Mhuka muvhu. ivhu vagere zvavo kwadzakabva zvakatipoteredza

Redu akaumba mana makuru anoshongwa: mhepo, hydrosphere, biosphere uye lithosphere. Vose vari pedyo pedyo interconnected sevamiririri biospheric pasi mumuhara - mhuka, zvinomera, tupukanana tusingaoneki - hahugoni kuvapo pasina nokuumba zvinhu zvakadai semvura uye oxygen.

Uyewo lithosphere, ivhu pakavha uye zvimwe zvakadzama akaturikidzana, haagoni kurarama ari ega. Pasinei hatigoni kuona pamwe kusimira ziso, ivhu iri nevakabva dzine chaizvo. Izvo chete kurarama venyama mairi haagari! Kufanana chero zvipenyu, ivo vanoda mvura uye mhepo.

Chii mhuka muivhu? Sei sei inotungamirwa kwayo uye sei kuti kujairana ezvinhu ichi? On mibvunzo iyi nemimwe tinoedza kupindura munyaya ino.

Ndezvipi ivhu?

Ivhu - ndiko chete okumusoro, kudzika chaizvo rukoko vanoumba ari lithosphere. udzamu Its anoenda kumativi 1-1.5 m. Zvadaro anotanga yakasiyana zvachose rukoko umo kuerera pasi.

Ndiko, okumusoro rakaorera rukoko ivhu - ndicho ugaro chaizvo nzvimbo dzakasiyana maumbirwo, makuriro uye nzira zvinenge zvokudya uye zvirimwa. Ivhu ndiwo dzinogarisana mhuka mupfumi chaizvo uye siyana.

Ichi STRUCTURAL chikamu lithosphere zvinosiyana. Paumbwe ivhu rukoko anoenderana zvinhu zvakawanda, zvikurukuru pamusoro ambient ezvinhu kwezvakatipoteredza. Naizvozvo, mhando ivhu (topsoil) Uyewo anosiyana:

1. Podzolic uye pevhu-podzolic.
2. Black pasi.
3. Pevhu.
4. Bog.
5. Podzolic-deveteve.
6. Malts.
7. Floodplain.
8. Salt marshes.
9. Gray dondo-inowanzorimwa.
10. Salt inonanzva.

kupatsanura ichi kunopiwa chete akananga Russia. Mune dzimwe nyika, makondinendi, dzimwe nyika pane dzimwe mhando nevhu (jecha, ivhu, kweArctic achinaya mvura, manyowa, uye zvichingodaro).

Uyewo, vose ivhu zvinosiyana munzvimbo makemikari anoumba, unyoro uye mhepo saturation. zviratidzi izvi dzinosiyana uye kuvimba dzinoverengeka ezvinhu (somuenzaniso, zvinokanganisawo mhuka muvhu, izvo dzichakurukurwa pazasi).

Sei ivhu uye chinovabatsira izvi?

Kwakatangira ivhu atungamirire kubvira nechitarisiko upenyu pasi redu. Ndicho paumbwe kurarama hurongwa akatanga zvishoma, kuramba inotungamirwa uye kuzvipira ataurazve ivhu substrates.

Kubva musi pachena ichi, zvipenyu nezvaanoita ivhu inotungamirwa. Chii? Zvikurukuru, basa iri voga kubudiswa Organic zvinhu zviri muvhu, uye vapfume aro chicherwa zvinhu. Ndirwowo kusunungura uye kuvandudza aeration. Very zvakanaka nezvazvo muna 1763 akanyora M. V. Lomonosov. Ndiye wokutanga akataura mashoko okuti ivhu achiumbwa nokuda rufu zvipenyu.

Kuwedzera mabasa vakatakura mhuka uye zvinomera muvhu pamusoro pechiso, rinokosha chaizvo chinokonzera paumbwe topsoil ndiye dombo. Hazvina kubva mhando dzavo kazhinji kuvimba rwevhu.

Kukonzera uye abiotic zvinhu :

• chiedza;
• mwando;
• tembiricha.

