Mienzaniso semiconductors. Types, zvivako, mazano mafomu

Yakakurumbira ndiye semiconductor nesilicon (Si). Asi kunze kwake, pane vamwe vakawanda. Miyenzaniso dzinongoitika, zvakadai semiconductor zvinhu sezvo blende (ZnS), cuprite (cu ₂ O), galena (PbS) nevamwe vakawanda. Mhuri semiconductors, kusanganisira semiconductors akagadzirira mumarabhoritari, anomiririra zvikuru siyana makirasi zvinhu dzinozivikanwa murume.

Characterization pamusoro semiconductors

Pakati 104 zvinhu periodic table vari nesimbi 79, 25 - nonmetals umo 13 zvinoumba makemikari nhaka semiconducting zvivako uye 12 - dielectric. Main semiconductor chinhu kunoratidzwa kuti conductivity kwavo kunowedzera yekudyidzana muwanze tembiricha. Yakaderera tembiricha ivo vanorarama sezvinoita insulators, uye panguva yakakwirira - sezvo conductors. semiconductors izvi zvakasiyana simbi: simbi kuramba kunowedzera proportionally kune kuwedzera tembiricha.

Chimwe musiyano kubva semiconductor simbi ndechokuti kurwisa zviri semiconductor zvinoderedza achifuridzirwa chiedza, apo mukupera chicherwa hakuna kukanganiswa. Uyewo conductivity pamusoro semiconductors zvinosiyana kana raitongwa kuti zviduku yakawanda kumwedzi.

Semiconductors inowanikwa pakati makemikari nedzimwe sekristaro zvivako. Izvi zvingava zvinhu zvakadai nesilicon uye selenium, kana kaviri yeimwe yakadai gallium arsenide. Vazhinji Organic yeimwe, akadai polyacetylene, (CH) _N, - semiconductor zvinhu. Vamwe semiconductors kuratidza rinobva (Cd _1-X MN _X Te) kana ferroelectric ehupfumi (SbSI). Other alloying pamwe zvakakwana kuva superconductors (GeTe uye SrTiO _3). Vakawanda ichangobva kuwanikwa mukuru-tembiricha superconductors vane esimbi semiconducting danho. Somuenzaniso, La ₂ CuO ₄ ndiwo semiconductor, asi paumbwe chiwanikwa pamwe Sr anova sverhrovodnikom (La _1-X Sr _{x) 2} CuO _4.

Physics mabhuku kupa tsanangudzo sezvo semiconductor zvinhu ane zvemagetsi resistivity inobva 10 ^-4 kusvika 10 ⁷ ohms · m. Zvichida imwe nzira tsananguro. Upamhi wakarambidzwa neboka semiconductor - kubva 0 kusvika 3 vara. Nesimbi uye semimetals - a zvinhu pamwe razero simba gwanza, uye fuma iyo kwazvo W EV akadana insulators. Kune anosiyiwa. Somuenzaniso, imwe semiconductor nedhaimani ane paupamhi warambidzwa mapazi 6 vara, mumwe Semi-insulating GaAs - 1,5 vara. Gan, pfuma nokuda optoelectronic mano yebhuruu nharaunda, ane wakarambidzwa bhendi makubhiti 3.5 vara.

simba pakakoromoka

Valence orbitals kwemaatomu ari sekristaro yekamuri vanokamurwa muzvikwata zviviri simba mumatunhu - akasununguka vematunhu, rakamiswa panguva chikuru sandara, uye anosarudza magetsi conductivity pamusoro semiconductors, uye Valence bhendi, pazasi. Izvi zvese, zvichienderana symmetry ari sekristaro yekamuri marongerwo uye maatomu zvinogona piringisha kana kuti munzvimbo dzokuzororera dzaiva nepedyo. Mukupera nyaya kune simba gwanza, kana nemamwe mazwi, pakati wakarambidzwa bhendi zvikamu.

The nzvimbo uye zvinodiwa pamwero iri pakutsvaga conductive ehupfumi kwemashoko acho. Maererano chinhu ichi fuma yakakamurwa nokuda conductors, insulators, uye semiconductors. Upamhi wakarambidzwa neboka semiconductor zvinosiyana 0.01-3 vara, simba pakaputsika dielectric pane 3 vara. Nesimbi nokuda bindepinde hwesimba Makwanza siyana havasi.

Semiconductors uye insulators, mukusiyana kuti nesimbi, maerekitironi azara Valence bhendi uye pedyo vakasununguka vematunhu, kana kuti conduction bhendi, kuti Valence simba iri akakombwa akabviswa atsamwira - mugove warambidzwa masimba ose maerekitironi.

