Mhando lexical zvichirehwa mashoko mumutauro weRussia

Munyaya ino tikatarisa mhando lexical zvichirehwa mashoko uye kupa avo yakakurumbira kupatsanura akasikwa V. V. Vinogradovym.

Chii lexical zvinoreva?

Sezvatinoziva, pane mashoko maviri anoreva - zvivakamutauro uye lexical. Uye kana zvivakamutauro zvazvinoreva husingaoneki uye kuri mumashoko vakawanda mashoko, lexical nguva dzose nomumwe.

Lexical zvinoreva vanonzi wakaiswa mupfungwa mutauro nhau relatedness zvinhu kana mananara chaicho neumwe ruzha vamapoka mutauro yakaoma. Kureva lexical zvinoreva kuchireva, cho mumwe shoko.

We funga zvino, pahwaro iyo mhando secrete lexical zvichirehwa mashoko. Zvino funga kumwe dzakakurumbira classifications.

Mhando lexical zvarinoreva

Kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro kuwirirana mashoko akasiyana-siyana mutauro wokuRussia unokubvumira kuziva mhando dzakasiyana-siyana zviratidzo. To musi, pane systematisations zhinji tsika dzakadaro. Asi anonzi ari kupatsanura kupfuura wakakwana wakatangwa na V. V. Vinogradovym ari munyaya yake vanoda "The anokosha mhando lexical zvichirehwa mashoko." typology ichi isu ongorora mberi.

maererano kuwirirana

On the nomination (kana kuwirirana) akasarudza govera zviviri tsika zviratidzo - chaiyo uye yokufananidzira.

Direct kukosha, uyewo kunzi chikuru kana chikuru - ndiko kukosha unoratidza Chiitiko chaicho, nyika chaiyo. Somuenzaniso: shoko "tafura" anoreva chidimbu fenicha; "Black" ndiyo kabhoni dema uye ruvara; "Bikirai" zvinoreva sefuro, bikai, sasana nokuda kudziyisa. semantics Izvi zvechigarire uye pasi chete munhoroondo kuchinja. Somuenzaniso: "tafura" munguva dzekare raireva "ushe": "chigaro choumambo" uye "guta."

Mhando inokosha lexical zvarinoreva munogara rakakamurwa zviduku ndivo, zvatakakutadzirai akaratidza panguva ino, kutaura chairoiro uye wokufananidzira takasvinura.

Tichidzokera huru nyaya, unogona kuwedzera kuti mashoko chaiwo vari isingasviki vamwe, zvichienderana akapoteredza uye nemamwe mazwi. naizvozvo ichaongororwa kuti tsika idzi dzine apasi syntagmatic kubatana uye zvikuru paradigmatic kutonhodza.

takurika

Mhando lexical zvichirehwa mashoko ave dzinounzwa pachishandiswa mupenyu mutauro Russian, iro rinoshandiswa mutauro mutambo, chikamu chiri kushandiswa mashoko mupfungwa yokufananidzira.

tsika dzakadaro zvinokonzerwa uchatamisa zita romumwe chinhu chimwe chokwadi pamusana zvinoitwa generality kufananidzwa mashandiro uye zvichingodaro.

Saka, shoko yave kukwanisa vakawanda tsika. Somuenzaniso: "tafura" - 1) rinoreva "piece midziyo" - "tafura muchina"; 2) nenzira yokureva "simba" - "vaga- ane tafura"; 3) nenzira yokureva "kuparadzana mu pakagadzwa" - ". Roundtable"

Ane vanoverengeka inotakurika tsika sezvo shoko "pamota": 1) zvinoreva "kuratidza mukuru mwero" - "ari kushanda"; 2) kunyanya kuratidzwa Manzwiro - "kubika ndakagumbuka."

Portable tsika dzinobva rava kusvika pfungwa mbiri uchibatsirwa akasiyana siyana neshamwari nyore kunzwisiswa chizvarwa vakurukuri. Kakawanda zvisina kunanga tsika vane mufananidzo mukuru pfungwa matema kubika ndakagumbuka. wokufananidzira izvi Mashoko vakakurumidza ngadzirambe dziri rurimi, uye ipapo inowira maduramazwi.

Portable tsika ane akasiyana mufananidzo vanoonekwa ne runyararo kwavo uye impact yacho madimikira, yakagadzirwa nevanyori, vananyanduri uye nevanhu, sezvo yokupedzisira vari kunyatsoteerera pachedu.

Zvisinei, kazhinji kacho inotakurika, tsika vanorasikirwa mufananidzo yavo chizvarwa vakurukuri. Somuenzaniso, "rinopindura shuga", "nyere vanobwembura", "chime" haasisina vachinzwisisa sezvo fungidzira mubatanidzwa. Fani iyi inonzi yakatotsakatika yemifananidzo.

Mhando lexical zvichirehwa mashoko nokuda mavambo

Zvichienderana mwero kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro motivirovatsii (kana mabviro) dzinounzwa:

• Kukurudzirwa Image (yechipiri kana nomukaka) - Rinobva tsika uye derivational affixes slovoproizvodnoy chawo.
• Unmotivated shoko (chikuru kana asiri rinobva) - havavimbi pamusoro kukosha morphemes yaisanganisira ari anoumba mashoko.

Somuenzaniso: unmotivated kuti zvinosanganisira shoko "kuvaka", "tafura", "chena". Nokuti chakaita - "chivakwa", "tafura", "chena" nokuti mashoko aya inoumbwa unmotivated, mukuwedzera, mashoko mune matsime chikuru kubatsira kunzwisisa zvinorehwa rekuUnited zviratidzo. Ndicho "chena", rinobva "chena" rinoreva "kuita chena."

