Mathematicians Great uye Zvavakawana

Masvomhu akazviratidza panguva imwe chete yevanhu chido kuongorora nyika yakavapoteredza. Pakutanga kwaiva chikamu wouzivi - mai sayenzi - uye haana akasarudzwa kuva yoga chirango pamusoro ndima pamwe chete nezvenyeredzi, wefizikisi. Zvisinei, mamiriro ezvinhu yachinja pamusoro nguva. Munyaya ino tichawana kubva ndivanaani - mathematicians kukuru, ndandanda izvo akasvetukira inopfuura zana. Akangotaura mazita huru.

kutanga

Knowledge aunganidza vanhu zvakanyanya, pakupedzisira paiva weboka Musateresa uye Natural Sciences. Mushure yepamutemo "kuberekwa" neimwe akaendawo kwake, kukura, achisimbisa nheyo dzidziso, vachitsigirwa ne tsika. Zvaizoratidza sokuti dzimwe tsika uve masvomhu, zvikuru chaihwoihwo pakati sayenzi? chinhu ichi anokwanisa kutsanangura zvachose kwemasayendisiti zvose kuitika pamusoro yedu uye kupfuura, uye nokuziva yezvakaita Chiitiko runoita kuti vafunga uye kuti Zvaifungidzirwa. Zvinogona vakagumisa kuti vose sayenzi zvinofambidzana, ichi chinonyanya pachena ukama pakati masvomhu uye wefizikisi. Naizvozvo, kazhinji, guru mathematicians uye yefizikisi anoumba rimwe boka remasayendisiti. Judge woga - ungararama kutsanangura chinhu usingabereki tisvike kururamiswa?

Nhoroondo yevanhu - hazvisi chete kukunda kundima itsva uye hondo umo masimba kutevera anonyanya pachavo zvavanoda, asiwo kusingaperi Masvomhu nesayenzi akagadzirirwa kutsanangura, ratidza, kudzidza uye kuti azive tarisiro mangwana. Munyaya ino tichakurukura vaya vakaita rakakura kusikwa ichi. Ndivanaani, pakati mathematicians zvikuru kare, kuti rwakagadzirira nzira Zvakawanikwa ano?

Achibvuma pfungwa yaPythagoras

Kana akataura guru mathematicians, ruzhinji vanhu kuti tifunge chinhu chokutanga anouya nezita iri. Hapana chokwadi anoziva kuti nyaya Biography ake ichokwadi, uye kuti - kuti kunyepedzera, nokuti zita awana rimwe guru ngano. Panguva upenyu nevamwe musi siyana kubvira 570 kusvika 490 BC. e.

Zvinosuruvarisa, rakanyorwa basa pashure zvinosiyirwa, asi akabvuma kuti aiva chikomborero ake zvakawanwa vazhinji vakaitwa panguva iyoyo. Zvisinei, isu achinongedzera kubudirira chete avo kuti indisputably vari wezvitsva zvamabasa ake;

• Geometry - yakakurumbira theorem no, iyo rinoti iri netriangle rworudyi yaiungana pamusoro hypotenuse vakaenzana vakaverenga dzinoungana mamwe maviri. Musakanganwa patafura Achibvuma pfungwa yaPythagoras, umo chepuraimari chikoro kudzidza musimboti chokuwanziridza rwokuzvarwa nhamba. Akauyawo nzira chokuvaka zvimwe polygons.
• Jogirafi - yemasvomhu huru Achibvuma pfungwa yaPythagoras rokutanga vaifunga kuti pasi rakatenderera.
• Astronomy - pfungwa ariko extraterrestrial dzomunyika.

Euclid

Yemasvomhu sayenzi yemazuva inotumidzwa geometry.

Euclid akaberekwa muna 365 BC. e. muAthens uye kwemakore 65 (kusvikira pakuguma hwake, mune chokwadi) aigara Alexandria. Rinogona kunzi echimurenga pakati inofananidza nguva yesayenzi, sezvaakaita basa guru chokubatanidza vose vaunganidza zvakaitika makore apfuura mune mvere, musoro maitiro pasina "makomba" uye kuzvipokanidza. musayendisiti chikuru ichi (a yefizikisi uye nyanzvi yemasvomhu) akaita bhuku "Inception", raisanganisira vanopfuura gumi nevaviri mavhoriyamu! Uyezve, kubva ake kubva basa, achirondedzera Mashoko chiedza danda nenzira yakarurama mutsetse.

ndiye Euclid kwakaita dzidziso yakanaka kuti akasunda kubva chaihwoihwo "zvinogona", dzichishandisa dzinoverengeka postulates (mashoko regai zvinoda uchapupu), uye kwavari vachishandisa yakaoma kwemasvomhu zvisingarambiki, geometry, akatungamirira yakarongeka hurongwa huripo iye zvino.

