Material zvinyorwa - chii ichi? Zvinotisimbisa chaiwo enhoroondo. Material matura: mienzaniso

Vanhu kwezviuru zvemakore. nguva yose iyi madzitateguru edu Makawana zivo hunoshanda uye ruzivo, nokusika zvinhu zvezuva nezuva uye ounyanzvi ounyanzvi. Vakaita zvikanganiso uye akaita zvinhu zvikuru. Tinoziva sei pamusoro hwavo? tinogona kutora chinhu chinobatsira kuti ini, kunzvenga blunders ari chipo?

Zvechokwadi, izvi zvinoita. Nhasi kune sayenzi zhinji achidzidza zvinhu zvinyorwa. Ngatikurukurei kunzwisisa zvizere.

Definition uye kupatsanura

Nokudaro, zvinyorwa chaiye - zvose zvinhu zvinhu, izvo anoratidza yakasiyana mabhora oupenyu uye zvinoitwa nevanhu. Zvose inechirevo nhoroondo muitiro paakatora nzvimbo zvino kana kare, kana iri kunyora, zvisaririra zvinhu zvezuva nezuva kana munhu zvasara, anogona kutakura mashoko chaizvo nokuti vanotsvakurudza.

Nokudaro, hatina kuziva zvikuru zvakawanda kwakaita pfungwa iyi. Ngatimbofunga kubata kupatsanura mamwe hurongwa.

At mufananidzo wokutanga nyore: nenguva zvoutsinye, uyo chikatsiviwa nguva venyika, uye pashure - the chidzoke yebudiriro. Zvisinei, mumwe coherent kupatsanura dzakaparadzana zvinyorwa chaiwo kuMiddle Ages yakadaro. Vari zvikuru zvisina kunaka wedged pashure hunoshamisa ichatonga zvine mbiri yekare inotaura.

Nhasi, vaongorori vari nyore kune chinotevera weboka nemagariro sezvivako. Kune mapoka matatu chikuru (neimwe pane subsections):

- manyuko Material, mienzaniso zvinopiwa pazasi.

- iconic monument - mifananidzo, mapikicha, mifananidzo iri mari nezvimwe.

- Kutuka. Vari rakakamurwa vanotukwa uye zvakanyorwa. Chokutanga kudzidza ethnography.

Features kushanda zvakanaka

Material mabhuku - zvakasiyana-siyana nzvimbo, anowana kutaurwa, nziyo uye ngano. Sei kubata navo uye kujoina mukati?

Basa yakadaro zvinopfuura sayenzi kana boka revanhu. Kukudziridza hwakadaro paupamhi kuitika kukura munzanga akasika anoranga nayo isu newe pamusoro dzakawanda.

Nzira dzipi dziri kushandiswa apo kudzidza zvinyorwa chaiye? Chokutanga panotaurwa yevanhu chinhu. Chero mugumisiro anogara anopiwa prism kuti dzematongerwe mutsvakurudzi kana munyori gwaro rakanyorwa. Naizvozvo, masayendisiti vasingawanzotauri kugamuchira chinangwa mashoko, asi chete kusimbisa kana agodzivisa conjectures dzavo.

The nzira huru iri basa pamwe zvinyorwa ndiko zvinotevera: ose mhedziso vakaitwa chete pashure pokudzidza yose kunzwisisa anowana, uchapupu chokwadi. Hakugoni kuva chinhu kubva chechinyorwa. Zvizere yakaita dambanemazwi. Ngationei anoranga vari mubasa tsvakurudzo kwakadaro.

Archaeology uye Anthropology

anoranga maviri izvi zvikuru inofambirana kushanda matsime chaiyo. Wokutanga ndehwokuti kunzwisisa shanduka womunhu uye nzanga, kudzidza chirongwa inotungamirwa huru muupenyu kubva pakutanga nguva nhasi.

