Mutauro tichitarisa mavambo. The lexical Tsika mutauro ano Russian. mashoko matsva

mutauro Russian, somumwe, ane lexical maitiro ayo anenge rakavapo pamusoro kwete emakore, uye kunyange zvemakore. Mutauro sezvamunoita ane zvakasiyana mavambo. Zvinonzi nevamwe uye chizvarwa Russian uye rakumbirwa mashoko. Mutauro uye zvivakamutauro kwakabva mashoko kuchikoro, uyewo philological fakaroti.

zvinhu pfungwa

Mutauro Russian ane mupfumi lexical gadziriro, paumbwe yakatanga muna neolithic uye mberi nhasi. Mamwe mashoko anyangarika mutauro vanoshingaira Mutauro unokura, vanova archaisms, apo vamwe kupinda mukutaura kwedu, ave chinokosha payo.

Mune duramazwi mutauro gadziriro tichitarisa mavambo rakakamurwa chikwereti uye chizvarwa Russian. Primordially Russian Mutauro anenge 90% of lexical mamiriro. The zororo runobva kukwereta. Uyezve, gore negore duramazwi yedu yoku- mashoko matsva uye pfungwa dzinomuka somugumisiro nesayenzi uye michina mberi.

Primordially Russian Mutauro

The chikuru Dam iri primordially Russian nemashoko. In boka iri anotevera subgroups correlated pamwe nzendo kukura, kwete chete mutauro asiwo vanhu:

1. Indo-European duramazwi.
2. Common necheSalvic.
3. Old Russian.
4. Chaizvoizvo Russian.

Chakakonzerwa namaneja mu izvi nguva vanoumba hwaro mashoko, nomuzongoza kwemashoko edu. Zvaiva uye dzinofanira kutanga vaiona.

Indo-European nguva

Primordially Russian Mutauro tichitarisa mavambo yakatanga kusvika neolithic kumwedzi. Dzinoratidzwa kuvapo imwe nguva, yose Proto - Indo, izvo raishanda akapotsa II Millennium BC. By mashoko boka iri mazita mhuka, pfungwa kureva ukama, zvokudya. Somuenzaniso: mai, mwanasikana, nzombe, nzombe, nyama uye nevamwe. Vose vane nzvanyira correspondences mune mimwe mitauro. Somuenzaniso, amai shoko rine zvakafanana varurame Chirungu (mai), uye German (mutterilla).

Common necheSalvic Danho

Common necheSalvic Mutauro wamuka kumativi VI remakore BC. Zvakange nhaka kubva madzinza akasiyana vanogara munharaunda muBalkans, Central uye Eastern Europe.

The duramazwi nezvenguva rinoreva lexical-kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro mapoka, izvo anoshandiswa kureva nhengo mazita muviri, mhuka, zvakasikwa, nguva, zvinomera uye maruva, mazita zvikamu zvivako, nematurusi. Mienzaniso yakawanda unoshamisa kwemashoko, akachengetedzwa kubva iyi: pomuouki, Linden, spruce dondo, muti, mashizha, mapfunde, bhari, kuhukura, nebadza, imba, berere, denga, huku, hanzi, kvass, mondo. Plast ichi tinoberekwa mashoko akashandiswa vainyanya necheSalvic dzavanhu.

Old kumwedzi

Old Russian (kana East necheSalvic) Mutauro akapinda duramazwi kwedu necheSalvic kugarwa nguva iri yose Europe ano, pamusoro XI-IX emakore. Izvi zvakare nguva paumbwe paumbwe mamiriro Kievan Rus, kureva, IX-XIV remakore. Nyorawo mashoko akadai akanaka, njiva, babamunini, norwonzi, Finch, mapuroteni, makumi mana, makumi mapfumbamwe nhasi.

Mashoko aya uyewo dzinoratidzwa pamberi prefixes serisina, Ndiwe, chi- vz-. Somuenzaniso: kuti platoon, nekugogodza, kuti kumugumo, kubata.

Find Mutauro akaumba iyi, zvinokwanisika bedzi Russian, wokuUkraine uye Belarusian mitauro.

Panguva inotungamirwa Russian nyika

Kubva XIV remakore mumutauro wokuRussia arikutanga kubuda itsva girama mashoko. Mashoko aya pashure pokuwa mutauro Old kwechiSlavonic kuti Russian, Ukrainian uye Belarusian mitauro. To chaizvoizvo mashoko Russian vari akadai kugunun'una, Wallpaper, makazara makabheji, ruzivo.

