Mhando zvinhu - mberi uye regressive: mienzaniso

Nhasi, anenge munhu wose akatarisana zuva nezuva pfungwa "zvinhu." It atova yaizivikanwa shoko rinonzwika kubva mumiromo enyika, redhiyo uye TV presenters, uye nguva dzose inobudisa mumabhuku, vezvenhau uye kumwewo. Chii pfungwa unomiririra uye chii ayo mhando?

Musimboti pfungwa

Shoko "kuchinja" rinobva muchiLatin «reformare», rinoreva "kuchinja." Rinoratidza pfungwa kuchinja kana kuchinja chero paruzhinji muitiro kana chinhu, mabhora zvoupenyu paruzhinji. Zvichienderana ari kuchinja nhau kukura.

Tichifunga munzvimbo dziri pasi kuchinja, muudze mhando akasiyana zvinhu. Kazhinji, chiitiko ichi muna wawo zvose uye kuratidzwa chinhu chinodiwa muitiro okukura nzanga uye mamiriro, kunyange kana acho vari kunaka. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kuchinja - kazhinji Maitikiro acho zvinoitika mukati imwe nyika uye ayo ezvematongerwo enyika, magariro evanhu kana zvoupfumi.

Mark munhoroondo

Maererano simba rayo pamusoro kosi nhoroondo uye kukura munyika inotevera marudzi kuchinja:

• Progressive - kuchinja izvi kunotoreva kuvandudzika, nani chero nzvimbo upenyu, kana yose hurongwa. Somuenzaniso, vanhu abolition pakati serfdom kwakatungamirira chinokosha nani muupenyu zvevoruzhinji. Progressive okuchinja vane pesvedzero inobatsira zvoupfumi, kurarama mitemo uye munzanga zvakanaka, uyewo zvimwe zviratidzo, zvichienderana kutsanangurwa mufambiro wavo.

• Regression - kuchinja kuti kunotoreva Kushatiswa hurongwa uye zvivako, achideredza mararamiro kana zvimwe migumisiro kunaka munzanga. Somuenzaniso, pakatanga soro mitero kunogona kutungamirira rutapudzo mukurima, kuchinja hwenyika iri dzinonzi "mumvuri basa", Kuipa mitemo yavapenyu.

Regressive okuchinja kunogona kuva evanhu mhirizhonga, mhirizhonga, nenjodzi. Asi, pasinei nezvose zvakaipa, zviyero akadaro dzimwe nguva kumanikidzwa uye zvadaro kupa zvakanaka mugumisiro. Somuenzaniso, kuwedzera mari kana mutero kuitira kusimbisa evanhu kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu pakutanga zvinokonzera yakawanda yakakurumbira nokutsamwa, asi kana maitiro anoita chose uye vanhu Uchanzwa zvakanaka zvine chokuita nokuchinja, mufaro kuchanyarara, uye updating kubatsirawo pamusoro mararamiro vemunyika.

mirayiro

Mhando shanduko mune mabhora ose chikumbiro zvikuru yakakura. Political Kusimbisa nokuchinja imwe nzvimbo. Somuenzaniso, kutendeuka sarudzo gadziriro kana utungamiriri mamiriro. Economic kunotoreva kuchinja zvoupfumi mabasa nyika kana dzimwe mamiriro ezveupfumi. Social rakaitirwa kuti mutsaure muupenyu zvavo.

Ichi Generic izwi kuti angasanganisira zvinoverengeka zvakajeka zvinhu. Heino mienzaniso mishomanana:

• Constitutional kuchinja - kuchinja huru gwaro munyika, ichipa kuchinja simba nemamiriro kana dzinokosha yemabasa ayo. Rinoreva ezvematongerwo bhora.