Asi hazvisi zvinhu zvose zviri nyore, kukurudzira vamwe mashoko haasi nguva dzose hworatidza saka zvakajeka pacharo, sezvo mutauro ari kuchinja, uye kwete nguva dzose zvinogoneka kuwana nhoroondo pamudzi weshoko. Zvisinei, kana yaunopedza etymological pachisara kazhinji zvichiita kuwana richibatanidza yekare, mashoko inoita zvikuru dissimilar uye tsanangura zvadzinoreva. Somuenzaniso, tinodzidza mushure etymological kuongorora mashoko "mabiko", "mafuta", "jira", "hwindo", "gore" wakaburuka kubva "kunwa" kuti "kurarama", "monyorora", "ziso", "zvuva" azvaitwa. Naizvozvo hakusi nguva zvichiita kuti munhuwo zvake kubvira kekutanga kusiyanisa shoko unmotivated vachida.

Mhando lexical zvichirehwa mashoko ari kugarisana

Zvichienderana lexical kugarisana kureva shoko inogona kukamurwa:

• Free - anoreva chete nyaya-musoro kubatana. Somuenzaniso: "nokunwa" dzinogona kubatanidzwa chete mashoko anoratidza mvura (tii, mvura, remonedhi, etc.), Asi haugoni kushandiswa mashoko okuti "run" mhando "runako,", "usiku". Nokudaro, mubatani- mashoko aya kuchaita kudzorwa nhau kugarisana kana kusapindirana kuti pfungwa dzinomirira. Kureva kuti "rusununguko" kuti kugarisana mashoko akadaro nani kwakajairika.
• Non-vakasununguka - Mashoko aya dzinotambura mikana lexical aibatanidza. kushandiswa kwavo mumatauriro kunobva penyaya-musoro chinhu, uye mutauro. Somuenzaniso: shoko "droop" dzinogona kubatanidzwa nemashoko "maziso", "Kutarira", "maziso", apo mashoko hazvigoni correlated nevamwe zviratidzo - havati "droop rutsoka."

Mhando Non-husina lexical zvichirehwa mashoko ari Russian:

• Mitsara akarondedzera - kutengeswa chete mudanga (kana wokufananidzira) mubatanidzwa. Somuenzaniso: asi mhiko muvengi - kwete kushandiswa mhiko shamwari, kana zviri yemunyori mutauro mutambo.
• Syntactically vakaumbwa - kutengeswa chete idzodzo zviitiko apo shoko anomanikidzwa kuita kujairika mashandiro kwaari. Somuenzaniso, shoko rokuti "ngowani", "pomuouki", "danda" vari okuti, kutsanangura murume sezvo ichangopfuura, kungopotsera, bungler, hanya, kushaya danho. Basa iri, shoko nguva dzose chinozadzwa semunhu pezvifananidzo uye wokufananidzira nezvaanoreva mhando.

By syntactically riine tsika vaya lexical yakarongeka, iyo inogona akaziva chete zvimwe zvinhu syntactic. Somuenzaniso: "vortex" anowana zvinorehwa yokufananidzira chete chimiro genus. N -. "remhepo zviitiko."

mune basa

Types anotakura lexical zvinorehwa nemashoko zvinogona dzinounzwa zvichienderana yezvakaita mabasa anoitwa:

• Nominative - zita rinobva pashoko "nomination", uye rinoreva kutumidza zvinhu, mananara uye unhu hwavo.
• Kuratidza-kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro - nemashoko aya anova chikuru connotative Seme (mupfungwa-vanofungidzirwa).

Muenzaniso nominative mashoko: "murume akareba" - mutsara uyu inozivisa muteereri kuti munhu uyo hunhu kumusoro kukura.

MUENZANISO kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro mashoko kuratidza imwe nyaya sezvinotaurwa kumusoro, shoko "mukuru" kuchatsiviwa "varefu" - kuti ruzivo vawedzera mukuru kukura disapproving, kunaka kunyatsoongorora kukura. Saka, shoko rokuti "lanky" anotaurisa kwakafanana shoko "mukuru".

Communications muzvarirwo

Mhando inokosha lexical zvichirehwa mashoko Russian, zvichienderana yezvakaita ukama iri lexical hurongwa mumwe ukoshi nevamwe:

• Correlative ukoshi - mashoko, vaishora mumwe musi chero chikonzero: chakanaka - bad, kure kure - pedyo.
• Mira-oga ukoshi - vashoma rakazvimiririra mashoko chaiwo zvinhu: nechigaro, ruva yemitambo.
• Deterministic tsika - shoko kunobva kukosha nemamwe mazwi, nokuti upenyu uye manyorero dzakasiyana veshoko "Hack" imhaka shoko "bhiza", "akanaka", "zvikuru" - "akanaka".

zvakawanikwa

Nokudaro, hatina pakarongwa mhando lexical zvichirehwa mashoko. Muchidimbu zvinosanganisira zvinotevera zvinoumba kuti lyagla hwaro kupatsanura inopiwa kwatiri:

• Subject-Conceptual kutaurirana mashoko kana paradigmatic pabonde.
• Syntagmatic ukama kana ukama mashoko mumwe.
• Zvisingakuvadzi kana derivational kubatana zviratidzo.

Kuburikidza kudzidza kupatsanura pakati lexical zvarinoreva, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro maumbirwo mashoko muudzame kunzwisisa systemic ukama kuti zvakatangwa muna duramazwi mutauro ano.