichi, Nhaurirano Mwari, ukama pakati I uye Thou.

Education. okuyaruka

Sekuru bhenga nechokwadi kuti muzukuru wake aiva dzidzo kwakajeka. Pana eighteen, Martin Buber akabatana dzidziso University of Vienna. Ndapedza, akaramba dzidzo yake yakakwirira zvikoro Zurich uye Leipzig. PaUniversity Berlin vadzidzisi vake vaiva Dilthey uye Georg Simmel. Muna makore makumi maviri, jaya akafarirawo Zionism. Akanga kunyange nhumwa kuna Third Congress rwokufamba vechiJudha. Muna namapfumbamwe gore zana uye rokutanga sehofisi Zionist mupepeti nevhiki "De Welt". Apo bato vakakamukana, Buber, uyo akararama panguva iyoyo muBerlin, wakateya rokubudisa imba yake inonzi "Yudisher Verlag". Ibudiswe mabhuku yevaJudha German. Musarega vechiduku kufarira Hasidism nyaya. Iye akashandurirwa German nhevedzano nyaya uye mifananidzo kubva Rabbi Nachman pamusoro Bratslav. Gare gare anoshanda vakazvipira Hasidism "Gogi naMagogi" (1941), "The Chiedza yakavanzwa" (1943) uye "Pardes ha hasidut". Buber akabhadharira yakawanda hanya uye nevamwe.

Zionism uye gutsaruzhinji

Muna 1916, Martin Buber akava mupepeti mukuru pamwedzi "Der Jude". Bhuku rino rava semuromo zvokunamata rumutsiriro Jewish. Iye nheyo National Jewish Committee, izvo pakutanga World Vokutanga raimiririra zvinodiwa Eastern European Yishuv. Uye pakupedzisira, muna 1920, muzivi akagadzira chinzvimbo chake. Iye akadanidzira kwavari muPrague Zionist Congress. Nzvimbo Izvi zvakafanana inzwi kirasi kuti gutsaruzhinji. Maererano mubvunzo yenyika, Buber akazivisa "runyararo uye ukama pamwe Arab vanhu," richikurudzira vose vemunyika pamwe chete "pasi idzva vanhuwo yokumusha." Chinzvimbo I - You, kukurukurirana apo mumwe divi anogona kunzwa uye kunzwisisa "chokwadi" nevamwe, akaumba hwaro muuzivi anofunga.

Hondo Yenyika II uye pashure pemakore

Munguva pakati nezvehondo mbiri, Buber aishanda paYunivhesiti muFrankfurt. Akashumira ari purofesa weDhipatimendi kwetsika uye muuzivi muchiJudha. Kana simba ari matatu wechitatu akauya hweNational Socialist, muzivi akarasikirwa nebasa rake. Nokukurumidza, akamanikidzwa kutiza Germany kuSwitzerland. Asi gare gare iye vachienda uye kubva nyika kuramba vasina kwavakarerekera mune Second World War. Martin Buber, iyo inoti rugare coexistence pakati pevaJudha uye namaParistina, nhamo, vaiva "inzwi achichema murenje", akatamira kuJerusarema. In guta rino dzvene uye muzivi akararama kubva muna 1938 kusvika 1965. Akafa musi 13 Chikumi pazera masere namanomwe okuberekwa. MuIsraeri, Buber akashanda se purofesa weDhipatimendi evanhu paUniversity yeJerusarema. Mukutanga sixties, akagamuchira honorary wenyaya wokutanga Mutungamiri Israel Academy of Sciences.

Anthropological yokusvika muuzivi Martin Buber

Vachiri mudzidzi, muzivi zvakajeka muchirongwa Nietzschean vechidiki kukurukurirana. Dzidziso mutungamiri uye vazhinji, "muduku murume" akanga zvisingagamuchiriki kwaari. Zvisinei, akaona kuti Nietzsche vakaedza nechemberi dambudziko yokukosha dzevanhu kuvapo munyika umo "Mwari aramba vanhu pamberi." Zvisinei, zvinofanira kugadziriswa pachishandiswa kukosha nomumwe munhu, akafunga Martin Buber. "Chinonetsa womunhu" - kuchikonzerwa polemical basa umo musayendisiti criticizes Nietzsche postulates. "Kuda simba" havagoni, kwake mafungiro, vanoshumira sechiedza chinotungamirira kuti unhu simba uye vakasununguka nemidzimu. Izvi zvichaita kunongokonzera mukuru udzvinyiriri. Munhaurirano Nietzsche kuti, uyewo pasi pokudzora Dilthey uye Ziemer, vadzidzisi vake, muna Buber kwakaita yakura yake yokuti anthropology.