Fransua Viet

mathematicians Great uye yawanika uyewo novimba kuda nyaya. Rakaratidza Mr. Wyeth (Makore oupenyu - 1540-1603), uyo akararama muFrance uye vakashumira muimba youmambo, kutanga gweta uye ipapo mubatsiri kuna mambo. Kana pane Henry III akakwira choumambo, Henry IV, François vakachinja basa. Vakawanda "mathematicians World huru", pakarongwa zvisina duku, akawedzera zita idzva nokuti hondo French pamwe Spain. The yokupedzisira, mune tsamba yake inoshanda yakagozha Cipher kuti zvakanga zvisingaiti kuti decipher. Nokudaro, French korona vavengi kungaita vakasununguka tsamba mundima muvengi pasina kutya kuti uchabatwa.

Kuva vakaedza zvose nzira, mambo akateterera Vieta. Panguva kirisendi yemasvomhu yaaishandira pasina zororo kusvikira yabudirira achida mugumisiro. Pamusana yemasvomhu ichi chakava chipangamazano itsva, asi namambo mutsva. Parallel iyi, Spain akatanga kutambura kukundwa pashure kukundwa, kwete kuziva chii chaiitika. Pakupedzisira, chokwadi dzakatanga kubuda, uye Raibvunzurudza asipo vakatongerwa rufu, Francois, asi haana kuchiita.

In ake mutsva nzvimbo Nyakupa mazano ndakava nomukana sika masvomhu, azvipa yaanofarira chikonzero, kufanana kukuru zvose varume. About vemasvomhu Vieta akati vachishamiswa, kusimbisa chokwadi chokuti anokwanisa nokubatanidza nezvinhu Tsika mutemo.

Pakati kubudirira dziri Vieta:

• Letter kumiririra nemasvomhu. yemasvomhu French chakatsiva parameters uye coefficients tsamba, achidzikisa mashoko kakawanda. chiyero ichi akaita algebraic mashoko mamwe nyore uye nyore kunzwisisa, muna kufanana ichi kufambisa mberi mhedziso. Kutama yakanga echimurenga, nokuti akwanise munzira achimhanya shure. Zvirokwazvo yemasvomhu huru Achibvuma pfungwa yaPythagoras akasiya mwana wake mumaoko akanaka. Dzematongerwe mangwana akatamisa zvachose.
• Kuguma dzidziso kugadzirisa equations kusvikira wechina dhigirii zvichibatanidzwa.
• Kunyange zvazvo kwakabva fomura ainzi pashure pake, umo nhasi ndivo midzi quadratic equations.
• Risinganyatsozivikanwi kuti rakabva papi uye kururamiswa wokutanga munhoroondo sayenzi rusingaperi chigadzirwa.

Leonhard Euler

Chiedza sayenzi ane zvinoshamisa muupenyu. Akaberekwa muna Switzerland (1707), inogona zvakanaka mune mazita "Great mathematicians Russian", sezvo basa unobereka kwazvo uye akawana utiziro wokupedzisira Russia (1783).

Paaiita basa rake uye zvakawanikwa rwakabatana nyika yedu, aakataura atamira muna 1726 panguva kukokwa Academy of Sciences muSt Petersburg. Kwemakore gumi, akanyora zvakawanda mapepa zvose masvomhu uye wefizikisi. In zvachose, rakaitwa kumativi 9 zana Zvakawanikwa zvakaoma kwakavandudza sayenzi nguva. By kwezuva upenyu Leonarda Eylera, zvinopesana nemitemo (asi akabvumirwa nehurumende French), kuti Paris Academy of Sciences akaita ayo pfumbamwe nhengo, apo maererano nemirau, panofanira kuva masere. Chete guru mathematicians yaigona paakavapa rukudzo urwu, sezvo paine yesayenzi sangano pedantic panyaya zvaidiwa mitemo.

