Marxist evanhu: huru unhu

The simba Marxism pamusoro evanhu remakore rechi20 yakanga yakakwirira zvikuru. Karl Marx akatsvaka kusika munhu zvachose chinangwa dzidziso evanhu kukura, yakavakirwa munhoroondo chokwadi. Zvirokwazvo, akabudirira.

Wemagariro evanhu pamusoro Marxism muna Russia ine nhoroondo yacho. Zvisinei, kwete chete munyika yedu, dzidziso iyi yava kuwedzera kukurumbira. Marxism mumwe munzvimbo kupfuura wemagariro evanhu remakore rechi20. Vazhinji anozivikanwa nyanzvi upenyu paruzhinji, uyewo nezvoupfumi uye dzimwe vateveri dzidziso wakabatsirawo kwairi. Pari zvino pane zvakawanda zvinhu pamusoro Marxism. Munyaya ino tichataura pamusoro huru zvokudya dzidziso iyi.

Chii hwaro Marxism

Kuti tinzwisise zviri nani chii chinonzi Marxist evanhu, zvishoma kuronda nhoroondo yacho. Friedrich Shona, collaborator pamusoro Karl uye shamwari yake, akataura tsika matatu kuti kukanganiswa dzidziso. Uhwu German, French nhoroondo sayenzi uye Chirungu upfumi enyika. Main Line, iyo vakatevera Marx - dzekare uzivi German. Karl akagoverana imwe pfungwa chikuru Hegel, kunoratidzwa kuti nzanga yose inopfuura anotevedzana matanho ari kukura kwavo. Dzidza Chirungu upfumi enyika, Karl Marks (yaifananidzira pamusoro) akanga chakaunzwa dzidziso ake okuti payo. Akaudzawo vamwe pfungwa dzake panguva, kunyanya pabasa dzidziso ukoshi. Isu Socialist uye kare kubva kuFrance, iye akakwereta inozivikanwa pfungwa, sezvo boka hondo.

Kana akagamuchira dzidziso masayendisiti ose aya, Shona uye Marx hwavo. kupatsanurwa, zvichiguma dzidziso imwe zvachose itsva - Marxism wemagariro evanhu. Muchidimbu nayo kungarondedzerwa se chiwanikwa kwoupfumi uye Sociological, dzouzivi uye dzimwe dzidziso vari titsigire uye chinokosha, iyo inotaura nekubata kirasi zvinodiwa. Dzidziso Marx vake, chaizvoizvo, ndiko kuongorora capitalist munzanga uye dzinoitwa. Karl akaongorora mamiriro ayo, mashandiro, hakudzivisiki kuchinja. Panguva iyoyo ndiye zvazvisingarambiki chokwadi kuti kuongorora zviri kwaita capitalism ndiko kuongorora nhoroondo kukura kwenzanga uye murume.

Marxist nzira

Nzira, iyo inoshandisa Marxist evanhu, kazhinji akatsunga kuva yokukakavadzniswa zvinhu. Nzira iyi inobva imwe kunzwisisa nyika, maererano riri pasi Qualitative kuchinja sezvo pfungwa dzevanhu, uye mananara zvakasikwa uye vanhu. kuchinja izvi zvinotsanangurwa ne hondo-siyana womukati uye zvakapesana vari zvinodyidzana.

Marxist evanhu anoti pfungwa - kwete musiki, kwete Musiki. Hunoratidza zvinhu chaichoicho. Somugumisiro, mune ruzivo uye kudzidza nyika inofanira kuvakirwa chokwadi pacharo, uye kwete kubva pfungwa. More zvakananga, ichitsvaka maumbirwo munzanga yevanhu, tinofanira kutanga kwete kubva panzira kufunga kuri muvanhu wakapiwa, asi kubva munhoroondo kufamba.