Izvi zvinosanganisira emazita zvose akaumbwa suffixes -schik, -ovschik, -telstvo, -w (a). Somuenzaniso: moto chokudzimisa, bato, rudzi, checker. Izvi zvinosanganisira adverbs uye murimi mudiki, in autumn, verbs vachadedera, kurovanya kunetseka.

Achiziva izvi features, unogona kuverenga nyore mashoko aumba Panguva iyi kukura.

Nguva iyi ndiyo rokupedzisira pakugadzirwa chikuru rukoko chaizvoizvo zviratidzo Russian.

loanwords

Kubvira kare, vanhu Russian kukura kwete chete zvokutengeserana uye netsika ukama, asi enyika uye zvehondo. Zvose izvi zvakaita kuti mitauro nokukwereta. Kamwe pashoko wokuRussia mune lexical yakazoshanduka pasi nawo uye akava nhengo mashoko ake. Loanwords hunakidze mutauro wokuRussia, vakauya kwaari yakawanda itsva.

Vamwe Mashoko akanga akwereta zvachose, sezvo vamwe kunge wakashanduka-shanduka - pakutanga vakagamuchira suffixes Russian kana prefixes, izvo pakupedzisira zvakatungamirira kuti paumbwe itsva, iyo yave kwakabva shoko Russian. Somuenzaniso, shoko rokuti "kombiyuta" vakapinda duramazwi yedu kuchakasimba, asi shoko "musayendisiti yenyukireya" anonzi kuva chizvarwa Russian, sezvo akanga aumba kubva vakakwereta shoko "atomu" kuti chizvarwa Russian shoko-inotungamirwa yokutevedzera.

Govera nokukwereta kubva necheSalvic uye Turkish, Latin, Greek, German uye Romance mitauro, izvo zvinosanganisira Chirungu, German, vokuItaly, Spanish, Dutch.

staroslavyanizmy

Pashure kuitwa chiKristu pakupera X remakore mumutauro wokuRussia yasvika yakawanda mashoko. Rakanga chokuita chidzoke kuRussia Chechi kwechiSlavonic mabhuku. Old Church kwechiSlavonic kana Old Bulgarian, Church kwechiSlavonic, mutauro anoshandiswa dzinoverengeka necheSalvic nyika Somunyori mutauro rakanyorwa, iro raishandiswa shanduro mabhuku echechi Greek.

Kubva mutauro wake Russian akauya Ecclesiastical mashoko, mashoko zvisiri pachena. Izvi zvinosanganisira mupristi, muchinjikwa, simba, zvakaipa, kuwirirana nevamwe vazhinji. Pakutanga, mashoko mashoko anoshandiswa chete kunyora, mubhuku kutaura, asi rakapinda kupinda nemumuromo pamusoro nguva.

Church kwechiSlavonic duramazwi tichitarisa mavambo ane anotevera zvinhu:

1. Vanonzi nepolnoglasie mudzi mashoko. Somuenzaniso: magedhi kana akabatwa. Muchiitiko chino, pane nzira polnoglasnymi masuo uye azere.
2. Tikafunga pechiteshi iri mudzi shoko. Muenzaniso unoshamisa ishoko riparadzirwe.
3. Kuvapo mumashoko nzvanyira nepfambi, somuenzaniso shoko chiedza.
4. Nzvanyira E pakutanga shoko uye napamberi nesimba emakonzonendi: mumwe.
5. La mabhii, kuti PA uye kutanga neshoko. Somuenzaniso: yacho rook of akaenzana.
6. Kuvapo mabhokisi WHO-pamusoro, chrez-. Somuenzaniso: kubhadhara, kunyanyisa.
7. Suffixes -stvi-, -usch-, -yusch-, -asch-, -yasch-: kuderedza, nokutsva, kubvunda.
Parts mashoko okutanga Mwari-benign, nyanyisa, greho-, dushe-, zvakanaka: vanotya Mwari, zlonravie chikomborero.

Mashoko ava nhasi kushandiswa mumutauro weRussia. Panguva iyoyowo, vanhu vashoma vakafungira kuti chaizvoizvo akadana chiratidzo hauna chizvarwa Russian uye dzimwe midzi. Kakawanda vanogona kuwanikwa eBhaibheri, mabasa Classics mabhuku Russian.

Polish zviratidzo

In kukurukura mubvunzo, chii mashoko tichitarisa mavambo, hatigoni kukanganwa pamusoro nokukwereta kubva mutauro wePolish, iro rakatanga XVII-XVIII emakore. Of West necheSalvic mitauro hatina rakapinda mashoko edu akadai imba nhumbi, daub, tsuro, periwinkle, Jam. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti restock, kwete mitauro chete Russian asiwo kuUkraine, Belarusian.

