The chikuru zviri capitalism

Zvikuru kuti kunzwisisa kutanga evanhu upenyu Zviratidzo zvake. Capitalism - kwegadziriro mamiriro ezveupfumi kwakavakirwa pakudzorwa dzakavandika pfuma, vakasununguka zvebhizimisi uye purofiti vaifarira. Pakarepo vanofanira kutaura kuti pfungwa iri zita chete muenzaniso wakakwana, sezvo chero nyika munyika hapana mamiriro kwakadaro ayo sendarama chimiro.

The kwaita pfungwa

Ongorora zvinhu zvoupfumi munyika kare maonero kubatsira zviratidzo ake. Capitalism - iri izwi kuti ave achishingaira kushandiswa kubva yechipiri yezana remakore rechi19. Kokutanga yaishandiswa France, vanyori ipapo German uye Chirungu akatanga kuva anotengeswa nesayenzi.

An dzinonakidza ndechokuti pakutanga aiva asina kukosha. Masayendisiti, vanyori kuiswa shoko mafungiro kurutivi kutonga rezvemari, yaiitwa munyika dzakabudirira European, akati pezana remakore. Kunyanya vanoshingaira Vamiririri akashandisa pfungwa iyi gutsaruzhinji (Marx, Lenin, uye vamwe).

Market dzidziso uye neboka kunetsana

Kurondedzera zvaiitwa zvoupfumi uye zvokutengeserana kubatsira zviratidzo zvavo. Capitalism - hurongwa kwakavakirwa vakasununguka kushanda kumusika, uko kunoshanda nhandare yokurwisana pakati nokushanda kirasi uye varidzi. First vatsvage mutengo yakakwirira kutengesa simba rake, wechipiri - zviri isingadhuri kutenga. Uyezve, ndicho chikuru pamusika tichitarisa zvokutengeserana, pasina iro hazvibviri kufungidzira kuvapo capitalist hurongwa. Wechipiri chinokosha wegadziriro - ndiwo wevasungwa nzira inoshandiswa mumaoko vaikudzwa vevaGiriki uye pakuchengetedza basa simba nokuda proletariat.

Kwemapoka maviri aya vagare wokubata uye mutengo. Izvi zvinotungamirira kukirasi hondo, izvo munyika dzakawanda kwakaita kuti kumukira. Zvisinei, tsika rinoratidza kuti capitalist hurongwa chinonyanya yakakodzera dzose kushanda ehurumende, uye saka zviri kubva pakutanga kwayo, rapararira nokukurumidza zvikuru pasi pose, anokunda zvinenge mabhora ose oupenyu, kusanganisira zvematongerwo enyika uye tsika. The pamusoro zviri ezvinhu ari oga nokuda kwakajairika dzidziso Marx, uyo vakazvipira nyaya iyi imwe yayo zvikuru dzinokosha monographs.

Pfungwa dzakabuda nesimba

Kuti tinzwisise zvinokonzera iyi nzira itsva nhoroondo Western kubatsira zviratidzo ake. Capitalism - haisi chete rinokosha chimiro chesangano okuwana, asiwo dzakananga nzira kuronga vanhu. Zvinonzi sechinhu padariro mari nhoroondo yakakurumbira musayendisiti wokuGermany uye nyanzvi Weber.

Kusiyana Marx, aidavira kuti ino kunoratidzwa chete munyika Western Europe. Maererano naye, izvozvo akasimuka idzodzo umo hwakagadzwa Protestantism, iyo yakatanga muna munzanga kunamatwa basa kurangwa, yakakwirira mwero evanhu sangano, uyewo kutsvaka purofiti uye mari. Iye akasarudzwa anotevera zviratidzo kukura capitalism: kukwikwidzirana vagadziri, kumusika simba, zvinoshingaira kushandiswa guta mubhizimisi, pakutsvaka mhindu maximization. Uye kana Marx aidavira kuti iyi nzira haazorambi chete kukanganisa, asi anosarudza mutemo nyika, kuti Weber Akasiyanisa izvi zviviri paruzhinji bhora, kunyange zvazvo akabvuma kuti vakanga vari pedyo kuonana nomumwe.

pamusoro utsanzi

The chikuru zviri capitalism vava chinhu kudzidza anozivikanwa enyika musayendisiti uye nyanzvi Schumpeter. Akazotaura zvinotevera zviri ino: kumusika simba, zvavakanga vachida kuita uye ushe private pfuma. Zvisinei, kusiyana vanyori izvi, Economist dzinounzwa inokosha chezvinonhuwira capitalist kugadzirwa sezvo utsanzi yakadaro. In zvaanofunga, zvakanga kuunzwa zvakagadzirwa kwakamutsa kukurumidza kukura upfumi.

Saka Schumpeter zvikuru wanamatira achiposa iyo inopa Entrepreneurs mukana wekutaura michina ano uye pakudaro kuvandudza kunyatsoshanda okuwana. Masayendisiti anodavira kuti nzira kuitira zvinhu zvakanaka nzanga uye rusununguko vemunyika, asi ramangwana wegadziriro kuonekwa chiedza tariro, muchitenda kuti pamusoro nguva yava serapera.

The kwaita manufactories

Mumwe mukuru preconditions kuti kuchinja kubva feudal kwadzinoita kugadzirwa kuti capitalist aiva kubva rekare chikwata hurongwa uye yezwi weboka basa. Iri kuchinja uku kunokosha vanofanira kutsvaka mhinduro kumubvunzo pamusoro nei kwaita manufactories anonzi chiratidzo capitalism atoberekwa.