Anthropology wakaipa munhu pachake (rudzi, tsika, tsika uye mararamiro). Zvisinei, yakadaro yakafara munda nezvebasa ratakapiwa nesayenzi aripo kunonyanya munyika munyika dzokuMadokero. Munguva Kishi ichi ruzivo span wandei maindasitiri. Kunze anthropology unobatanidzwa ethnography uye sayenzi yezvinocherwa mumatongo.

Zvakananga, sainzi ichi ataiita shanduka uye zvakawanda panguva-spatial kusiyana chaiko mhando munhu. Saka, Ngatitore kuitira.

Sayenzi Yezvinocherwa Mumatongo - sayenzi kuti inodzidza zvechokwadi zvenhoroondo dzekare. nzvimbo yake mubereko zvinosanganisira mapoka kudzidza akawanda:

- Nzvimbo (pano kupinda uye dzimba). Vari akakamurwa dzakavakirirwa (anowanzonzi pazvikomo) uye unfortified (misha). Izvi zvinogona kuva guta uye nhare, musasa, uye okurima kana raanoziva nemisha, musango mumusasa mauto uye akavakirirwa nematende.

Most nzvimbo idzi kunofambira mberi, vanongogara (uye vari) panzvimbo imwe. Zvisinei, kupaka nevamwe vagari nemisha vasingawanzotauri zvakafanana nzvimbo. Naizvozvo, kuonekwa kwavo zvikurukuru netsaona.

- pazvikomo anowanzonzi dzawanikwa zvasara panharirire uye masvingo. Kazhinji, vakawanda basa zvinoitika arşive akiyorojisiti. Pane mashoko ari siyana akanyorwa - kubva ngano uye epics kuti sayenzi uye noungwaru mishumo. Tales, panzira, kuita basa rinokosha. Troy Heinrich Schliemann yakawanikwa nekuvongwa kunyatsotevedza kwavari, "rinonzi Iliad" pamusoro Homer.

- The inotevera nzvimbo zvakanaka akachengetedzwa zvinyorwa chaiwo enhoroondo, vasinganzwisisiki zvakakwana, ndivo kuvigwa. Under zvakaturikidzaniswa wenyika rakaoma dzimwe nyika vamwe zvinhu anogona kuramba kwezviuru zvemakore uye kuchengeta chimiro chavo. Wetter nzvimbo Chokwadi, uchaparadza zvinhu zvakawanda. Zvisinei, Somuenzaniso, dzimwe mhando huni mumvura zvisaririra zvemhuka.

Saka, muna nekumarinda vanochera matongo vakawana kwete chete vanovengwa muupenyu vekare vanhu, asiwo siyana zvinhu kuti vanotaura nezvezvinotendwa, tsika, magariro maumbirwo kwenzanga uye zvichingodaro.

- Uyewo Zvivako zviri dzokuzvinatsa nzvimbo (dzinoyera, temberi) uye okudhindira. Kana uchiziva kuti kududzira zvakawanwa, zvinokwanisika kuti zvizhinji dzinonakidza uye mashoko anokosha.

- Last asi kwete zvinenge zvakaoma vari kwemasanga zvakawanikwa. Zvose - kubva pfuma kuti netsaona akarasika mabhatani - anogona kuudza Vatsvakurudzi nyanzvi vekare.

Sezvataona, vakawanda ruzivo pamusoro vekare zvikuru - chaiye. Sources mashoko pamusoro nhoroondo yevanhu kuwana nguva yedu haisi nguva dzose vakachengeteka, saka matongo uye vanodzidza nezvavanhu kazhinji kuti kutsvaka kubatsirwa restorers izvo kuvabatsira kudzorera pakutanga chimiro zvinhu.

ethnography

Panguva yaitonga Soviet Union, raiva yoga sayenzi, asi nhasi kakawanda anonzi zvakamisa hurongwa anthropology. It Anoongorora (chaipo anorondedzera) marudzi enyika. mabasa awa anthropology - hakusi chete kwainyatsobva. Mienzaniso chisingaoneki monument - nziyo uye kunanzvana ngano. In madzinza akawanda hapana mutauro zvakanyorwa, uye ruzivo urwu wakapiwa nomuromo kubva vabereki vana.