Somugumisiro, matombo kupatsanurwa nokupesvedzera abiotic zvinhu uye kurarama zvigare zviri ivhu anoora mhuka uye chirimwa anoramba, vachichinja makemikari zvinhu zviri zvicherwa. Izvi zvinoguma imwe rukoko ivhu rakaorera mhando. Panyaya iyi, mhuka kuti kurarama pasi muvhu (semuenzaniso, honye, nematodes, moles) kugovera aeration wayo, kureva, okisijeni saturation. Izvi zvinoitwa kusunungura uye kuramba kubudiswa ivhu inoramba.

Mhuka uye miti pamwe chete kupa ivhu makemikari nyaya. Tupukanana tusingaoneki, majemusi, uye unicellular notumwe algae zvinhu chinogadzirwa uye mudzoke kunyika aida muchimiro chicherwa zvinhu. Honye, nematodes nedzimwe mhuka zvakare vakayambuka pavhu nezvimedu, nokudaro pokubatana makemikari fetiraiza - vermicompost.

The mhedziso ndechokuti nevhu vari aumba kubva pamabwe somugumisiro refu nhoroondo nguva nokupesvedzera abiotic zvinhu uye rubatsiro akapa mhuka uye zvirimwa kurarama nazvo.

Ivhu asingaoneki nyika

A rakakura basa kwete paumbwe ivhu, asiwo muupenyu zvimwe zvose zvipenyu kuridza zvisikwa dukuduku kuti vanoumba nyika asingaoneki rose ivhu. Ndiani zvinosanganisira?

Chokutanga, chete-celled algae, uye hunokuvadza. Howa vangazivikanwa Chytridiomycetes madhipatimendi, Deuteromycetes uye dzimwe vamiririri Zygomycetes. Seaweed zvinofanira kucherechedzwa fitoedafonov anomiririra manyoro uye zvitema-girini algae. The zvachose uremu rezvisikwa izvi musi 1 hectare ivhu iri vanenge 3100 makirogiramu.

Chechipiri, hwakawanda Micro-zvinenge, mabhakitiriya uye mhuka idzi muvhu, sezvo iri nyore. The zvachose guru yokurarama hurongwa 1 ha ivhu iri vanenge 3100 makirogiramu. The chikuru basa chete-celled zvinenge ipfupi kuti kubudiswa uye manyowa pane makemikari residues zvinomera nemhuka mavambo.

Vakawanda kubva zvipenyu izvi zvinosanganisira:

• rotifers;
• mites;
• amoeba;
• centipedes symphyla;
• ProTour;
• springtails;
• diplura;
• zvitema-mitema algae;
• girini unicellular algae.

Chii mhuka muivhu?

To vagere ivhu invertebrates ndedzinotevera:

1. Small crustaceans (Crustacea) - vanenge 40 makirogiramu / ha
2. Zvipembenene dzavo mazana - 1,000 makirogiramu / ha
3. Nematodes uye roundworms - 550 makirogiramu / ha
4. Hozhwa uye slugs - 40 makirogiramu / ha

mhuka dzakadaro kuti muivhu, zvinokosha chaizvo. ukoshi yavo pakutsvaga kukwanisa kupfuura rimwe ivhu nemavhinga uye saturate navo Organic zvinhu, pova vermicompost. basa ravo kuti kusunungura ivhu, Kusimudzira okisijeni saturation uye ndinosika voids izvo akazara mhepo uye mvura, nokudaro kunatsiridza uye kuorera yokumusoro zvevhu rukoko.

Funga mhuka muivhu. Vanogona rakakamurwa mhando mbiri:

• vagari zvachose;
• garei.

For zvachose vagari vertebrate mhuka, rinomiririra mhuka nyika ivhu, muri Chidembo makonzo, Chidembo voles, zokor uye marsupial moles. kukosha kwavo kuramba zvitengeswa ngetani, nokuti vazadza ivhu tumbuyu, hozhwa, clams, slugs, uye zvichingodaro. Uye zvinorehwa rechipiri - anochera refu uye ichitenderera ndima, vachibvumira ivhu wetted uye vafumiswa pamwe okisijeni.

Temporary vagere, anomirira Fauna of ivhu, kurishandisa chete kwenguva utiziro, sezvo mutemo, sezvo nzvimbo akarara mazana avo uye amatura. mhuka idzi dzinosanganisira:

• inosvetuka;
• squirrels;
• chamatebwe;
• zvipembenene;
• mapete;
• dzimwe nemakonzo.