Nheyo mupi werutemo

Marxism, mumwe mukuru evanhu anobvuma musimboti mupi werutemo, maererano izvo evanhu mananara uye pezvakaitwa, pane ukama causal. Scientists Charles akawana zvakaoma kuziva huru dzekuziva kuti kuona zvose vamwe munzanga noukama uye zvakavapo. Havana kugona kuwana chinangwa chokuratidza kuti kusarudzwa ichi. Marxist evanhu anoti zvoupfumi (production) noukama dzinofanira kuonekwa sezvo vakadaro. Karl Marx aidavira kuti kukura kwenzanga - shanduko mumatanho okuwana.

Social Kuva anosarudza kuziva

upenyu Social, maererano Marx, akatsunga sezvo yapfuura nhoroondo kukura kwenzanga uye socio-nhoroondo mitemo. Wokupedzisira chiito, pasinei nechido uye kuziva vanhu. Vanhu havagoni kuchinja kwavari, asi vanogona kuvhura navo uye zvinoenderana navo. Saka, kuti rondedzero dzokufungidzira dzinowanzoguma pfungwa kuti kukura nzanga pakutsvaga kuda vanhu, kuti ndiye kuziva kunotema kuitwa akapikisa Marxism. Being anosarudza kuziva, uye kwete zvimwe.

Effect Marxism evanhu

Karl Marx uye Friedrich Shona akaita rakakura kunzwisisa chii chinofanira kufungwa somunhu nyaya vakawanda evanhu. sainzi ichi, vari Sokuona kwavo, vanofanira kuongorora upenyu chaihwo vanhu, chii chaizvo, kwete avo vanozviratidza. The Classics pamusoro Marxism waitsigira zvirokwazvo panguva iyo munhu nyaya vakawanda evanhu kwaizova nzanga, sechinhu dzakaunganidzwa siyana inoshanda ukama kusimukira pakati vanhu uye vakabatana anonzi Generic musimboti wacho. Panyaya iyi nokuda kunyatsonzwisisa zvayo nyaya kukosha tsanangudzo huru yakadai yakapiwa Marx sezvo musimboti womunhu, hunhu, basa, vanhu. A kumboongorora mumwe nomumwe wavo.

Musimboti munhu

Marx uye Shona, kurapa munhu ne pfuma chinzvimbo, kuedza kuziva chii musiyano kubva mhuka. Vaidawo kunzwisisa chii specificity zvayo somunhu Generic ari. Karl akati kuti murume haasi chete wechisikigo munhu, asi veruzhinji, kuti zvokurimisa mashoko avo mumagariro uye mumuviri kuvapo, pachishandiswa rinobata ukama nyika. Musimboti murume, maererano Marx, ndiwo basa rake, mukugadzira basa. Aidavira kuti upenyu hwake zvibereko ndiwo upenyu Generic. Carl akataura kuti kana vanhu vanotanga kubudisa zvinhu zvavanoda, vanotanga vanozvipira kubva pamhuka nyika.

basa

Zvino udza sei kushandisa kuti basa evanhu Marxism. Marx uye Shona akazviona somunhu vanoziva basa vanhu, nechinangwa panguva kupanana yacho zvakasikwa. Karl anoti munhu kuti kurongera dzinongoitika fuma muchimiro akakodzera hwake, anoisa kufamba masimba izvo nhengo muviri wake. Achiita pamusoro kwokunze nyika achishandisa sangano iri, kuchinja nayo, vanhu panguva iyoyo anochinja ake pachake. Labor, maererano Marxism, akasika kwete chete munhu, asi vanhu. Chaioneka somugumisiro ukama vanhu, zvichiguma basa rikurumidze.

muzvarirwo

Kunzwisisa hunhu uye ukama waro nzanga pre-Marxist evanhu kunyanya rinoreva mumwe zvinotevera Categories:

• idealist (vanhu uye hunhu vari yakazvimirira mumwe, hazviiti, sezvazvakaita pfungwa qualitatively yakasiyana);
• anonyadzisira pfuma (zvose magariro pezvakaitwa uye mananara zvakasikwa inozviisa yemamiriro mitemo).