Naizvozvo, ethnographers vasingawanzotauri kushanda sezvo nevatsvakurudzi, uyewo vateresi uye vachengeti akasiyana netsika dzavanhu venyika. Kana kutarira zvinyorwa vokuSpain uye Portuguese XV - XVI emakore, iwe uchava kushamiswa. zvinhu zvakadaro zvakawanda uye mananara kurondedzerwa hakusisipo.

The madzinza akaparadzwa, kutombozivikanwa muchiKristu (uye nokudaro akarasika mumwe tsika yepakutanga). Kudyidzana blurs musiyano pakati pemarudzi. Kunyange mitauro anogona kunyangarika. Uye kana havana kunyorwa pasi, chinhu pamusoro pavo uye hapana mumwezve anombofa.

Chii tinopa ethnography? Ndezvipi matsime chaidzo? Photos, nziyo maCD, mavhidhiyo tsika, rakanyorwa Kuda kutamba dzakasiyana mabhora woupenyu vanhu - zvose kudzidzwa uye kuenzaniswa.

Rondedzero yakadaro akatanga kuita kwenguva refu, asi munyika yekare, vakanga zvakawanda sezvinoita rungano ane incredible huwandu yokufungidzira. Yakanga chete mukupera Middle Ages pane vaongorori kuti kuronga upenyu vekare vanhu uye noupenyu madzinza kure dzakadai maIndia, vaAborigine vokuAustralia, kuti Bushmen nemamwe muvhimi vemizambiringa.

Zvakaratidza, takatarisa upenyu marudzi, vakamira "predtsivilizatsii" Danho iri ano pfungwa shoko, tinogona kudzidza pamusoro ukama iri ibwe, mhangura, ndarira nesimbi mazera.

The inokosha ndeyokuti ari chikoro nevana gujunura zvinotisimbisa chaiwo (mienzaniso). Grade 5 - yava nguva kuongorora tsika vanhu vake uye zvishoma nezvishoma yezwi Vhuṱanzi pamusoro paumbwe vanhu.

epigraphy

The acho chechipiri pakukura izvo chatingawana pamusoro zivo yekare vanhu - zvakanyorwa uye wakavhomorwa zvinhu manyuko - mifananidzo, yaMakoronike, netsamba, evhu, petroglyphs, hieroglyphs, Birch omuti.

Kunyora nzira iyo vanhu vanogona kuchengeta mashoko anogona kuva refu. Pasina kwavari tingadai vasina humbowo zviitiko zvekare. Tinogona kutaura nechivimbo, sezvo matongo anowana chete havagoni kupa mashoko zvakawanda zviri muna mumwe, kunyange pfupi kucherechedza.

Mumwe tanga zvidzidzo, izvo zvasvika kwatiri, rinozivikanwa zvikuru nokuti "History" pakati Herodotus. Mikoko remakore rechishanu BC. Mumwe wokutanga netsamba akanyora Julius Caesar. zita ravo - "Notes on Gallic War."
Asi vakawanda, nhoroondo dzeupenyu uye netsamba zvakawanda chakanangana Renaissance.

Chokwadi, zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa vakapfuma chaizvo mashoko, zvisinei, ane zvainovhiringidzawo ayo.

Chekutanga, humboo inesungano yevanhu kupfuura makore zviuru zvishanu. Chii akambopiwa akanyorwa kana kwete, kana asina deciphered.

Second - kutsvetera uye ngwariro chaiyo yepamusorosoro strata pamwe kutopedza kuzvidza kwevanhuwo zvavo.

The wechitatu - unorema vekare magwaro anozivikanwa kwatiri muchimiro anotamisa uye makopi apiwa zvakanyorwa. The chikwata chepakutanga. Uyezve, acquisitions itsva havabvumirwi. Asi matongo zvinhu zvinyorwa vanhu kuwana nguva dzose.

The kunzwisisa sciences kudzidza zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa, rinosanganisira zvakasiyana siyana anoranga. Okutanga kunokosha nezve - zvekare. Iye anga achiunganidza uye achiongorora zvaive mumanyoro ekare, fonts, nzira kunyora. Kazhinji, pasina kuitwa masayendisiti aro Havaikwanisa kushanda zvakanaka nemarimba.

