Tactile mashoko: marudzi uye nzira dzekuwana. Tactile mashoko kune avo vakaremara

Tactile mashoko, maererano neongororo dzakawanda, inobatsira zvakananga maonero evanhu nezvemamiriro ezvinhu. Kushushikana kusingafadzi mumuviri kana kusanzwisisika kunogona kukanganisa mafungiro edu kumudzidzisi, kunyange zvazvo asingatauri kana zvakananga kuwirirana nacho. Nezvei tactile mashoko anoreva mumararamiro ezuva nezuva, chii chiripo uye zvinhu, uye zvichakurukurwa pasi apa.

Nenguva pfupi pamusoro peiyo huru

Ngatitange kugara pakutanga pane tsanangudzo yezwi rokuti "ruzivo". Tsanangudzo yakawanda kwazvo iyo inowanikwa mufilosofi. Mashoko anotsanangurwa seimwe yezvinhu zvezvinhu zvenyika, mumutauro, kwete zvinhu. Izvo zviripo zvakasununguka nekuziva kwedu uye inobatanidzwa mune zvose zvisikwa zvipenyu uye zvisina upenyu.

MuFizikiki, chero kuchinja kune mamiriro ezvinhu ehurongwa kunowanikwa nekutumira kwechiratidzo kubva pane chimwe chinhu kuenda kune chimwe. Nokudaro, pane kupisa uye kunotonhora, kubhururuka nekufamba uye nezvimwe zvakadaro. Icho chinangwa chemashoko ishoko. Izwi rokuti "ruzivo" mufizikiki rinowedzera pfungwa dze "shoko" uye "chiratidzo".

Mhando dzehuwandu

Pane nzira dzakawanda dzekutsanangurira ruzivo. Chimwe chazvo chakavakirwa pane nzira yekuona. Pachikonzero ichi, ruzivo rwakakamurwa kuva marudzi mashanu:

• Audial;

• Kuonekwa;

• Tactile (tactile);

• Olfactory;

• Flavoring.

Chikamu chikuru chemashoko pamusoro penyika inotitenderera inowanikwa nekuona. Uyewo, basa rinoonekwa rinoitwa nekunzwa. Izvozvo zvekupedzisira dzemhando dzemashoko - tactile, zvinyorwa uye zvinokonzera - zvinoumba zvishoma zvishoma zvehuwandu hunoonekwa nemunhu. Mhuka, chiyero ichi chakasiyana zvakasiyana. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti ruzivo rwemashoko muhupenyu hwevakawanda vavo runoita basa rinokosha zvikuru kupfuura maonero.

Nhengo dzekubata

Pasinei nokuti kubata, pakutanga, kutarisa chikamu chiduku muhupenyu, vanhu havagoni kuzviita pasina. Tactile ruzivo munhu anogamuchira kuburikidza nemagetsi ekuguma, ari paganda, mumisungo uye majoints, pamusoro pehutu hwemukati. Vanogamuchira vanoona kutaridzika, kubata, kudengenyeka, kuchinja mumuviri, kumira uye nezvimwe zvakadaro.

Tsanangudzo kubva kumagumo ekupedzisira kuburikidza nehutachiona hunoendeswa kuuropi. Ikoko, inoshandiswa, uye chiratidzo chinouya kune nhengo dzomuviri, somuenzaniso, kubvisa ruoko kubva kune chinhu chinopisa.

Biological meaning

Chii chinokonzera ruzivo rwemashoko? Mhinduro yacho iri nyore: zvinhu zvose zvinokanganisa zvinogamuchirwa. Kuburikidza nhengo dzehutano tinonzwa kutonhora, humhutu, hutsika (mamiriro ehupamusoro), kudengenyeka. Vagamuchire vanotipa ruzivo pamusoro pechinzvimbo munzvimbo yemuviri wose kana chikamu chayo.