In dielectrics chafariz simba kana kunyora nezvavo yemagetsi munda hakuna kukwana kuti kusvetuka kuburikidza gwanza ichi, kuti maerekitironi havasi pasi conduction bhendi. Havakwanisi kufamba kubudikidza sekristaro yekamuri vova vatakuri Magetsi.

Kuti energize magetsi conductivity, imwe Erekitironi ari Valence pamwero vanofanira kupiwa simba, iyo yaizova zvakakwana kukurira simba pakakoromoka. Chete kana uwandu simba Absorção de Água haisi duku pane kukosha simba gwanza, achapfuura kubva Valence Erekitironi pamwero pamusoro conduction chechetere.

Pakadaro, kana upamhi simba pakakoromoka kwazvo 4 vara, conductivity semiconductor excitation irradiation kana kudziyisa kutonetsa - the excitation simba pamusoro maerekitironi panguva utsotso tembiricha hazvivakwani kusvetukira simba pakaputsika kubudikidza mapazi. Kana neshungu, asi sekristaro inonyunguduka pamberi electronic conductivity. Kwakadaro zvinhu zvinosanganisira Goldstone (De = 5,2 EV), nedhaimani (De = 5,1 EV), munyu zhinji.

Extrinsic uye mukati conductivity semiconductor

Net semiconductor crystals vane mukati conductivity. semiconductors kwakadaro mazita akakodzera. Mukati semiconductor rine akaenzana uwandu makomba uye vakasununguka maerekitironi. Kana muchidziisa mukati conductivity pamusoro semiconductors kunowedzera. Panguva dzose tembiricha, pane mamiriro simba zvakanyatsoenzana uwandu vanowanika Erekitironi-mugomba mbiri uye uwandu recombining maerekitironi uye mwena, izvo kuramba kugara pasi izvi ezvinhu.

Kuvapo nouipi yekudyidzana kunokanganisa zvemagetsi conductivity pamusoro semiconductors. Chakawedzera pavo anobvumira ichiwedzera zvikuru uwandu akasununguka maerekitironi pane vashoma makomba uye kuwedzera nhamba makomba vane vashoma maerekitironi vari conduction revarombo. Tsvina semiconductors - the conductors ane tsvina conductivity.

Netsvina zviri nyore kupa maerekitironi dzinonzi anyatsoronga. Anenge apa wacho anoderedzerwa tsvina zvingava zvine maatomu akafanana pamwe maatomu, iyo Valence mumatunhu ane zvakawanda maerekitironi pane maatomu zvitsigiro zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, phosphorus uye bismuth - mumwe nesilicon anyatsoronga tsvina.

The simba zvinodiwa kusvetuka ane Erekitironi iri conduction nharaunda, anonzi activation simba. Tsvina semiconductor vanoda yakawanda zvishoma nayo pane nechigadziko zvinhu. With zvishoma kudziyisa kana chiedza runonyanya akasunungura maerekitironi kwemaatomu okusachena semiconductors. Uise asiya atomu anotora ane Erekitironi buri. Asi Erekitironi rejeri recombination hazvirevi kutora nzvimbo. Anenge apa wacho anoderedzerwa mugomba conductivity iri kunyora nezvavo. Izvi nokuti shoma inonatsa maatomu hatibvumiri vakasununguka maerekitironi kazhinji pedyo mugomba uye kuiita. Maerekitironi dzimwe mumakomba, asi havasi kukwanisa kuzvizadzisa nokuda kukwana simba pamwero.

A zvishomanana chirungiso anyatsoronga tsvina wandei mirairo kunowedzera nhamba conduction maerekitironi richienzaniswa ne nhamba vakasununguka maerekitironi ari mukati semiconductor. Maerekitironi pano - huru vatakuri mabhomba mhosva tsvina semiconductors ose. Izvi zvinhu ndezvaJehovha N-mhando semiconductors.

Tsvina kuti ndirape maerekitironi yacho semiconductor, kuwedzera mumakomba mairi, inonzi acceptor. Acceptor netsvina zviri zvine maatomu akafanana ne vashomanana maerekitironi mu Valence pamwero kupfuura mujinga semiconductor. Boron, gallium, indium - acceptor kuchena mune nesilicon.