Next Science - numismatics. It anoshanda zvakanyorwa pamusoro mari uye Banknotes (pazasi - Bonistics). Papyrology kudzidza mashoko anowanika mipumburu yenhokwe.

Zvisinei, chinonyanya kukosha vanoonekwa mumhuri zvisiri. Vane pfupi uye regai ane kuzvikudza uye mhamhidzirwa.

Saka, takakurukura nemi sayenzi kudzidza zvinyorwa chaivo, chii, chii mhando nzvimbo zviripo, vanoshanda navo. Next, ngatimbotaura pamusoro zvinhu chokuita matatu kupfuura kupenya nguva munhoroondo vanhu - muGirisi yekare, Roma uye kuMiddle Ages.

manyuko dzakanyorwa Ancient Greece

Sezvatakamboreva kumusoro, kare mashoko anogona kuwanika vazhinji zvaishandiswa. Zvisinei, zviri zvikuru mashoko kunyora kana yakarekodwa.

kare vakawanda uye Ancient Greece zvikurukuru pakataurwa chidzoke remasayendisiti uye nevaongorori. Dzidziso dzekuvamba sayenzi vakawanda, kukura zvinobudirira nhasi dzomuShoko kunyatsoreva munhambo ichi.

Saka chii vari zvinotisimbisa chaiye nhoroondo Greece vanozivikanwa kwatiri? Just zvinhu zvezuva nezuva tichataura pamusoro Papera asi zvino tichava vanoshamba munyika mabhuku echiGiriki yekare.

Zvinyorwa zvekare vari Hecataeus kuna paMireto. Aiva logograph, akarondedzera nhoroondo uye tsika guta pedyo policies, izvo vaifamba. The mutsvakurudzi yechipiri zvazikamwa nesu Hellanicus Mitilensky. Zvinyorwa zvake vaburukira kwatiri Chidimbu zvinyorwa uye nhoroondo rinokosha haarambi. Nemabasa logograph kazhinji ngano uye ingano intertwine sezvazviri, uye vane zvakaoma kuparadzana.

Wokutanga wenhau yakavimbika Herodotus aiva. Muzana V remakore BC, akanyora multi-mavhoriyumu basa "History". Ivo vakaedza kutsanangura, nokuti akatanga kurwa pakati pavaGiriki navaPeresia. Kuti aite izvi, anoreva nhoroondo dzose dzavanhu vari chikamu Data umambo.

The yechipiri kurongwa kwakanga Thucydides. Mabasa ake akaedza kubatidza zvinokonzera, kosi uye zvakazokonzerwa Peloponnesian War. The pahwaro echiGiriki kuti akanga asiri kureva kuti "nokutungamirira kwaMwari", kutsanangura zvinokonzera zviitiko, Herodotus. Akaenda risingakanganwiki nzvimbo, policies, kutaura vechikamu uye zvapupu, izvo zvaiita kunyora wechokwadi basa nesayenzi.

Nokudaro, zvakanyorwa zvinhu zvinyorwa - haisi chete pfungwa, pfungwa manomano kana enyika anoparadzirwa. Pakati pavo vane zvakajairika uye kwazvo basa.

Next tikatarisa matongo nzvimbo munguva iyi.

Zvokunyama tsika Hellas

Nhasi, ari kudzidza chekare chinoti ndomumwe vaitungamirira nharaunda pakutsvakurudza mune mumatongo. mumayunivhesiti zhinji ndatanga kuongorora Greece pakupera ari XIX remakore, uye zvino basa rose chikoro muBalkans vanobatanidzwa kukura unyanzvi uye zvakadzama tsvakurudzo.

Muzana rino remakore chaiva chikuru ruzivo uye ndeechokwadi zvinhu pamusoro nhoroondo Balkan policies, akadai Delphi, Atene, Sparta, chitsuwa uye Malaysian kumhenderekedzo (Pegamo, Troy, kuMireto).

