Chii chinobatanidzwa mu DNA shuga? Chemical nezvigadziko DNA mamiriro

How zvinoshamisa kuona sei zvakafanana mumwe ndivo vabereki nevana. Kana, nekusiyana, rakasiyana, uye hama nehanzvadzi, uye kubva mhamha uye baba. Nei zvichiitika uye chii rinokuyeuchidza kuvimba? Ndezvipi Zvivako zviri kukonzera ndichengetedze, nenzvimbo, kuchinjwa uye kuratidzwa zviratidzo vari vana nevabereki vavo?

Kuti basa ndohwaJehovha nucleic acids kuti anoumba okutodza. Kuti ivo mamorekuru kuti nemabasa pezvakaitwa zvose chokuita yedzinza uye kushanduka. Special anozviita nokuti ichi ndohwavo DNA mamorekuru.

History of kuwanikwa nucleic acids

Kwenguva refu pamusoro mamorekuru izvi haizivikanwi. Zvisinei, muna 1869, mumwe musayendisiti pakutsvakurudza Miescher akawana musanganiswa DNA uye RNA, uye ipapo akakwanisa kumisa kuti ndevenyu acids. Akaita izvi nokudzidza ropa masero machena pus.

Kubvira ipapo yakatanga ndichibvunza kudzidza yeimwe izvi. Masayendisiti mazhinji akaedza kuona makemikari anoumba DNA uye RNA. Kuti tinzwisise hunhu hwavo, marongerwo uye hunhu zvipenyu basa. A mupiro mukuru uyu akaita nevanhu vakadai se:

• A. N. Belozersky.
• Thomas Morgan.
• K. Bridges.
• A. Meller.
• G. de Vries.
• A. Sturtevant.
• G. A. Nadson.
• A. S. Serebrovsky.
• NP Dubinin.
• TS Filippov nevamwe.

In kubva muna 1900 kusvika nhasi nayo akajekesa hunhu nucleic acids, zvemakemikari nezvigadziko DNA mamiriro, mamiriro ayo uye chaivo kukosha. Zvavakawana akaitwa, vachibvumira tifunge ichi morekuru yezvisikwa hwaro hwose upenyu.

Research mumunda genetics vakabvumira kusimbisa ukama pakati DNA uye genome okutodza, kuti decipher majini bumbiro zhinji zvipenyu. Zvakanga zvakakosha kuti kunzwisisa mhuka Unit, ayo vanoshanda zvigadziriswe.

Uyewo, makemikari anoumba ari chromosome rakazivikanwa. It Vakawana kuti hwaro - a nucleic iine acid Morekuru ane yakananga marongerwo.

DNA: mukuru unhu

Full inopangidza chidimbu zita - deoxyribonucleic acid. Pamwe ichi RNA asidhi inoreva zvinoverengeka nucleic. Vakagamuchira zita nokuda DNA ayo anopinda shuga. zita rayo - deoxyribose.

Makemikari anoumba DNA uye RNA akafanana chaizvo, musiyano sezvo nguva zvinorehwa carbohydrate Anoumba Morekuru. In RNA iri ribose.

Kazhinji, ari deoxyribonucleic iine acid morekuru miviri nezano kunzwisisa macromolecule ane samolecular kurema kwazvo uye zvakasiyana-siyana sezvamunoita. Saka, vakawanda yeimwe mufananidzo hwakajeka ane chimiro tambo mbiri, iyo zvikabatanidzwa transverse matanho - zvisungo.

Muna 1953, Chargaff nevamwe vake vakakwanisa zvakazara kuratidza womukati marongerwo uye Kuronga Morekuru, waiva mukuru kukosha yose ezvinhu zvipenyu uye nesayenzi zvavo. Zvakava pachena kuti mune shanu-kabhoni shuga zvinosanganisira DNA zvigadziko (pentose), purine uye pyrimidine nezvigadziko uye orthophosphoric asidhi residues.

Zvinoita kwete chete mamwe decipher chaizvo nemamiriro mukomboni asiwo kudzidza zvivako, mumuviri makemikari. The chaivo basa uye kukosha nokuti muviri akanga akabatwa somunhu dzinokosha, nokudenga uye akananga rimwe fuma.

makemikari anoumba

Kana maitiro yomukati mabhomba uye samolecular Kuronga nucleic asidhi mamorekuru, zvinokwanisika kuziva mhando dzakawanda inokosha yeimwe:

• pentose - deoxyribose (carbohydrate chinhu monosaccharide);
• Organic zvingoro - purine (adenine uye guanine) pyrimidine (cytosine uye thymine);
• phosphoric asidhi residues rusununguko zvisungo.

Izvi, kazhinji, zvose makemikari nezvigadziko DNA mamiriro. Chimwe chinhu ndechokuti mubatanidzwa yenhengo izvi zvose hakusi nyore, asi chinhu chisinganzwisisiki uye rakasiyana muitiro. Saka, interconnected deoxyribose, nechigadziko uye inorganic iine acid vakasara pamwe chete kuumba munhu nucleotide. Zviri mumwe nucleotide sequences, uye anovandudza yose nemamiriro Morekuru rose.