Adaptations ivhu vagari

Kurarama wakaoma ezvinhu, ivhu, mhuka vanofanira zvinoverengeka anokosha adaptations. Pashure pezvose zvinoitwa svikiro makobvu, vakaoma uye malokislorodnaya chaiko. Uyezve, hapana chiedza zvachose, kunyange pane mwero yakawanda mvura. Sezvingatarisirwa, unofanira kukwanisa kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu akadai.

Naizvozvo, mhuka muivhu pamusoro nguva (mukufamba shanduka pezvakaitwa) vawana zvinotevera zviri:

• hukuru zvikuru kwazvo kuzadza duku dzezvimwe pakati ivhu nezvimedu pachavo ikoko uye vakasununguka anzwe (utachiona, majemusi, mabhakitiriya, rotifers, crustaceans);
• Usazviomesera muviri uye simba chaizvo musculature - Vachabatsirwa kufamba muvhu (uye segmented kumativi makonye);
• kwaniso yekubata okisijeni zvazvichanyungudutswa mvura kana kufema yose muviri pamusoro (utachiona, nematodes);
• upenyu kutenderera raiumbwa larval pachikuva, panguva iyo kunoda kana chiedza kana mwando, kana simba (zvipembenene mazana, siyana zvipembenene);
• mhuka makuru vane adaptations muchimiro burrowing Mbabvu simba ne simba nenzara kuti nyore kumedura kuburikidza refu uye ichitenderera tunnels pevhu (moles, shrews, chamatebwe zvichingodaro);
• mune mhuka kunokudziridzwa kunhuhwidza asi anenge asisipo chiratidzo zvakanaka (moles zokor, Chidembo makonzo, spepushonki);
• streamlined muviri chimiro, munhu gobvu, compressed, pamwe zvakasimba-kwakakodzera pfupi omarara mbava.

mano zvose izvi kusika zvakanaka zvinhu kuitira kuti mhuka muvhu vanonzwa pasina kupfuura avo kuti vararame pasi-mhepo ezvinhu, uye zvichida kunyange nani.

Basa zvakatipoteredza mapoka ivhu vagari zvakasikwa

Mapoka makuru kwezvakatipoteredza ivhu vagari kuonekwa:

1. Geobionty. Vamiririri boka iri - imhuka idzo ivhu wechigarire yokugara. It anoenda zvose zvavo upenyu kutenderera pavanoparidza inokosha hunokosha kwendangariro. Mienzaniso: earthworms, mnogohvostki, tailless, diplura, protura.
2. Geophiles. boka iri zvinosanganisira mhuka idzo ivhu substrate nokusungwa panguva imwe maitikiro waro upenyu kutenderera. Somuenzaniso: ari pupae rezvipembenene mhashu, zvipembenene zhinji, weevils, umhutu.
3. Geox. Environmental boka remhuka idzo ivhu - pfupi pokugara, utiziro, nzvimbo nedzokuisa uye maberekero. Mienzaniso: Vazhinji zvipembenene, tumbuyu, zvose mhuka burrowing.

The muunganidzwa yose mhuka neimwe boka chinhu chinokosha zvinonyatsorehwa yokuchengetera cheni. Uyezve, kugona kwavo kuti vararame anosarudza kunaka ivhu, avo samoobnovlyaemost uye kubereka. Saka, basa ravo rinokosha zvikuru, kunyanya munyika yanhasi, apo kurima kunokonzera ivhu ichikura murombo, leached uye salting panze vakadhakwa kwemakemikari fetiraiza, mishonga yezvipembenene uye sora. Animals ivhu inobatsira kuti zvikuru nokukurumidza uye zvakasikwa patsva rakaorera rukoko pashure kwazvo zvemaziso uye namakemikari kurwiswa kwevanhu murume.

Kukurukurirana zvinomera, mhuka uye ivhu

ivhu nemhuka kwete chete ndivo interconnected kuumba chakajairika biocenosis dzavo zvitengeswa ngetani uye zvipenyu niches. Kutaura zvazviri, zvose zviripo zvinomera, mhuka uye Micro-zvinenge munyaya imwe denderedzwa upenyu. Zvisinei, sezvo inesungano nzvimbo dzose. Heuno muenzaniso nyore achienzanisira ukama ichi.

