Mutemo weRoma 12 matafura: Kazhinji muchidimbu uye nhoroondo

Mitemo matafura 12, imwe tsananguro mukuru iyo ichakurukurwa nesu - yakakurumbira Monument pomutemo weRoma. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti vakanga anoumbwa basa varume gumi (decemvir) mumakore 451-450. BC. e. Decemvirs panguva komisheni basa vaiva vatongi. Kwenguva refu, vamwe vavo havadi kuparadzana nesimba uye kunyange pamuviri pakuita nevapanduki d'pokupidigura hurumende nechisimba vagadze vanodzvinyirirwa.

Mapuranga mitemo zvinoitwa vaAtene zvakanaka,

Masayendisiti anodavira kuti kunobva matafura 12 mitemo - the magwaro vaAtene mutemo. It decemvirs vakanga vakatungamirirwa muzvinyorwa zvavo. The Greek Colony, riri kumaodzanyemba kweItaly, akatumwa rekupinda kuRoma. Apy, mukuru varume gumi, ndapedza codification, vanonzi vakati kuti vanofanira kuva abatsire uye kubudirira ehurumende. Ndizvo nhoroondo yezviri mahwendefa 12 mitemo.

The zita havana kuwana mukana. Rakanga riri 12 mapuranga yemapuranga akadzingwa wenyaya yavo. Mitemo 12 matafura akanga adzika pamberi weSeneti muna Forum. mutemo weRoma Ancient zvisingafungidziriki pasina pavo. Mitemo ndangotanga kudzidza pachikoro. Nhasi, chepakutanga yave akarasika navo, zvichida nokusingaperi. Kana rweRoma yekare nechisimba nokuda Gauls, bhodhi dzakanga dzaparadzwa. To dzakararama chete zvimedu zvirevo magweta, vanyori, masayendisiti, vezvematongerwo enyika nguva.

Kukosha pamatafura 12 mitemo in Ancient Rome

Mitemo iyi iri yavo chimiro vaiva chaizvoizvo muunganidzwa netsika richikunda mumakore kunyora kwavo. Ivo vanosarudzwa maererano nezvido mukirasi mutongo. Saka pakanga 12 mitemo matafura. General Unhu vachiri zvikuru. Mitemo iyi vave vakagadzirira pamwe nomutemo zvirango nesangano munzvimbo dzakasiyana. VaRoma, vakanga achinzi tsime chairo uchenjeri. Cicero, yakakurumbira muRoma jurist, akacherechedza kuti matafura mutemo weRoma 12 - ". Mufananidzo dzedu dzekare" gwaro umo unogona kuwana Cicero aidavira kuti zvakawanda zvakanaka uye ayo uremu chete, bhuku duku iri mukuru zvose vazivi dzose mumaraibhurari vaya kutsvaka zvinotisimbisa uye nheyo mutemo. Vana vaigara Ancient Rome, pawaiverenga mitemo iyi. Decemvirs, pakutevedzera codification netsika dzavo, kuedza kuramba ropafadzo chikuru nzvimbo uye patricians, asi vakakundikana kuzadzisa izvi zvakazara.

Formal wakaenzana plebeians uye patricians

Maererano nemitemo matafura 12, plebeians akanga chakarongwa kuenzana paruvazhe pamwe patricians. Mukuwedzera, vakagamuchira chokwadi kodzero enyika. Nokuti plebeians ichi waiva kukunda kukuru, nokuti zvemasanga kududzirwa tsika achingopiwa akazviratidza mutemo wakanyorwa. Yaiva wepamutemo achishandisa Rome yekare. Mitemo 12 matafura vakanga rokurinda plebeians mutemo uye nehanya zvakaitwa patrician navatongi. Mugore 304 BC. e. The Seneti akasarudza kuti, mune mhosva uye vehurumende dare nyaya machinda vanofanira kutungamirirwa nemurairo zvakanyorwa. Shaky ngano vakanga vasisiri airemekedzwa.

Kuparadzana mutemo netsika pashure kuitwa mitemo

Mitemo 12 matafura zvakazara akaratidza mwero yepamutemo kuziva, yo yaitonga. In tsarist nguva, nenguva dzokumaruwa ezvinhu, kwaiva dzakawanda uye dzimwe netsika dzemadzinza. Kurudzi pasi yavo. Nemamejasitiriti mutemo pashure kuitwa mutemo 12 yakakamurwa matafura maviri. Mumwe wavo - richienda weRoma vomunharaunda (kviritskoe, akazonzi munezvematongerwo yakabudirira). Mitemo 12 matafura chokuita naye. kodzero Second waidzora ukama pakati wehurumende yeRoma uye dzimwe nyika. Mukuwedzera, muRoma akaita mutemo fetsialny. Yakatsanangurwa tsika zvavakaita nokunzi hondo, akapa matanho dzakawanda kuteerera hurumende zvibvumirwano nedzimwe nyika. Kubvira panguva S. Tullius sechinhu axiom akatendeka urongwa pasi iyo kviritskie tsika uye mitemo kushandisa chete vagari kuRoma.