Unique ndiye kutevedzana iyo makemikari nechigadziko achapiwa raiva rimwe shure mumwe uye maringe pedyo cheni. The nucleotide kutevedzana rakavakwa maererano nheyo, mukuru pakati inova complementarity (kunyatsoteerera vafanane purine uye pyrimidine zvinoriumba). Izvi zvinobvumira munhu wese kuti majini remitemo kwayo, dzakasiyana chokuziva uye zvakadzika-yakananga.

Phenotype kunoratidzwa muchimiro mutsara maitiro akasiyana zvachose, pakuti hapana vaviri akafanana vanhu (kunze mapatya), kuti chinosiyanisa zviri chitarisiko.

Sechivako DNA rinosanganisira chero shuga?

Hwaro chero makemikari nyaya - mumwe kabhoni cheni maatomu. Morekuru reDNA hakusi kurwadziwa. Pashure vose DNA anopinda shuga, kureva, inoitwa kutevedzana kwezviitiko kabhoni maatomu shanu, kukabatanidzwa mune cyclic marongerwo. Izvi Morekuru mumwechetewo kwedzimwe ane okisijeni zambuko mukati zvinonyatsorehwa kutenderera.

Makemikari anoumba shuga kunoratidzwa zvinotevera empirical payakavakirwa: C ₅ H ₁₀ O _4. Morekuru ichi - aldopentoza dzine shanu kabhoni maatomu, wakamonyaniswa kuva loop. Uyezve, mumwe maatomu chuma panzvimbo hydroxyl boka chete rine rehydrogen, saka paiva chivakashure akadai "deoxy" iri shuga rokuti, i.e., pasina okisijeni.

Makemikari anoumba shuga yakawanikwa uye akadzidza Fibusom Lieven, uyo akazarura mamiriro rose uye namakemikari hunhu mukomboni muna 1929.

Base ari Morekuru

Organic zvigadziko vari chikamu DNA nucleic asidhi inogona rakakamurwa mapoka makuru maviri.

1. Purine - kunzwisisa hurongwa inoumbwa maviri kabhoni kutenderera - a shanu-membered matanhatu-membered. Izvi zvinosanganisira adenine uye guanine, izvo dzinopindirana kuti pyrimidine chawo rinoumbwa deoxyribonucleic acid.
2. Pyrimidine - matanhatu membered kabhoni zvindori. Izvi zvinosanganisira thymine uye cytosine.

Saka, zvinoita sokuti chikamu DNA shuga uye chawo chokuita nomumwe uye chokuita ne Links pamwe kukuru pakati phosphoric acid. All pamwe zvinoitika nucleotide. The vakawanda maumbirwo kaviri nezano morekuru reDNA nucleotides vasunge pakati pavo maererano nomurau complementarity: adenine chawo anoenderana thymine, guanine uye - cytosine.

Types kusungwa pakati zvacho

The Mhando chikuru ukama pakati chinoumba DNA hurongwa sezvinotevera:

• rehydrogen;
• polar covalent;
• intermolecular mauto kukwezvana;
• Vahan Der Waals kudyidzana.

Izvi zvinobvumira kuti kaviri nezano mamiriro zviripo conformations matatu:

• chikuru - Linear sequences ose nucleotides;
• yechipiri - mumwe helically vakamonyanisa pemavara uye inotevera mumwe maviri;
• tertiary - kunzwisisa conformational globule zvakasimba helical Morekuru.

Saka kuti chikamu DNA anopinda shuga, nechigadziko, uye asidhi residues ndiyo hwaro hwayo chivako uye ivhu kuti Implementation vanoverengeka mukukurukurirana uye inotungamirwa kwemakemikari zvisungo.

DNA ukoshi nokuti zvinenge

Pane rinokosha chaizvo pfungwa:

1. Molecules vaiona acids vanobatanidzwa mune makemikari anoumba okutodza kuti kuona kuzivikanwa zvose zvipenyu.
2. DNA - hwaro kwetunhu kunzwisisa polypeptide ngetani anokonzera Coding uye kupararira enhaka zvinoyemurika.
3. Deoxyribonucleic asidhi - umbowo transcription, i.e. chikuru RNA usage, mapuroteni vakazochinja.

pezvakaitwa kwakadaro kuitika mune zvinenge zvose. Izvi zvinobvumira mamiriro ichi rinonzi nokudenga chairema zvose zvipenyu zvose.

Replicating mamorekuru

Izvi anomirira doubling DNA Morekuru, yokuvamba nomuzvarirwo chete simba rakawanda mu zvipenyu. The chikuru chinoumba iyi - DNA polymerase, imwe enzayemu catalyzing uye nokudzora yose kwetunhu.

Kuberekana ndeyekuti kuti mumwe nomumwe tambo yacho Morekuru yakakamurwa uye kaviri ayo Linear kutevedzana. The zvichiguma muitiro unobereka itsva DNA molecules maviri nerimwe rine chete polypeptide cheni mutana, uye wechipiri matsva, zvakavakwa maererano nheyo complementarity.

Process Value - kugovera vana chaivo masero mashoko zvawo.