Uswa Mafuro uye minda zvokudya mhuka yenyika. Avo, akavapindurawo, vanoshumira sezvokudya mabviro nezvikara. Zvakasara uswa uye Organic zvinhu kuti zvinobviswa tsvina yose mhuka, muvhu. Pano, nokuti mhaka vakagamuchira tusingaoneki nezvipembenene, zvinova detritus. Ndivo vakasara vose yaora uye dzikwanise zvicherwa, yakakodzera Absorção de Água miti. Saka, zvinomera kuwana kwavo zvakakodzera zvinoriumba kuti kukura.

In nevhu rakawanda iyi Micro-zvinenge nezvipembenene, rotifers, zvipembenene, mazana, nehonye uye zvichingodaro kuva zvokudya mumwe, uye saka mukuru chikamu rose rive Network.

Saka, zvinoita sokuti mhuka kuti muivhu, uye zvirimwa kuti vanogara panyika, vane nevakawanda pfungwa mharadzano, uye kushamwaridzana mumwe kuumba chimwe vakawanda kuwirirana uye simba rezvakasikwa.

Poor nevhu uye avo vageremo

Akadana murombo ivhu, izvo akaramba akafumurwa murume. Construction, kurima, abudise, nyika reclamation - izvi zvose pakupedzisira inotungamirira kuti impoverishment ivhu. Chii vagari vanokwanisa kurarama mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro? Zvinosuruvarisa, kwete vakawanda. Chinonyanya tichitsungirira Vagari pevhu ndivo utachiona, zvimwe maprotozoa, zvipembenene dzavo mazana. Mhuka, honye, nematodes, mhashu, madandaude, crustaceans mu nevhu izvi hazvigoni kurarama, saka akafa kana kusiya.

Kureva ivhu murombo, umo pasi zviri Organic uye chicherwa zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, chinja. Iyi nzvimbo chaiyo iyo vamwe zvinenge vanogara namano avo. Kana, somuenzaniso, zvakasimba acidic uye sesaline nevhu dzinewo chete dzakananga vagari.

Kudzidza ivhu mhuka pachikoro

School of Zoologie kosi asingagoveri nokudzidza ivhu nemhuka ari oga chidzidzo. Kakawanda, zviri chete muchidimbu, munzvimbo akapoteredza musoro.

Zvisinei, muna chikoro chepuraimari pane zvakadai chinhu se "nyika kunze". Mhuka muvhu vari kudzidza mukati yechinangwa nezvenyaya iyi zvakawanda. Mashoko anotaurwa maererano zera vana. Kids kutaura siyana, basa zvakasikwa uye munhu ezvoupfumi basa, airidza nezvikara muvhu. 3 Kurovedza kirasi - zvikuru yakakodzera zera ichi. Vana vakadzidza zvakakwana kudzidza zvimwe mazwi, uye nokudaro tine nyota zvikuru kuti ruzivo, kuti kuziva nharaunda, kudzidza zvakasikwa uye vaigaramo.

The chikuru ndechokuti kuita zvidzidzo anonakidza, asiri mureza, uyewo mashoko, uye ipapo vana soka zivo takafanana nechipanji, kusanganisira pamusoro pavagere ivhu kwezvakatipoteredza.

Mienzaniso yemhuka kuti muivhu zvakatipoteredza

Zvinogona pfupi list, iyo kunoratidza mukuru ivhu vagari. Chokwadi, kuti zvakakwana vanokundikana nokuti pane zvakawanda kudaro! Zvisinei, chikuru vamiririri kuedza kuzodana.

Animals ivhu - mazita:

• rotifers, mites, mabhakitiriya, majemusi, uye crustaceans;
• madandaude, mhashu, tumbuyu, zvipembenene, millipedes, woodlice, slugs, hozhwa;
• earthworms, nematodes nezvimwe roundworms;
• moles, Chidembo makonzo, Chidembo voles, zokor;
• inosvetuka, gophers, chamatebwe, mbeva, Chipmunks.