Pakati Leonarda Eylera zvakawanwa zvinofanira kucherechedzwa:

• Kusanganisa masvomhu somunhu sainzi. Kutozosvikira XVIII remakore, izvo vaiona kuti nguva yakunda Euler, vanotongwa zvose vakaparadzirwa. Nemasvomhu, calculus, geometry, mukana dzidziso, uye zvichingodaro. D. ikoko voga, pasina kuvhiringidza. Akaunganidza kubva pavo maererano, musoro maitiro kuti chiri touted muzvikoro kuchinja.
• Mhedziso nhamba e, izvo anenge kuenzana 2.7. Sezvaunogona kuona, makuru vasayendisiti uye mathematicians kazhinji kuwana kusafa mubasa rake, haana kupfuura mukombe uyu uye Euler - tsamba yokutanga wokupedzisira zita akapa zita iri safunga nhamba, pasina iro paisazova rwokuzvarwa logarithm.
• Pfungwa yokuti rokutanga dzidziso kusangana pamwe rairatidza nzira zvinoshandiswa mairi. Okusuma miviri integrals.
• Nechepasi uye kuparadzirwa kwemashoko Euler chati - uone uye ziso calculators anoratidza ukama rinovira, zvisinei dzakavapo. Somuenzaniso, vanoita kuti tikwanise kuratidza kuti rusingaperi akagadzirwa dzinongoitika nhamba rwuripowo rusingaperi yakatarwa pakati pfungwa nhamba , uye zvichingodaro.
• Kunyora echimurenga nokuti nguva rinoshanda differential calculus.
• Kuwedzera chepuraimari geometry, Euclid vaziva asi. Somuenzaniso, akauya uye akaratidza kuti vose kukwirira Triangle piringisha pane imwe nguva.

Galileo Galilei

Izvi mushandi nesayenzi uyo akararama upenyu hwake hwose ari Italy (kubvira 1564 kusvika 1642), zvaizivikanwa ose wechikoro. Nguva kwayakaita kwakaitika munguva kujeka kuti aizivikanwa Raibvunzurudza. Chero kuparadzana airangwa, sainzi vakatevera, sezvo chinopesana chaitika pakati veshoko. Hapana uye hapana aigona kunzi, nokuti Mwari zvose zvaidiwa.

It yemasvomhu Galileo, maererano nengano, aiva munyori rokuti "Asi izvozvo hazviiti kufamba!", Paakangogamuchira zvasiya mashoko ake kuti nyika inotenderera zuva uye kwete vakutarisire. danho iri rakanga nokuda kurwira upenyu, sezvo Raibvunzurudza vaiona kutsauka pfungwa yake, umo vachishandisa kutenderera vechikamu swapped. Vapristi vaisagona kubvuma kuti nyika sezvo chisikwa Mwari vakarega kuva musimboti zvose.

Zvisinei, kuedza ake vaisava pfungwa iyi, nekuti akapinda nhoroondo sezvo guru yefizikisi uye nyanzvi yemasvomhu. Galileo:

• nokuda empirical ongororo vakaramba kutaura Aristotle, iyo inotaura kuti mwero nokuwa ane muviri Proportional wacho uremu zvakananga;
• Akauya gangaidzo zita muchimutevera, umo nhamba zvakasikwa nhamba zvakaenzana nokuwanda dzinoungana zvakafanana, pasinei nokuti vakawanda dzaiungana nhamba haisi;
• Akanyora "Discourse pamusoro mijenya," ake izvo vaiona Munongedzo tichitarisa fungidziro yokuti, dambudziko nokuguma uye kufunga.

Andrei Nikolaevich Kolmogorov

Kana akataura mathematicians guru Russia, mumwe wokutanga kuuya mupfungwa ndiyo nhamba nesayenzi.

Alexei Nikolaevich Kolmogorov akaberekwa muchirimo 1903 muguta Tambov. dzidzo Primary pamba, uye ipapo chikoro voga. Vatovako kunge anozivikanwa nemano ake zvinoshamisa muna sayenzi. Nokuti zvakasiyana-siyana, mhuri yake kwakamanikidzwa kuMoscow, uko vakawana Civil War. Pasinei nezvose, Kolmogorov akapinda Moscow University muna rorusununguko Mathematics. Mudzidzi wechiduku kubudirira mumunda vakasarudzwa kwaiva kukuru kwazvo zvokuti akakwanisa effortlessly kutora bvunzo mangwanani, kwete achitarisa kubva zvaainyanya zvinhu - Pfungwa mukana. Mumagazini nesayenzi akatanga kuonekwa mabasa Andrei Nikolaevich, kubva 1923, uye pashure pake nenguva haawanzotauri vakapfuura makore 20. kuwana zvakanyatsorongwa zvinodiwa, mumwe yemasvomhu muna 1939 akava academician. Akashanda zvose ake upenyu uye akafa muMoscow mumatsutso 1987, iye akavigwa Novodevichy kumakuva.