Kurambidza kuroorana pakati plebeians uye patricians

Mitemo matafura 12 muRoma yekare vaisanganisira nyaya, izvo zvinoratidza tsika yekare ateteguru munharaunda, ayo vakasara. Vakanga zvainanga kuchengetedza nemakore nheyo. Zvakananga, zviri dzinorambidzwa michato pakati plebeians uye patriciâmi. Muna 445 BC. e. Rakanga repealed mutemo uyu.

Relations pamusoro Real Estate

Mabwendefa 12 anoratidza kuti nyika inofanira kutarisira chikwata yeRoma vomunharaunda. Maererano netsika dzechitendero, zvakanga zvisingaiti kuti afunge vanamwari uye temberi. Nyika yakanga kuramba kudzorwa munharaunda, kuti ayo pfuma. Saka, zvakanga aihuitira chaiyo pamusoro payo.

Gift, nhaka, kutenga uye kutengesa zvivako zvinokosha (gwaro mhuka, varanda uye nenyika) vakagadzirira chaizvo tsika. Vaiva pasi munharaunda kutarisirwa. Testament hako zvaifanira kunotenderwa comitia curiata (uye dzimwe nguva centuriata, kana baba kunyimwa zvayo chepamutemo mugari wenhaka mugove wenhaka). Pakadaro, kana munhu achiita derelict isingagariki kana chinhu nomunda, zvakava pashure pemakore maviri wayo. Zvisinei, pamusoro vatorwa haana kuwedzera kodzero kuti. On rweRoma dzokurasa kunyika uye vane zvinogona chete kuva mugari weRoma.

Zvakakomba mirango vanodzivirirwa muridzi dzevanhukadzi ari pamabwendefa 12. Somuenzaniso, kuti arovererwe pamuchinjikwa pamuti akatongera vapari vemhosva kuba zvibereko muusiku humwe. On mutadzi akaita dzimba mudzimba nezviyo riri parutivi pake, akapfeka nengetani, akapisa uye kurohwa.

Murayiro, iyo rakagamuchirwa pamusangano vanhu, rave richiziviswa huru pamutemo kunobva. Haafaniri kupikisana chero zvakawanda. Mitemo matafura 12 nezvechiratidzo mihoronga uye miganhu yenyika mumapasuru, ari kuti yokugara uye ya muridzi. Chengetedza zvinodiwa muridzi, pfuma yake raiva kudzivirirwa kubva zvisiri pamutemo kuvharirwa. Kuba nomumwe pfuma, uyewo kudarika chokuita kurwiswa pamusoro utano uye upenyu Quirites, varangwe Kunyanya zvakaoma kwazvo. Huru nzira kudzivirira kodzero muridzi kana kwayo kukanganisa rakanga chisimba pamusoro mhosva.

ukama hwemhuri

Kuitwa okuti mvumo yacho Pontifex Maximus uye kuriatnye musangano. Priest, uye Comitia uye vaigona kuramba, kana kuchinja ari adoptee kungaita kuti kutsakatika, kutsakatika rake zita mhuri ekare.

Murayiro pamusoro kuchengetedza mhuri reRoma aiva mugove simba musoro wemhuri. Chinhu kuonekwa sezvo hanya munharaunda uye nokusimbaradza munhu kakasaririra kare. Chimwe marudzi, urongwa uhwu haana analogs. Musoro wemhuri yaiva chete kodzero yenhaka uye Kuraswa zvose usingazungunuke uye chinjwa pfuma. Uyezve, simba rake pamusoro mudzimai nokuburuka ake zvizvarwa (kusanganisira vazukuru), akanga rakapotsa risingagumi. Pakafa musoro wemhuri pfuma yakakamurwa zvakafanana pakati agnates (vanonzi nhengo dzemhuri zita). Kana vakanga vasiri, hama pedyo nhaka mamiriro (semuenzaniso, hama dzakafa, vanakomana vavo, et unto.).

talion musimboti, kukosha mhiko

The Monument akanga akatasva vanonzi "musimboti kunotozowedzera" - chirango nokuda mhosva inofanira kuva akaenzana kuti vakaenzana. Paro vakataura pamusoro consolidating vakasara dzokumaruwa hurongwa. Mhiko akapiwa zvikuru kukosha. Kana munhu perjured, akasunda kubva padombo Tarpeian.