Sezvatotaurwa, pasinei nehope duku yehuwandu hwemashoko atinowana kuburikidza nekubata, zvakakosha kuti upenyu hwomunhu huve huripo. Kuparadzana kwakasiyana-siyana - kurasikirwa kwekunzwa, kutyiswa kwemakumbo emishonga inoparidzira mashoko kubva kune avo vanogamuchira kuuropi nevamwe - inoita kuti kuvepo kwemamiriro ezvinhu ane ngozi uye kusagona kufamba. Muenzaniso wakajeka: kana kusina tactile receptors, zviri nyore kuwana yakaoma kupisa, nokuti kuburikidza neavo vane ruzivo rwemashoko pamusoro pekupisa kwechinhu chechinhu chinoparadzirwa kuburikidza nehuropi iyo, somuenzaniso, ruoko rwakaiswa. Nhengo dzekubata dzinotiponesa murima, kana maziso edu asingagoni kutaura zviri mberi. Tactile receptors inotora basa rinokosha pakuparidzirwa kwemashoko pamusoro penyika yemuviri. Vanobatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwezvinonzi maitiro emasumbu, izvo zvinoita basa rinokosha mukufamba kwekufamba.

Gara mumhuka

Kune mhuka, ruzivo rwemashoko hunokosha kupfuura rwevanhu. Kune mienzaniso yakawanda. Kune mhuka dzinobata zvishoma. Izvi zvinosanganisira vagari vepamhenderekedzo yegungwa, apo chiedza hachikwanisi kusvika. Kubata kunobatsira girapiti kunzwa sokuti munhu wacho anenge atova akabatanidzwa mukati me "maranho" akaparadzana. Nenyuchi dzinoparidzira ruzivo pamusoro penzvimbo yemaruva nemubatsiro wepambano inokosha, inosanganisira kubata.

Zvipfeko zveganda zvakagadzirwa zveganda zvakagadzirwa mumhuka dzinokwira miti. Vamiririri vazhinji vemhuka vane vibrissae - nhengo dzakasiyana dzekubata, dzinogona kugadzirisa kwete kungobata chete, asiwo kuchinja kwemhepo. Zvinotarisa semvere dzakaita. Vibris, zvakadaro, yakanyanya kuoma, yakareba uye yakaoma.

Kubudirira kwekutaura kwemanzwiro

Munharaunda yemazuva ano, hazvisi zvakaoma kuwana vanhu vane pfungwa yakagadziriswa yekubata. Kunzwa kweimwe nzvimbo dzeganda kunowedzera nekuda kwemamiriro ehutano. Semuenzaniso, vatenzi vanogara vachishanda nemashoko maduku vanowedzera kukwanisa kusiyanisa zvinhu zviduku, kuputsana nezvimwe neminwe.

Uye zvechokwadi, pfungwa yekubata inowedzera muvanhu vasina kuonekwa kana mapofu. Tactile ruzivo rwekusaona zvakajeka runokonzera kusasha kwekuona. Kunyanya kusimba kwakasimba kunowedzera mumatsi uye matsi.

Braille

Tactile mashoko munhu anogamuchira kuburikidza. Kune vanhu matsi-mapofu iyi ndiyo chete inopa ruzivo pamusoro penyika inotitenderedza. Vanhu vasingagoni kuoneka vanonzwa, asi nyika yedu yakarongeka zvakanyanya zvokuti huwandu hwemashoko hunoendeswa uye huchengetwa semashoko. Mazuva ano, mapofu uye vanhu vasina hanya vanoona Braille pakuverenga nokunyora.

Louis Braille akatanga nhepfenyuro-tactile font muna 1824. Nguva yemberi yeFrench typhlo-pedagogue yaiva nemakore gumi nemashanu.

A bit of history

Nzira dzekupa ruzivo rwekutaura dzakanga dzisiri hurukuro inofadza yevechiduku Louis. Kugadzirwa kwefaira kwakava chikonzero chinonzwisisika chekupodza kwemukomana. Louis Braille akakuvadza maziso ake neine seni banga pazera remakore matatu uye akarasikirwa nezera remakore mashanu. Panguva iyoyo mumasangano anokosha evana vane urema, pane mabhuku akawanda ari kuona. Vakanyora kuburikidza netsamba yakasununguka. Iko kukanganiswa kukuru kweiyo kwakanga kusina kusununguka, kusina kubvumira kukodzera ruzivo rwakanyanya pane imwe peji.