The zvechadenga semiconductor anotomirira ayo sekristaro mamiriro kuremara. Izvi zvinokonzera kudiwa kukura zvikuru kwakachena crystals. The parameters of semiconductor conduction raitungamirwa kuwedzera dopants. Nesilicon crystals doped pamwe phosphorus (V subgroup chaikosha) inova anyatsoronga chokusika nekristaro nesilicon N-mhando. Nokuti nekristaro aine peji-mhando nesilicon raitongwa Boron acceptor. Semiconductors ndanyarara hangu Fermi pamwero kuibvisa mukati chehondo pakakoromoka akasikwa saizvozvi.

chete-eremendi semiconductors

The inonyanya semiconductor Zvechokwadi, nesilicon. Pamwe chete Germany, aiva kumumvuri rimwe boka guru semiconductors kuti vane sekristaro zvivako zvakafanana.

Chimiro rekristaro Si uye Ge zvakafanana kuti nedhaimani uye α-gaba. It makakomba mumwe atomu 4 maatomu pedyo izvo dzinoumba tetrahedron. Kufambisa kwakadaro anonzi nguva mana. Crystals tetradricheskoy chisungo simbi muzinda nokuda zvemagetsi bhizimisi uye basa rinokosha mune yazvino. Vamwe okunze V uye VI periodic table boka zvakare semiconductors. Mienzaniso iyi mhando semiconductors - phosphorus (P), sarufa (S), selenium (Se) uye tellurium (Te). semiconductors izvi zvingava maatomu katatu (P), disubstituted (S, Se, Te) kana mana mudanga Kufambisa. Somugumisiro kwakadaro zvinhu zvinogona kuvapo muna dzakasiyana crystalline zvivako, uye gadzirira muchimiro girazi. Somuenzaniso, Se dzabudapo monoclinic uye trigonal sekristaro ezvirevo kana somunhu hwindo (iro rinogona anoonekwa somunhu polymer).

- Diamond ane kwazvo chafariz conductivity, chakanakisisa zvemaziso uye Manyiminya zvivako, matunhu zvokuimba simba. Upamhi simba pakakoromoka - Dhe = 5,47 vara.

- nesilicon - semiconductor kushandiswa masero rezuva, uye amorphous chimiro, - mune mutete-firimu yokutenderera zuva masero. It ndiyo inoshandiswa semiconductor rezuva masero, nyore kugadzira, ane zvakanaka zvemagetsi uye nomuviri zvivako. De = 1,12 vara.

- negermanium - semiconductor yaishandiswa wegamma-ray Spectroscopy, mukuru kuita kwezuva masero. Anoshandiswa vokutanga diodes uye transistors. Zvinoda zvishoma kuchenesa pane nesilicon. De = 0,67 vara.

- Selenium - a semiconductor, iro rinoshandiswa selenium rectifiers kuva mukuru nemwaranzi kurwisa uye anokwanisa kuporesa pacharo.

Two-eremendi yeimwe

Properties pakati Semiconductors vakaumba zvinhu 3 uye 4 periodic mapoka tafura kufanana ehupfumi pakati yeimwe 4 mapoka. Kuchinja kubva mumapoka 4 zvinhu kuti kungatowedzera 3-4 Gr. Inoita kukurukura pamwe nekuti Ionic mutariri chokufambisa maerekitironi kubva atomu kuti atomu 3 Group 4 Group. Ionicity anoshandura ehupfumi ose semiconductors. Chinokonzera nokuwedzera Coulomb simba uye Ion-Ion kudyidzana simba pakakoromoka Erekitironi bhendi mamiriro. MUENZANISO binary yeimwe iyi mhando - indium antimonide, InSb, gallium arsenide GaAs, gallium antimonide GaSb, indium phosphide InP, aruminiyamu antimonide AlSb, gallium phosphide pakakoromoka.

Ionicity kunowedzera uye kukosha dzaro dzinowanda zvikuru mapoka yeimwe 2-6 yeimwe, akadai cadmium selenide, zingi sulfide, cadmium sulfide, cadmium telluride, zingi selenide. Somugumisiro, vakawanda yeimwe mapoka 2-6 warambidzwa bhendi kupfuura 1 vara, kunze nemekiyuri yeimwe. Mercury Telluride - pasina simba gwanza semiconductor, Semi-metal, kufanana α-gaba.