Kudzivirira vagari 'ruenzano

Zvakakosha kutaura mashomanana uye kudzivirirwa vemo 'vakaenzana, achirondedzera mitemo matafura 12. General unhu vavo panyaya iyi sezvinotevera: vanochengetedza chiremerera, nokukudzwa uye kodzero vemunyika, uyewo yavo yakarongwa kuenzana. Special neropafadzo kupa mumwe kana mumwe wavo zvairambidzwa. Mutemo kuti tirambe kuenzana pakati vagari asinganyatsogoni mariro mari zvinobvumidzwa, uyewo nguva yokuchema.

Ani naani akanyora rwiyo, izvo zvaizoita kuti aine makuhwa pamusoro chero mugari weRoma, aigona kutongerwa rufu. Zvisinei, kuurayiwa haigoni kuitwa pasina rinokosha mvumo comitia pakati emakore. Mitemo adzivirire kururamisira. Ukabatwa mumwe bribed mutongi aiurayiwa.

The simba changamire vanhu

Pakupedzisira, somunhu kakasaririra dzekare vanofanira kunzi zvisarudzo pamisangano paruzhinji. Nokuti zvose vagari Roma vaiva tichisunga simba. Naizvozvo, hunonzi, weRoma vanhu (kunze varanda, vatorwa uye reVakasununguka) aiva muridzi chikuru nharaunda yose mamiriro. Changamire simba ndokwaJehovha chete naye. mugari ose, uyo akatengesa yokumusha kwavo, nokudaro vakaita ndamukirwa. Uye kana akapa compatriot wake muvengi, iye anotarisana panguva iyi kuurayiwa.

zvitendero Religious

Zvinoitwa mitemo 12 matafura Hatingamboti tapedza kana tisina kutaura pasi ari chitendero Roman, kuti ivo zvairatidza. Kutaurirana navo zvinoonekwa pakuti pontiffs, vachengeti kunamata apo akaitawo vaturikiri tsika. Vaiva nyanzvi mutemo wokutanga. Code pamusoro Pagomo matafura 12 aiva kuti mhosva kuti kuregeredza netsika waakaudzwa nechitendero. Formal nguva yakapiwa zvikuru kukosha. Quirites, kureva varume patricians, uyo aigona kutakura zvombo, aiva pachena kukosha.

A mazita zvakakura mhosva, chirango zvingangoita rokudzikinurwa

Murayiro yave yakanatsa mazita zvakakura mhosva. Izvi kusvibisa, pfumbamuromo vatongi, hurumende, nhema (zvikuru ngozi), uyewo kuparadzwa zvirimwa uye dzimba. Panyaya iyi, mutemo akatenderwa kuti rudzikinuro chibvumirano, izvo zvinogona kutsiva mhirizhonga. Zvisinei, ichi rinoshanda chete vagari akasununguka vakaita mhosva. Kazhinji, muranda anogara anokonzera maitiro avo hwavo. A mugari weRoma, uyezve, aigona kutongerwa rufu chete pashure chisarudzo asvika comitia pakati emakore. Zvaaiva sembura ezvinhu akazviratidza chinangwa.

Zvichireva mutemo pamatafura 12 munhoroondo mutemo

Chii chinorehwa munhoroondo mutemo aiva matafura 12? General zvechadenga mabasa avo sezvinotevera. Vakava rokutanga Zvivako munyika yekare muranda-pakuva kodzero. Ivo zvairatidza nheyo yevagari upenyu yeRoma munzanga, uyewo kupfungwa private pfuma. Basa muviri iyi waitaura zvaifanira kuitwa kukura mutemo weRoma vehurumende kwakanga kwazvo. Masayendisiti anodavira kuti racho vakakwana haamiri pakati zvimwe zvakafanana zvinyorwa nguva mitemo matafura 12. Hammurabi uye Manu Somuenzaniso, vakanga vasina shoma mune mashoko omurayiro mhosva. mutemo weRoma haana kugadzirisa yakawanda mhosva. Uyewo, hazvina kudzivirira kubata nehanya ariko Gwaro yakadaro, sezvo mitemo matafura 12. Chokwadi, mitemo Hammurabi, vakanga nani panyaya iyi. MuIjipiti, sezvamunoziva, paivawo disenfranchised varanda izvo tenzi kuita pachako. Zvisinei, mutemo eRoma dzaibatanidzwa uye asingagoni kutsanangura chii chinoumba mhosva uye chii haisi. Mutongo uyu nyaya yakanga zvemasanga. Zvisinei, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mutemo mhosva ari kuRoma mangwanani chaizvo kusiyaniswa private uye voruzhinji yezvakaita mhosva. Uyu ndiwo mumwe zvayo zvinokosha chaizvo.

Mitemo 12 matafura, nemitemo Hammurabi, mitemo Manu - zvose izvi zvichiratidza kwete chete magweta, asi kune vose vanoda kare. Pashure pezvose, kwemitemo dzinoratidza zvinoitwa vanhu vakapiwa. Sezvo inogona vatongwe, uye tsika nemagariro, uye pamusoro nevezvematongerwo enyika, uye miganhu simba musoro wehurumende.