Philosophy uye wemagariro evanhu pamusoro Marxism vakatsoropodza vaviri dzidziso idzi. Dzidziso wakatangwa pamusoro Karl hunoratidza kuti zvakasikwa nharaunda uye nzanga yevanhu vane Qualitative mavambo. Kunyange zvakadaro, pane kubatana pakati pavo. Kutsanangura marongerwo uye kukura mitemo nzanga hazvigoni inobva chete mitemo zvoutachiona. Panguva iyoyo hatigoni zvachose kufuratira zvipenyu zvinhu, ndiko kutarisa chete kune evanhu.

vanhu

Karl Marx akati kuti murume wakasiyana nemhuka chinangwa basa basa. Iye kunotsanangurwa kambani (kufungisisa chokwadi kuti pakati murume uye hunhu rinoitwa muviri) sezvo chine ukama vanhu mumwe uye kuti zvisikwa. Society, maererano Marx, ndiyo kwegadziriro nekuita pakati vanhu, iyo yakavakirwa mamiriro ezveupfumi. Vanhu vanouya kwavari zvakakodzera. It hakubvi pakuti kwavo.

Mumwe anogona kutaura zvakanaka kana zvakaipa Marxist evanhu. Dzidziso uye tsika dzinoratidza kuti zvimwe zvaidiwa vanhu zvinorondedzerwa Marx, chaizvoizvo kutora nzvimbo. Saka, nhasi haisi kudzima kufarira pfungwa chinorehwa nemashoko Karl.

Base uye superstructure

Chero vanhu kumira chawo uye superstructure (maererano nedzidziso zvakadai sayenzi Marxism evanhu). The chikuru zvechadenga izvi pfungwa mbiri, tichakurukura ikozvino.

Hwaro chinhu nharaunda umo mune co-kugadzirwa zvinhu. Inopa munzanga uye munhu kuvapo womunhu. Production Karlom Marksom aionekwa basa zvakasikwa achibatsirwa mabasa zvakakodzera mukati vanhu. Masayendisiti akaratidza zvinotevera zvinhu (zvinhu) inoshandiswa:

• basa, ndiko purposive nezvebasa wacho, zvainanga kusikwa avo kana zvimwe upfumi mukati vanhu;
• zvinhu basa, ndiko kuti, avo vakanga vari kukanganiswa vanhu vane basa ravo (ichi chinogona kuva pasi kubudiswa zvokuvakisa, kana chaiye ari mashoko);
• Achishandisa basa, ndiko kuti, achibatsirwa iyo vanhu vanoita izvi kana zvimwe zvinhu zvakaoma.

Zvokurarama kugadzirwa inosanganisira midziyo uye achishandisa basa. Zvisinei, vacharamba chete zvinhu akafa, chero vanhu havana batanidza navo basa ravo. Naizvozvo, sezvo Marx akataura, ndiwo munhu - kuramba chinhu okuwana.

Hwaro nzanga vanoumba nzira uye zvinhu basa, vanhu avo unyanzvi uye basa ruzivo, uyewo ukama okuwana. Social superstructure fomu zvose zvimwe evanhu mananara kuti anowanika kana ukaronga upfumi. To izvi zviitiko anosanganisira enyika uye dzepamutemo masangano, uyewo siyana evanhu kuziva (uzivi, chitendero, unyanzvi, sainzi, tsika, uye zvichingodaro. D.).

Economic hwaro, maererano nedzidziso Marx, anosarudza kuti superstructure. Zvisinei, kwete zvinhu zvose superstructure chinoita kunotema zvakaenzana. The superstructure Uyewo, ane imwe pesvedzero pairi. Sezvo ini akanongedzera Shona (asian ake anopiwa pamusoro), asi pakupedzisira simba kunogona kunzi dzinonetsa.