Pashure pezvose, mukuru zvimiso nezvokuvapo uye zvakakodzera kushanda musika ndiko kushandiswa chaizvo unokubatira basa. Muzana remakore rechi14 vakawanda European mumaguta vagadziri akasiya chinyakare akagadzirwa journeymen uye vakatanga akwezve vanhu zvitoro zvavo kushandisa imwe ndege. Saka akasimuka basa pamusika, izvo, maererano Marx kuti tsanangudzo, Nde chepfungwa capitalist hurongwa.

Mhando makambani

Munyika dzokuMadokero dzokuEurope, paiva-siyana mafekitari, izvo zvinoratidza nokukurumidza kukura uye sumo rutsva kwadzinoita kugadzirwa. Kuongororwa dambudziko (nei kwaita Manufactures chiratidzo kuberekwa capitalism) zvinoita kuti tinzwisise nzira zvoupfumi. Varidzi mabhizimisi vakapararira akagoverwa mbishi zvinhu vashandi mumba, zvino, atopiwa kurapwa kuti akagamuchira nyanzvi dzokugadzira nenyanzvi, nokuita rwebhuruu, mashoko akapa zvinotevera Vagadziri. Sezvo basa raiitwa nevanhu vanoverengeka vashandi vakayambuka ngetani kugadzirwa zvinhu. Mune centralized manufactory vanhu vakashanda muimba imwe, uchishandisa zvigadzirwa. Izvi Mhando dzakasiyana makambani vanoratidza refu mwero Kugadzirwa capitalist kugadzirwa pazuva kondinendi.

nesayenzi chimurenga

Zviratidzo kuwedzera capitalism chokuita peculiarities yeEuropean upfumi, iro rakatanga mangwanani zvikuru yezwi kuchinjanisa nokuda mumadhorobha kukura uye pakusika pamisika. A kufarira zvemidzimu kuti kukura capitalist kwadzinoita kugadzirwa raiva pakatanga michina mitsva. Izvi vakauya upfumi kuvandudza. Kushandiswa michina mumafekitari akabvumira Entrepreneurs kuwedzera rokutengesa mishonga. Kubudirira mumunda sayenzi zvakakonzera kusikwa chakakomba wechipfuwo chigadzirwa razova isingadhuri, nekuti vashandi zvino munzvimbo iri mabhizimisi kushandisa muchina.

Zvikuru yaiva nokugadzirwa ari hwemvura injini, magetsi, uye kuvakwa railroads. The Kuwanika nokukura itsva chicherwa deposits zvakatungamirira kukurumidza kukura inorema bhizimisi uye simbi. kuchinja izvi zvachose chiso guta West European nyika uyewo Russia, apo, mushure abolition pakati serfdom vakatanga kukurumidza kukura indasitiri. Saka zviratidzo capitalism muzana remakore rechi19 vakatsunga pakatanga kuitwa nesayenzi kupinda kugadzirwa.

The kwaita nevhu rakawandisa

Panguva yokutanga chokutambudzika kukura capitalist inogadzirwa masangano voga uye unosvikirwa ukuru. The chikero okuwana yavo yakanga isina rakafara, saka Entrepreneurs anogona kumhanya somunhu basa ravo. Muzana remakore rechi19 gadziriro wakapinda idzva danho okukura. Bhuku kurimwa yawedzera zvinoshamisa, fekitari yakawedzera, zvichiguma kudiwa pamwe nokuedza Entrepreneurs. Pachishandiswa apa tinogona kuziva zviratidzo chindingindingi capitalism: wevasungwa okuwana, zvinoderedza uwandu miti, iro chidzoke makuru, guta-nyanyisa mabhizimisi.

At kwezana remakore chikuru basa rakanga reDare rinorema indasitiri: zvokuimba engineering, simbi, mafuta uye nevamwe. Kazhinji, asi nenzvimbo kwakaitika mukati munhu maindasitiri umo maiva zvakadai neshamwari, cartels uye syndicates. Under wokutanga pfungwa kunzwisiswa chibvumirano kuzvimirira mabhizimisi akawanda kuti kubvumirana pakati pachavo mutengo nenhumbi, rokutengesa uye misika kota. Chechipiri rinoreva wakakwirira mwero monopolization apo rakasimba, apo kuramba yepamutemo uye upfumi rusununguko, ronga chimwe hofisi rokutengesa mishonga kwayo.

Major siyana akaitwa

Zviratidzo chindingindingi capitalism unotipa kunzwisisa chii vaiva zvinhu itsva padariro kukura ino. The soro chimiro Sangano mafekitari yemakambani yechimiro chedungamunhu nokuchengetesa uye zvinovanetsa. Masangano okutanga anorenda pakutevedzera kwete chete Sales, asiwo kugadzirwa vari pasi rakabatana utariri, asi panguva imwe chete ngaunyatsobata rusununguko zvemari. Zvenhaka vakasikwa munhu bhizimisi uye pakarepo kugara kutungamirira nzvimbo. The zvemberi muchimiro kushamwaridzana vaiona nezvokunetseka. Ivo achiumbwa pedyo maindasitiri uye vane zvakafanana mari.

Kubatanidzwa nomumwe guru rinopa nokukurumidza uye rikurumidze kusangana, kusiyana pamusoro siyana. Zviratidzo capitalism muzana remakore rechi20 rinoratidza kukura ezvinhu nokuda kwayo kupinda itsva uye yakakwirira padanho kukura, zvaakapiwa masayendisiti mukana wokutaura pamusoro tsamwisa chokutambudzika wokudzora, iyo inozivikanwa nokuva kwemapazi nemabhengi mukugadzira.