Masayendisiti Russian kubvira nguva Russian Empire akabata maguta kuchamhembe Black Sea dzaitongwa. Akanakisisa anozivikanwa policies akadai Olvia, Panticapaeum, Chersonese, Tanais nevamwe.

Kuburikidza makore tsvakurudzo vaunganidza chaunga zvinhu - mari, zvishongo, zvombo, zvakanyorwa pamusoro yakasimba zvinhu (ibwe, ivhu, anokosha), zvisaririra zvivako uye zvichingodaro.

Zvose izvi zvinyorwa chaiyo munhoroondo muGirisi yekare, ngatifungidzirei nzira youpenyu, mararamiro, basa vaGiriki. Tinoziva pamusoro kunovhima neromutambo, sezvo zvinhu zvakadaro kazhinji vanoratidzwa midziyo. Mari inogona kuonekwa pamusoro panze vamwe vatongi, chiratidzo guta, pakati mitemo.

Zvisimbiso zvakanyorwa pamidziyo, dzimba, zvinhu mugove nezvekuva yaitonga.
Rinoona kubva nyika yekare (Ijipiti, yekare mamiriro kuMesopotamia) - mumwe akanaka kwazvo. Pashure pokuwa Rome ichikosha kuderera rakatanga apo runako amira akaonga, saka pakutanga Ages akacherekedza zvinhu coarser.

Next tichataura pamusoro rimwe simba kupfuura inoti zvenyika yekare - hweRoma.

manyuko dzakanyorwa Ancient Rome

Kana vaGiriki vaiva anyanye uzivi, kufungisisa, kudzidza, vaRoma vakaedza zvechiuto kukunda, kukunda uye mazororo. Vachiziva achiti "chingwa uye circuses" (kureva, vakarayira kuti plebs kubva Emperor) akararama kusvikira nhasi.

Saka, ichi shure uye vanhu vaida zvehondo vatisiya zvakawanda zvokunyama zvinyorwa. guta rino uye mugwagwa, zvemumba uye nezvombo, mari uye zvishongo. Asi izvi zvose haana kupa ramazana chikamu zvatinoziva pamusoro kuRoma, kana asina Zvivako tsika zvakanyorwa.

Zvatinogona kupa nyaya dzakasiyana-siyana, saka vaongorori anogona kunyatsoziva zvikuru zviri upenyu Roman.

Yokutanga Zvinyorwa vapenyu nezvoUmambo okunze, zvirimwa. Ivowo ane nziyo vapristi. Kazhinji, zvinhu chokuita nhoroondo mangwanani uye hwakawanda huripo, anounzwa chedetembo.

VaPubhirio Stsivolla akanyora "The Great muNhoroondo" vhoriyamu mabhuku makumi masere. Polybius uye Diodor Sitsiliysky kwaicherechedzwa anoita mavhoriyamu makumi mana. Asi zvose rakapfuura Tit Livy. Akanyora nhoroondo Rome kubva napamaruva ayo modernity. basa iri zvakaguma mumabhuku 142.

Nevadetembi uye vadetembi, vemauto uye vazivi - zvose vakaedza kusiya ndangariro pachake kuzvibereko.

Nhasi iwe uchagona anongoda zvose munzanga mabhora kuziva matambudziko kuti aiva chaiye zvinyorwa Roman. Mienzaniso chokuita kusango mutemo, mushonga, munyaya zvechiuto uye zvichingodaro.

Monuments zvinhu tsika Ancient Rome

No zvishoma zvinonakidza zvinhu zviri matongo anowana akaita munzvimbo dzose kamwe guru. The nzvimbo kubva kuAtlantic Ocean kumabvazuva kusvikira Central Asia, Europe neNorth Africa - izvi zvose kamwe yaiva miganhu chete mamiriro.