Greek nokukwereta

A chinokosha muviri echiGiriki loanwords. Pinda mumutauro wedu, iye akatanga munguva zvose-necheSalvic kubatana. The kupfuura yekare lexical "zvipo" ndiwo mashoko akadai Chamber of Commerce, mubhedha bhaira.

Munguva kubva IX kuti XI remakore mashoko aya ave chikwereti: rushambwa, ngirozi, masvomhu, rambi, nhoroondo, uzivi, notibhuku, sauna, Lantern. Munguva chikwereti mashoko akazorondedzera mashoko unyanzvi uye sayenzi: mutambo, anapaest, pfungwa, fananidzo, uye dzimwe pfungwa dzakawanda kuti vanosimbiswa mune terminological midziyo oruzhinji nesayenzi yemazuva ano.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti nokuda simba remashoko uye mitsara mutauro Russian Greek uye Byzantine hunakidze. Zvisinei, munyika idzi matambudziko pamusoro pachavo akanzwa kwete chete sainzi, sezvo philology, asiwo masvomhu, wefizikisi, kemisitiri, uye iwe.

Latin

Munguva kubva XVI kuna VXIII remakore mumutauro Russian ine mashoko Latin kuti zvabatsira lexical mari mune zvesainzi, unyanzvi, magariro evanhu uye zvematongerwo enyika mazwi. Vanosanganisira kazhinji kuburikidza wokuUkraine uye Polish. Kunyanya simba ichi vakabatsira kuti kukura redzidzo nesayenzi, uyewo nhoroondo netsika ukama venyika idzi.

Kubva mutauro Latin vakauya kwatiri kare yaizivikanwa Pfungwa dzakadai mazororo, Stationery, mukuru, vateereri, chikoro, acho, voruzhinji, pokuchinja, uye vamwe.

mutauro Turkic

It vagara nzira dzedu akayambuka pamwe Tatars, vokuTurkey. Of mutauro Turkic mune Russian pinda mashoko akadai maparera, marozari, karavhani, mari musika, visi, bathrobe, bvungapfunga, netirauzi, chinokodzera mabhiza mazita: roan, Bay, buckskin.

Advantageously kwereta kwakaitika kubva wechiTatar. Nokuda wezvokutengeserana, tsika uye vemauto noushamwari kuti kunge zvaiitikawo pakati pamarudzi edu kwemazana emakore.

Air

Zvishomanana nokukwereta wemitauro Air - Swedish, Norwegian. Vakapinda kwokutanga nguva nokuda dzaishandiswa ukama hwaiva pakati vanhu vedu kunyange munguva chiKristu.

Chinonyanya unoshamisa Mashoko rakapinda kupinda Russian lexical hurongwa: mazita, Igor uye Oleg, chigadzirwa mazita - herring, pud, chirauro, rechikepe, mumwe sveverera.

Mitauro Western European

Nezvekwakabva mashoko mutauro ano Russian, kukura kwayo hunonyatsobatana mitauro yokuEurope. Mushure kuchinja Peter I, muna XVII-XVIII emakore, mumutauro wokuRussia vanosanganisira zviratidzo mitauro Western Europe.

The German akapinda mutauro wedu anoverengeka mashoko nokuda muchiuto, wezvokutengeserana uye nevatengi Mutauro unokura, sayenzi uye uri: a wevimbiso katsamba, nomudonzvo, koporo, chisungo, easel, uyai nzvimbo.

Dutch "vaiita" pamwe Russian nautical mazwi: dockyard, chiteshi, mutyairi, zvikepe, mutyairi wechikepe. Marine uye mazwi vanouyawo vachibva mutauro Chirungu: Midshipman, Brig.

Takapinda kubva Chirungu kupinda maitiro edu uye mashoko lexical akadai boycott, mugero, bhora, mutambo, kumugumo, keke, Pudding.

Muzana XX remakore uye inosanganisira mashoko unyanzvi uye zvemitambo, zvemari uye zvokutengeserana mabhora, unyanzvi. New mashoko, apo kuwedzera yedu lexical ezvinhu: kombiyuta, faira, byte, nguva, brokerage, anoreva nhema, taura inoratidza thriller, vazotaura impeachment.

Muna XVIII-XIX emakore mumutauro wokuRussia uyewo zvinopfuura mashoko mutauro French - rundarira, mbatya, bhachi, jasi, muto, huku, chimbudzi, rechiuto ravarwi, mutambi, kutamba, mutungamiriri.