• Agrarian kuchinja - kuchinja zvokurima zvinoitwa munyika. It kungareva kutsigirwa mamiriro zvekutepfenyura hwenyika kana vakutarisire tightening zvinodiwa nemitemo. Rinoreva zvoupfumi bhora.
• Educational kuchinja - kuchinja mukurovedza mugadziriro. Zvingaita dzinesungano vose yepamusoro hurongwa Kutarisira zvivako (zviga reBazi Redzidzo), uye zvatichakurukura (pre-kuchikoro masangano, zvikoro, kumayunivhesiti, mumakoreji, etc.). Rinoreva evanhu bhora.

Muenzaniso unoshamisa munyika nhoroondo

kuchinja Khrushchev pane zveupfumi kuitwa 50-60s wekupedzisira remakore aiva simba zvikuru pakuzadzisa nyika rose uye ayo munhu kumatunhu. Chinonyanya kukosha utsanzi aiva weboka yose nharaunda hupfumi yaiona kumatunhu nehurumende yavo, takaberekwa tine imwe kumbonyanya yakafara masimba.

Uyewo, kuchinja inokosha inogona kunzi kurwadziswa ari Stalin unhu kapoka, izvo zvakasimbisa itsva maonero nyika yavo uye yose zvayo, uye akaita kufarira kukuru munyika munharaunda.

Asi kuti aiva kutanga kuchinja, vakatevera vamwe zvakaenzana chinokosha chete. Somuenzaniso, mashoko agrarian kuchinja akanga zvainanga kukura munyika itsva nenharaunda yavo kubudiswa uye kwadzakabva zvinodiwa zvokurima. Zviitwa izvi wabereka inokosha mugumisiro: kuwedzera goho, kukura maindasitiri chokuita agrarian zvekutepfenyura uye nevamwe.

Economic Khrushchev kuti kuchinja akafukidza uye pave nesayenzi zvinogona, uye kuwedzera kugadzirwa vanokwanisa renyika uye zvakawanda. Vakasiya inokosha zvikuru chavangayeukwa uye yekudyidzana akamutsa mararamire vemo, kunyange vakanga nemigumisiro yakanaka kwete chete.

mienzaniso vatorwa

Types munzanga zvinhu vamakumi, uye mienzaniso kwavari, zvakare, nhamba yakakura. Chimwe chezvinhu unoshamisa kuchinja munhoroondo ano ndivo avo vakatakudzwa kubva muna Georgia.

Over pfupi nguva yave akaderedza mamiriro midziyo, Yokudzidza kunyoresa nzira uye mabhizimisi, zvachose vakavakazve hurongwa evanhu wakadini uye zvoutano. Somugumisiro zvinhu izvi, Georgia akapa mabasa kwazvo pamusoro pakurwisa uori, kuti wedzimba akaratidza kukura uye chinokosha nani zvinodiwa pakurarama.

chinokosha mhando

Nokuti Hurongwa kupora, Kudzikamiswa pamusoro Gengi kana Transitional nguva panguva Implementation dzimwe hurumende shanduko chiitiko inowanzoshandiswa sezvo kunhaka kuti usapinde zvinhu. With chokushandisa ichi, unogona kubudirira containment kuti mitengo uye tisanyanya Migumisiro upfumi kudzikira.

Kupfuura akajeka uye zvaizivikanwa vakawanda mienzaniso mari zvinhu isangano rechitendero (akawedzera mari dzakabatana pasina kuchinja zita ravo), nullification (kupedzisa "itangezve yezvinhu" - pakatanga currency mutsva kutsiva yakare) uye kuderedza (rutapudzo of wechipfuwo mari pachinhu mari dzimwe nyika muzvikamu).

Danho rinotevera

Achiratidza, zvinokosha kuziva chinhu chinokosha kuti zvinenge siyana zvinhu, kana zvazvinokonzera vane inokanganisa upenyu hwevanhu, vaizongoguma kutungamirira zvikuru kusarudza uye kukurumidza pachake shanduko. Fani iyi inonzi chimurenga. Nekuti kuchinja izvi havasi hwakaitwa neHurumende uye vanhu, uye kazhinji havana zvakajeka zvinangwa uye inongova Mugumisiro kusafara uye pamigumisiro kunogona nezvimwewo.