Martin Buber, "Iwe neni": pfupiso

basa iri, Chokwadi, vanogona kunzi chikuru mabasa ouzivi munhu anofunga. It Buber akapfeka siyana muchikero ukama "Ini - It" uye "Ini - Iwe". Chete mukupera zvazvingava, zvinoita nhaurirano, interpersonal kutaurirana mupenyu. Kana munhu zvinoreva chinhu kana mumwe munhu se "izvozvo" anodzora utilitarian kushandiswa. Asi munhu - haisi nzira uye chinangwa. Ukama mumwe se mu "Iwe" anopa ubatanidzwe panhaurirano zvomudzimu, zvinokosha zvisikwa. Bronis³aw Malinowski akasuma rokuti "mana" youzivi turnover. Uyu vokuPolynesia shoko zvakarurama kunoratidza manzwiro doreligioznogo njere, ndichinzwa simba risingaoneki anotakura munhu, mhuka, muti, uye kunyange Chiitiko nyaya yacho. Maererano Buber, mhando idzi mbiri ukama kukonzera kurwisana pfungwa dzenyika. Chokwadi, munhu wacho anowana zvakaoma kuramba nguva ezvinhu "Ini - Iwe". Asi uyo nguva dzose rinoreva kunze nyika se "izvozvo" anorasikirwa nomweya waro.

Religious

Chimwe chinokosha basa, uyo akanyora Martin Buber - "Two mifananidzo kutenda." Mubhuku rino, muzivi anoyeuka ake muduku zvakaitika vachipinda munyika yacho usingaonekwi, zvishoma nyama pakati Hasidism. Iye rinosiyanisa Talmudic chiJudha ake. Zvinogonekawo kusiyanisa maviri dzinokosha nzira kutenda. Chokutanga, pistis - ndaisagona "Greek" kusvika. Mupfungwa iyi, kutenda - aendeswe nezvazvo ruzivo. Zvinogona kunzi zivo kana kunyange "pfungwa yesayenzi". Kutenda kwakadaro, "pistis" anodzivisa "kutenda". It hunobva pakuvimbana, rudo mupenyu, kuremekedza Mwari se "Imi." Buber rinorondedzera sei mangwanani chiKristu zvishoma nezvishoma ngaubve biblical mweya chokuita mwoyo, pfungwa-maonero Baba Vekudenga, kuChechi Dzidziso naye akafa yakatarwa templates.

zvitendwa

Mune mumayunivhesiti ose Zurich uye Vienna, Martin Buber, ane uzivi iri anyanye existentialism, psychoanalysis kuteerera mapoka. Iye anofarira munhu unhu yose zvayo zvinhu. Ideas zvitendwa musayendisiti anoona kwete mupfungwa zvokurwara. Nyaya yake doctorate chinyorwa yaiva misoro kudzidza muuzivi Meister Eckhart uye Yakoba Bome. Izvi German zvitendwa mushakabvu Middle Ages aiva simba guru Buber. Somudzidzi pakati Dilthey, muzivi akaedza vajaire vezvitendero zvakaitika achanyadziswa Dominican Eckhart. Nokuti vose outorwa rwekutendeuka uye kutsanya kwaiitwa, zvose enforces Orthodoxy hazvina kukosha kana munhu haatsvaki kukumbana pamwe naMwari. Boehme zvakare anoti mirairo kunge mukati kuti zvakanyorwa pamahwendefa zvomwoyo, uye kwete kuva kunze sezvo nevanhu.

«Chassidic Ngano»

Husinganzwisisiki kuitika muchiJudha - ndiko chido, kuti kuguma kwoupenyu dzakazova Martin Buber. Mabhuku Hassidism munyori ichi vave mumitauro yakawanda. Mavari, iye anoedza kuzivisa kutenda sezvo nhaurirano naMwari, sezvo chipenyu kuvimba noMusiki. Wokupedzisira basa raiva "Chassidic tsika." The mutauro Russian rave chete rakashandurwa rokutanga inzwi rayo. Mubhuku rino, Buber Hasidism akapa mufananidzo itsva - chaicho Genre. Mwari kunoratidzwa kuburikidza dzinotevedzana chivimbo kuudza nyaya. Chete nenzira iyi, maererano Martin Buber, mukana nokuvumba nhaurirano zambuko pakati murume uye "sacrum", pakati "I" uye "imi." Izvi kwave vanotsigira waGerishomi Scholem, muvambi zvedzidzo kudzidza usingaonekwi kufamba muchiJudha. Aidavira kuti Buber kuteerera nhaka ouzivi Hasidism.