KuItaly uye Spanish akasvika Russian marimba mashoko, mashoko ari kunyikadzimu ounyanzvi: aria sezvinoreva choral Hymns, Sonata, kupemberera, Gondola serenade, gitare.

Vose vari vachiri kushingaira kushanda kwedu lexical ino, uye pamusoro kupi uye sei vauya, tinogona kudzidza kubva duramazwi.

neologisms

Panguva kuitika pavaipfuura Russian mutauro lexical ezvinhu yoku- nemashoko matsva. Ndivo chikamu mutauro kubudikidza chidzoke manyoro pfungwa uye zvakavapo. Kana nyaya yacho chiitiko kana zvinhu vasimuke mashoko matsva kunan'anura navo. Havana pakarepo muboka yezviri pakutaura.

Kwekanguva, shoko anoonekwa kuva neologism, ipapo vachiva zvakajairika chaizvo uye zvakasimba midzi mumutauro. Kare mashoko, neologisms kunge nhengo piyona ari Koshanda, iyo asitironati, Khrushchev nevamwe. Zvino, hakuna chifungidziro wavo neologisms.

maduramazwi

Kuongorora izvo Mutauro tichitarisa mavambo rinoshandiswa mune imwe nyaya, munogona kuenda etymological maduramazwi. Ivo muudzame kwakabva shoko, ayo kwokutanga Mabviro. Unogona kushandisa chikoro uye pfupi etymological maduramazwi , rakapepetwa H. Shang, "Russian etymological duramazwi" A. E. Anikina kana "duramazwi etymological» P. A. Krylova, uye vamwe.

Dzidza zvinorehwa nemashoko vatorwa vanouya kwatiri kubva mumitauro vatorwa, zvinokwanisika, uchishandisa zvinoshamisa "Dictionary Wemashoko Foreign" rakapepetwa Ozhegova.

Kudzidza kuchikoro

Mutauro tichitarisa matangiro uye kushandiswa kakawanda vari kudzidza paboka pachikoro mutauro wokuRussia ari chikamu "Lexicology uye mitsara." Most nzeve ichi wenyaya mari muna 5-6 fung mamakisi, uyewo rechi10. Vadzidzi vanodzidza kwakabva mashoko collocations, zvazvinoreva, kudzidza kusiyanisa pakati pavo, basa pamwe maduramazwi akasiyana.

Mune zvimwe zviitiko, vadzidzisi vanogona kupedza electives zvose, imwe-curricular mabasa rakazvipira adzidze kwakabva mashoko.

Ndezvipi zvinhu zvinogona kushandiswa pane kudzidza wenyaya "Lexis maererano mavambo"? Table chete kupatsanura uye mienzaniso magwaro mumitauro, ine Russian mutauro chikwereti mashoko, uye mumaduramazwi.

Kudzidza kuYunivhesiti

Kunyanya zvizere akadzidza mashoko kubva pfungwa nezvemavambo of University, simba rorusununguko Philology. Nyaya anopiwa zvidzidzo shoma iri kosi "Lexicology uye mitsara mutauro ano Russian." At okudhindira, vadzidzi nekukatanura zvakasiyana-siyana magwaro, kuwana chizvarwa Russian uye chikwereti mashoko mavari, patsanura navo, basa pamwe maduramazwi. Dudza manyorero pangave rakumbirwa, sharuka mashoko.

Pana hurukuro uye misangano vaiudzwa kuti kupatsanura kwemashoko mu mavambo, kushandiswa uye nokushanda mutauro ano Russian. Izvi zvinobvumira vadzidzi vanofarira kuva nounyanzvi ruzivo kupfuura zvikuru dzataurwa nokuda yokudzidza chidzidzo.

zvakawanikwa

Shoko Chero munyika lexical ino ine nhoroondo dzaro yokutarisirwa. Vamwe Mashoko dzave uchishanda mumutauro wedu, sezvo nguva apo vakavhiyiwa kuroorwa, ane mutauro Indo-European, vamwe vava kwatiri zvakasiyana nguva yacho necheSalvic uye mitauro yokuEurope, uye vamwewo vavapo munguva kukura ano mashoko ano.

Kunzwisisa nhoroondo kwakabva zvimwe mashoko kuchatibatsira kwete bedzi kunzwisisa kwavo nezvahunoreva, asiwo kuronda kukura tsika nyika yedu panguva imwe nguva kana mumwe.