To zvinokosha mabasa ake anosanganisira:

• Improvement nzira kudzidzisa masvomhu muzvikoro zvepuraimari uye yechipiri. mathematicians Great uye yawanika zvenyika pamwero zvinokosha, asi hapana basa zvishoma zvinokosha uye zvakafanira kuti tigadzirire muduku chizvarwa vatungamiriri yesayenzi ramangwana. Munhu wose anoziva kuti nheyo akaradzika muduku.
• The Kugadzirwa kwemasvomhu nzira uye uchatamisa kubva chaihwoihwo kupinda kushanda munzvimbo. Nemamwe mashoko, anoonga basa Andrei Nikolaevich masvomhu makasimbisa sayenzi.
• Mhedziso nevamwe dzepasi vezvesayenzi chepuraimari fungidziro yokuti axioms. The yokupedzisira kunoratidzwa yokuti rinotsanangura finite nhamba zviitiko.

Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky

Uyu mufananidzo nesayenzi, kufanana kukuru zvose masvomhu Russian kubva pauduku akaratidza unyanzvi hunoshamisa huri sayenzi.

Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky akaberekwa muna 1793 mune rimwe mapurovhinzi Russia. Pazera makore 7 okuberekwa mhuri yake vakatamira Kazan, kwaaigara zvose hwake. Akafa makore 63, kuti kuchengeta zita rake nokusingaperi basa iroro kuzadzikiswa ari dzekare Euclidean geometry. Iye akatanga nokunatsiridzwa kakawanda zvatinosiita hurongwa kuratidza dzakatevedzana mashoko Somuenzaniso, kuti inofambirana mitsetse kusangana pa kusaverengeka. basa rayo riri akatsunga ndege iyo inozivikanwa nokuda aimhanya pedyo kumhanya chiedza. Zvinoita sokuti, chii chinorehwa zvakawanikwa panguva iyoyo? Tsanangudzo dziri pamakakatanwa, kunokukura, asi nokufamba kwenguva huru masayendisiti uye mathematicians vakaziva kuti basa Lobachevsky akazarura musuo remangwana.

Augustin-Louis Cauchy

Zita samhu anozivikanwa mudzidzi ose, sezvo raifanira kucherechedzwa muna mukuru mukufamba yepamusoro masvomhu, uye mune yayo zvikuru yakamanikana nzvimbo, dzakadai kwemasvomhu kuongorora.

Augustin-Louis Cauchy (Makore oupenyu - 1789-1857) anogona kunzi baba kwemasvomhu kuongorora. Ndiye kwakavayeuchidza vose vagere Limbo, pasina rondedzero kana kururamiswa. Nokuda basa rake akazviratidza mbiru anoranga akadai chamazuva, muganhu, rinobva uye chinokosha. Cauchy akaratidzawo kuti convergence pane akatevedzana yayo nharaunda, akapiwa kwemasvomhu zvikapa kururamisirwa vakapararira optics.

mupiro Cauchy ari kukura ano masvomhu pamwero kwakanga zvokuti zita rake atora kudada nzvimbo pasi Eiffel Tower rokutanga - zviri imomo kurongwa, ndivo masayendisiti (kusanganisira mathematicians makuru). Pamazita ichi anoshumira shongwe sayenzi, uye kusvikira nhasi.

mugumisiro

Kwemazana emakore masvomhu akakwezva masayendisiti zvavo tyisa, izvo zvinoshamisa anogona kutsanangura zvose zvinoitika munyika yakatipoteredza.

Achibvuma pfungwa yaPythagoras nharo kuti hwaro uwandu nhema. Anenge zvose zvinoitika munhu uye mukati munhu, chinogona kutsanangurwa.

Galileo akati masvomhu - mutauro hwezvisikwa. Funga nezvazvo. The ukoshi kuti ane hazvizivi hunhu, anotsanangura zvose zvakasikwa.

Mazita makuru mathematicians - haisi mazita vanhu vari muropa basa ravo, kuwedzera nokudzamisa nesayenzi. Ava Links vanogona kubatanidza varipo uye ramangwana, kuratidza vanhu tariro.

Zvisinei, ichi ndicho munondo miviri unocheka, nekuti zvakawanda mashoko anopa zvakawanda zvireruke kuti simba.

Knowledge - ndiro simba. Kufunga zvisizvo kuputsa chii chave akadzidza saka kwazvo uye vanounganidza mafufu. Kuziva izvi hwatakazvarwa, sainzi vanofanira kuenda nokuda zvakanaka.

vanhu Great nezvazvo pamasvomhu pamwe husingaperi kuremekedzwa, sezvo ari pasipoti remangwana.