Panguva yekudzidzira, Braille akadzidza pamusoro pekuvapo kwaCharles Barbier "manheru ekunyora." Mutungamiri weFrance akachigadzirira nekuda kwechinangwa chehondo: iyo faira yakabvumirwa kuverenga mheta usiku. Mashoko aya akanyorwa pane kadhibhodhi ne puncturing. Akafuridzirwa nekugadzirwa kwaBarbier, Louis Braille akaumba runyararo-ruvara rwemashoko.

Zvichemo zveBraille

Sezvaunogona kuona kubva muhurukuro, runyoro-ruvara rwakanyorwa rwakanyorwa uchishandisa mapeji. Braille yakashandisa nhanhatu, yakarongwa mumatanda maviri. Panewo zvimwe zvakasiyana-siyana zvepafaira, umo mashomanana masere anoshandiswa, rimwe nerimwe rinowirirana nechina mumutsetse. Tsamba dzekutanga dzechiLatin zinyorwa dzinonyorwa nerubatsiro rwepamusoro nepamapakati. Pamusoro pezvinotevera, pfungwa dzinowedzerwa maererano nehumwe urongwa: kutanga pasi inowanikwa kurudyi, saka kurudyi uye kuruboshwe, zvino ndiyo yakarurama. Iro Braille font inokubvumirawo kuti umirire nhamba, zviratidzo zvakasiyana zvemasvomhu nekushanda.

Zvinyorwa zvekugadzirwa kwechiFrench typhlo-pedagogue zvinoratidzwa zvose mukutora uye nenguva yekunyora. Mashoko akanyorwa achishandisa fonti inowanikwa neve convex points. Saizvozvowo, inofanira kushandiswa kubva kumashure kwepeji. Muchiitiko ichi, kuverenga kunowanikwa kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi, sezvinowanikwa mundima yakajeka. Nyora zvakafanana nefonti yeBraille kubva kurudyi kuenda kuruboshwe. Zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kunyora kuverenga kwemashoko pamatombo kubva kumusoro kusvika pasi. Paanonyora, ivo vakarongerwa mumutemo wakatarisa.

Braille mumutauro wepakutanga ine mapeji 64, imwe yaro inzvimbo. Nhamba yechisere inokubvumira kunyora vanhu 256 vakasiyana. Zvechokwadi, ichi chinhu chiduku zvikuru. Kazhinji, zvigadziriswa zvinoshandiswa kuburikidza nekushandisa zviratidzo zviviri, izvo zvinosanganiswa zviviri zviri nyore izvo zvine zvazvinoreva pachavo. Muchiitiko ichi, zviratidzo zvinogamuchirwa zvinowanzova nehuwandu humwechete (dzimwe nguva kusvika gumi).

Kuwanda kwezvakaitwa

Nhasi, Braille inoshandiswa munyika yose. Inoshandiswa pamitauro yakawanda, kusanganisira chiRussia. Munyika yedu, kushandiswa kwamabhuku achishandisa kushandiswa kweFrench typhlo-pedagogue kwakatanga muna 1885. Iko kune zvakasiyana-siyana zveBraille zveChinese pamwe nemitauro isingawanzoita saGarani, Tibetan uye Dzongkha.

Kubudirira kukuru kweBraille ndechokuti haana kusika nzira yekunyora uye kuverenga zvinyorwa zvebofu, asi akaita kuti zvive nyore nyore kushandisa. Izvo zvinyorwa zvakadhindwa pamashizha maererano nemamwe mitemo zvinogona kuverengwa nyore nyore ne index index imwe kana mavoko maviri. Nhanho yekuverenga i 150 mazwi paminiti. Kuenzanisira: munhu ane zviratidzo zvakajeka anokwanisa kuverenga pamhanya ema 250 mashoko panguva imwechete yenguva.

Nokudaro, tactile ruzivo rwezvisikwa zvehupenyu hazvina kukosha pane zvakaratidzwa kana zvinonzwika. Zvipfuwo, zvipembenene nemamwe mhuka dzine rubatsiro rwekubata mumhepo, shandisa hukama pakati pevanhu, kudzidza nezvengozi nezvimwe zvakadaro. Munhu ane zvishoma zvishoma ane ruzivo rwekunzwisisa, asi rutivi rwaro muupenyu hunooma kurondedzera.