Kuzvibvisa chacho nezvimiro

Kuzvibvisa - icho chinangwa kupatsanurwa nyaya kubva muitiro mabasa kana kwayo mugumisiro. Marx vaiona dambudziko iri zvizere zvikuru mubasa rake rinonzi "ouzivi Manyoro", akasikwa 1844, asi yakabudiswa chete 30s remakore rechi20. Pepa rino, dambudziko akaparadzaniswa basa anoonekwa somunhu inokosha muchimiro kuzvibvisa. Karl Marx inoratidza kuti chinonyanya kukosha chikamu "zvirimwa kufara" (vanhu) ndiko kudikanwa kuita rokusika, vakasununguka basa. Capitalism, maererano Carl, zvakanyatsorongwa anoparadza kudiwa iyi wacho. Hazvina nzvimbo iyi dzaidzidziswa Marxist evanhu.

Mhando kuzvibvisa, nokuti Marx, zvinotevera:

• migumisiro basa;
• kubva basa rikurumidze;
• maererano pezvawakaita (murume ane "rudzi-hwakanaka" mupfungwa yokuti sezvo vakasununguka uye inoshanda hunhu, iye unovaka pachake (race) uye nyika);
• kubva kunze kwenyika (hunhu, vanhu).

Kana mushandi haisi mugumisiro basa rake, panofanira kuva chaakanga ndohwavo. Saizvozvowo, kana nedanho basa (basa) hahusi mushandi, ndiyo muridzi. Chete mumwe murume, anonzi exploiter, pamwe ichi nomweni chisikwa, uye kwete zvisikwa kana Mwari. Somugumisiro, pane private pfuma, iyo rinoongorora evanhu pamusoro Marxism.

Mhando kuzvibvisa (Marx), kumusoro, inogona kubviswa paakasika nzanga itsva, iyo vaizosunungurwa kubva makaro uye udyire. Kanenge, saka kutaura Socialist, vanotenda kuti kukura kwoupfumi hazvigoni akamira. Karla Marksa pfungwa dzinozivikanwa kuti kunge kushandiswa echimurenga zvinangwa. Marxist evanhu akabatanidzwa basa rinokosha kwete chete zvesayenzi asiwo munhau. Hazvizivikanwi sei kutanga nyika yedu muzana remakore rechi20, kana Bolsheviks havana kutora pfungwa idzi. akanaka uye Migumisiro Vose vakauya munzvimbo upenyu vanhu Soviet evanhu pamusoro Marxism, uye varipo kwete zvachose kubvisa navo.

Zviya, kwete bedzi Socialist vakashandisa pfungwa chinorehwa nemashoko Karl. Wakamboverenga zvakadaro mirayiridzo sezvo pamutemo Marxism? Pazasi pane pfungwa mashoko.

pamutemo Marxism

Munhau Russian Sociological vakafunga rechi19 - kwezana remakore rechi20, rinokosha chaizvo nzvimbo inogarwa iri evanhu yokupira Marxism. Muchidimbu inogona kurondedzerwa se pfungwa uye yokungotaura kosi. Zviri kuratidzwa Bourgeois worupo pfungwa. Legal Marxism mu evanhu yakavakirwa Marxist pfungwa. Vakanga ainyanya chokuita upfumi pfungwa kupembedza chokwadi kuti kukura capitalism munyika yedu nhoroondo hakudzivisiki. Vateveri varo vaishora dzidziso pamusoro populism. Vamiririri inozivikanwa kwazvo Marxism pamutemo: M. Tugan-Baranowski, Struve uye Bulgakov uye Berdyaev. Wemagariro evanhu pamusoro Marxism pashure vakashanduka akananga dzechitendero uye rondedzero dzokufungidzira dzinowanzoguma uzivi.

Chokwadi, isu chete akataura muchidimbu pamusoro kudzidza, akasikwa Charles. Wemagariro evanhu pamusoro Marxism uye kukosha kwayo - yakakura nyaya, asi ayo dzinokosha pfungwa dzave kutaurwa munyaya ino.