Material manyuko nhoroondo yeRoma yekare, isu zvinoratidza nenguva nokubudirira kukuru, kukunda uye hapana zvishoma ndezvimwewo, kunyanya mumaguta makuru.
Nokuda zvakawanwa, yakasvika pakuzivikanwa kuti Italy rave richigarwa kubvira Paleolithic. Pile dzimba uye dzinopakwa motokari namabwe zvokushandisa regai kusiya Donhwe mubvunzo uyu.

No zvishoma kunakidza paiva pre-Roman nguva - the Nguva Etruscans. Enough zvikuru dzakabudirira tsika, vezvenhau iyo gare gare vakanga kukundwa uye wakafananidzwa nevaRoma.

Golden mahwendefa magwaro anotiudza kuti Etruscans kuramba aine rugare echiGiriki polis uye muCarthage.

Roman Forum, migwagwa uye aqueducts uye nhasi zviri befu, kuti isu kutaura nezvenguva apo vakanga vasiri matongo?!

Izvi chete chikamu izvo zvinyorwa chaivo kuzarura kwatiri pamusoro kare.
The yakakurumbira Monument Chokwadi, tiri rePompeii. City pakarepo akafa nokuda kuputika reVesuvius, riri pedyo. Nemhaka zhinji matani madota, masayendisiti vakawana zvakanaka akachengetedzwa zvasara vagari uye zvinoshamisa omukati Estates Roman. Ndivo chete zvishoma Zvaparara mavara! Nhasi, unogona kufamba mumigwagwa yeguta rekare, kunyika mumhepo nguva.

Ages zvinyorwa

Izvi "rima" remakore panguva iyo vanhu anouya upenyu kupera mushure mokuparara yekare inotaura.

Zvinotisimbisa chaiye kuMiddle Ages inogona kupatsanurwa mumapoka akawanda.
Boka rokutanga rinosanganisira Ichokwadi chikuru uye kupfuura chinozikamwa - guta, masvingo, nenhare.

Next pakauya Zvivako kuti vatakure zvakawanda - kureva kuti, nguva akanyorwa uchapupu. Izvi zvinosanganisira yenhau, yaMakoronike, nziyo, nziyo dzakarekodwa, vatongi mitemo uye kushanda mapepa ane nyanzvi dzokugadzira, vatengesi, uye zvichingodaro.

Zvisinei, zvinotisimbisa chaiye kuMiddle Ages hakusi kukuru sezvataizoda. Nezuva rechishanu - wepfumbamwe emakore, zvokuti hapana magwaro akanyorwa. Akawanda emashoko pamusoro nguva Tinobuda ngano, nyaya.

Nyorovera okunze, rakadzika pamwero okuwana, chaiwoiwo kudzokera kune chinyakare muvanhu vakaita basa ravo. Anowana tarisa zvakaipisisa kana zvichienzaniswa Zvivako zvekare uye zvinotisimbisa chaivo kuMiddle Ages. Photo miziyamu Exhibits vanosimbisa chokwadi ichi.

Nguva yacho yaiva kuti vanhu vaigara kumucheto hweRoma, vaigona kuverenga. tsika dzavo Apfuura kubva vanasekuru vazukuru nomuromo. Records panguva ino vakanga vainyanya vazukuru vanokudzwa patricians kana mamongi, kazhinji muchiLatin kana muGiriki. National mitauro kuputika mubhuku kusvikira pakuguma kwenguva.

Hatina mashoko ose pamusoro evanhu mamiriro vokutanga Middle Ages madzinza. Kana ano kana magariro upenyu, hapana boka mamiriro, kana nyika - hapana anogona akapora zvakazara.

Zvikurukuru pamusoro zvakawanwa vakawana kubata chete zvitendero, zvechiuto uye ndege munzvimbo. vatatu nzvimbo nokuvhenekerwa chete vakawana zvinyorwa chaiye kuMiddle Ages. Mienzaniso dzesango kungaita nyaya, ngano, zvombo uye nematurusi nemazita uye kuvigwa.

Munyaya ino tiri arongwe ari wakaoma pfungwa, sezvo artefacts, vakazoguma vakajairana sayenzi kuti kudzidza Zvakawanikwa izvi uye vaiona mienzaniso miviri munhoroondo nguva.