Semiconductors mapoka 2-6 ane hombe simba pakakoromoka kuwana kushandiswa pakugadzira lasers uye anoratidza. Binary mapoka 6 2- remubatanidzwa ane kujekesa pakakoromoka simba yakakodzera michini vagamuchiri. Binary yeimwe kuti zvinhu mapoka 1-7 (cuprous bromide CuBr, weAgi sirivha iodide, mhangura chloride CuCl) nokuda mukuru ionicity vane vakwanise bandgap W vara. Vanoita kwete chaizvoizvo semiconductors, uye insulators. Crystal kukura yakanyatsoti simba nokuda Coulomb interionic kusakarongeka hwezvekukurukurirana yokuronga patsva maatomu munyu pamwe yechitanhatu kuti, panzvimbo quadratic batanidza. Compounds mapoka 4-6 - sulfide, kutungamirira telluride, tini sulfide - sezvo semiconductors. Ionicity izvi zvinhu kunosimudzirawo paumbwe sixfold Kufambisa. Zvakawanda ionicity kwete runosanganisirawo kusashandisa kuvapo vane nhete chaizvo bhendi pakakoromorwa, vanogona kushandiswa pakugamuchira michini nemwaranzi. Gallium nitride - remubatanidzwa mapoka 3-5 ne navanopinda simba mukaha, kuwana kushanda mu semiconductor lasers uye chiedza-emitting diodes kushanda zvitema chikamu chakarondedzera.

- GaAs, gallium arsenide - iri kudiwa pashure rechipiri nesilicon semiconductor inowanzoshandiswa senzira substrate nedzimwe conductors Somuenzaniso, GaInNAs uye InGaAs, muna setodiodah michini, mukuru maitikiro transistors uye ICs, zvikuru basa zuva masero, Laser diodes, michina ine mushonga yenyukireya. De = 1,43 vara, izvo anovandudza simba mano achienzaniswa nesilicon. Pfava, rine zvakawanda tsvina zvakaoma kugadzira.

- ZnS, zingi sulfide - zingi munyu rehydrogen sulphide pamwe wakarambidzwa bhendi munyika dzine uye 3,54 3,91 vara, anoshandiswa lasers uye somunhu phosphor.

- SnS, tini sulfide - semiconductor zvaishandiswa photoresistors uye photodiodes, DE = 1,3 uye 10 vara.

oxides

The simbi oxides zvinganaka changa insulators, asi pane kusaina. Mienzaniso iyi mhando semiconductors - nickel oxide, mhangura oxide, cobalt oxide, mhangura dioxide, simbi oxide, europium oxide, zingi oxide. Sezvo mhangura yakasviba ariko sezvo zvicherwa cuprite, ehupfumi ayo akanga akadzidza kuzviita. Zvinofanira kurima ichi mhando semiconductor haisati pachena zvachose, saka avo kushandiswa richiri shoma. An Kunze ndiko zingi oxide (ZnO), mukomboni mapoka 2-6, rinoshandiswa sezvo transducer uye kugadzirwa namira matepi uye plasters.

The ezvinhu akachinja zvinoshamisa pashure superconductivity rakaonekwa muna yeimwe yakawanda ndarira okisijeni. Yokutanga mukuru tembiricha superconductor kuvhura Bednorz uye Muller, akanga mukomboni semiconductor yakavakirwa La ₂ CuO _4, simba pakaputsika 2 vara. Dzinomiririra divalent trivalent lanthanum, barium kana strontium, akasuma kupinda semiconductor mutariri vatakuri maburi. Kugona anodiwa buri wevasungwa anoita La ₂ CuO ₄ superconductor. Panguva ino, soro tembiricha kuti yezwi superconducting wehurumende runobva vabve vanzwa HgBaCa ₂ Cũ ₃ O _8. Panguva yakakwirira kumanikidzwa, mutengo waro 134 K.

ZnO, zingi oxide varistor rinoshandiswa, chiedza-emitting yebhuruu diodes, gasi sensors, utachiona sensors, coatings mahwindo kuratidza chiedza michini, sezvo nemunhu ari LCD anoratidza uye kwezuva mabhatiri. De = 3,37 vara.

layered crystals

Double yeimwe kufanana diiodide kutungamirira, gallium selenide uye molybdenum disulphide kusiyana layered sekristaro mamiriro. The akaturikidzana vari covalent zvisungo zviri yakawanda simba, akasimba zvikuru kupfuura Van Der Waals zvisungo pakati akaturikidzana pachavo. Semiconductors kwakadaro mhando anonakidza nokuti maerekitironi ingozvibatai akaturikidzana ane quasi maviri-dimensional. Kusakarongeka pakati akaturikidzana dzinoshandurwa nokusuma kunze maatomu - intercalation.

Mos _2, molybdenum disulfide inoshandiswa dzakakwirira kakawanda michina, rectifiers, memristor, transistors. De = 1,23 uye 1.8 vara.

Organic semiconductors

Mienzaniso semiconductors nemhaka Organic yeimwe - naphthalene, polyacetylene (CH _{2) N,} anthracene, polydiacetylene, ftalotsianidy, polyvinylcarbazole. Organic semiconductors vane paanopfuura non-makemikari: vava nyore kupa achida yepamusoro. Zvinhu pamwe Conjugate zvisungo vanoumba -C = C-C = nhaka nouchapupu Manyiminya asiri linearity uye, nokuda ichi, mune optoelectronics rikashandiswa. Uyezve, simba bhendi pakakoromoka makemikari semiconductor remubatanidzwa wenyika nzira zvinosiyana shanduko kuti nyore kupfuura kwakajairika semiconductors. Crystalline allotropes pamusoro kabhoni fullerenes, graphene, nanotubes - uyewo semiconductors.

- Fullerene ane chivakwa ari muchimiro namahwindo convex polyhedron ugleoroda kunyange nhamba kwemaatomu. A doping fullerene C ₆₀ ane alkali simbi kunochinja ndokuita superconductor.

- graphite kabhoni monoatomic rukoko aumbwa, kwakabatana nenzira mbiri-dimensional hexagonal napamahwindo. Record ane conductivity uye Erekitironi mufambo, High Rigidity

- Nanotubes vari anokungurutsirwa munzvimbo kumicheto graphite ndiro ane dhayamita pamusoro nanometers anoverengeka. mhando aya kabhoni vane vimbiso zvikuru nanoelectronics. Zvichienderana coupling kungava esimbi kana semiconductor unhu.

rinobva semiconductors

Compounds vane simba rinonzi magnetic ions ose europium uye manganese vane kuziva rinobva uye semiconducting zvivako. Mienzaniso iyi mhando semiconductors - europium sulfide, selenide europium uye yakasimba zvinogadzirisa, zvakadai Cd _1-X MN _X Te. The zviri rinobva ions zvakunoita zvose zvinhu kuratidza rinobva ehupfumi akadai ferromagnetism uye antiferromagnetism. Semimagnetic semiconductors - kwakaoma rinobva semiconductors zvinogadzirisa ane simba rinonzi magnetic ions zvishoma yevasungwa. zvingaitwa zvikukutu zvakadaro atambudzwe tarisiro yako uye zvinogona guru zvichibvira mafomu. Somuenzaniso, mukusiyana kune vasiri rinobva semiconductors, vanogona kusvika miriyoni nguva hombe Faraday kutenderera.

Strong magnetooptical Migumisiro rinobva semiconductors kubvumira kushandisa kwavo Manyiminya vachisiyanisa inzwi. Perovskites, kufanana MN _0,7 Ca _0,3 O _3, ehupfumi ayo anopfuura simbi-semiconductor sanduko, izvo zvakananga kuvimba remagineti zvabuda ari Chiitiko kuti hofori magneto-resistivity. Ivo zvinoshandiswa redhiyo, Manyiminya mano, izvo zvinodzorwa nevanhu remagineti, mumwe microwave waveguide namano.

semiconductor ferroelectrics

Izvi mhando crystals kunoratidzwa nokuvapo kwavo nguva yemagetsi uye panowanikwa vaingoerekana polarization. Somuenzaniso, nzvimbo dzakadaro semiconductors atungamirire titanate PbTiO _3, barium titanate BaTiO _3, germanium telluride, GeTe, netini telluride SnTe, iyo yakaderera tembiricha vane ferroelectric ehupfumi. zvinhu izvi zvinoshandiswa nonlinear Manyiminya, piezoelectric sensors uye ndangariro namano.

A siyana semiconductor nezvinhu

Kuwedzera semiconductor zvinhu zvinotaurwa pamusoro, pane vamwe vakawanda kuti murege kuwira pasi rimwe pakubhadhara izvi. Compounds ose fomura 1-3-5 nezvinhu ₂ (AgGaS ₂₎ uye 2-4-5 ₂ (ZnSiP ₂₎ kuumba chalcopyrite sekristaro mamiriro. Contact tetrahedral yeimwe zvineringanidzo semiconductors 3-5 uye mapoka 2-6 ane zingi blende sekristaro mamiriro. Compounds izvo vanoumba semiconductor zvinhu 5 uye mapoka 6 (akafanana Sezvo ₂ Se _3), - the semiconductor muchimiro sekristaro kana negirazi. Chalcogenides ose bismuth uye namavara akanaka zvinoshandiswa semiconductor thermoelectric emagetsi. The ehupfumi kwaiita semiconductor zvichiratidza chaizvo, asi havana akawana mukurumbira nokuda shoma kushanda. Zvisinei, chokwadi chokuti zviripo, kunosimbisa kuvapo asati kuongororwa zvakazara munda semiconductor wefizikisi.