How kusiyanisa methyl kuti ethyl doro? doro fomura

Doro uye doro zvikuru zvakasimba muupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva. Nyaya ino achapiwa nhungamiro inokosha sei kusiyanisa methyl kuti ethyl doro. ndichakubvunzaiwo kupiwa Pane unhu hwavo uye nemakemikari Masvomhu.

History of kuwanikwa doro

Formula doro chimiro mumwe kana mumwe rakaonekwa zvinenge panguva imwe chete munyika dzakawanda pasi pose. Muna 1334, kuti alchemist French Arno De Vilgger pakutanga aiva waini doro. Muna 1360 rokuItari uye French dzemamongi pave fuma rinonzi "mvura youpenyu." Genoese Vatengesi muna 1386 akauya doro kuMoscow kuratidza unhu kwayo.

tsananguro

Zvino isu anofanira kunzwisisa kuti munhu methyl uye ethyl doro yakadaro.

Methanol (aizivikanwawo methyl doro, aizivikanwawo yamatanda doro, carbinol ainziwo, ainziwo metilgidrat aka hydroxide methyl) - nyore monohydric doro, uturu, Hauoneki zvokunwa. With mhepo siyana (mu volumetric kuwanda kubva 6,98 kusvika 35,5%) panhamo (ari tembiricha 8 Celsius). Molecular payakavakirwa ndiyo methyl doro - CH _4, CH ₃ O kana -OH.

Panyaya iyi (kana ethyl doro, kana ethyl doro, kana doro, zvakafanana anongoti "doro" metilkarbinol) - monohydric doro pamwe netsika payakavakirwa C ₂ H ₅ OH. Pasi pomureza ezvinhu, imwe kugadzikana, Hauoneki, zvinobata moto pachena zvokunwa. Chinonzi depressant - munhu zvinovhiringidza pfungwa fuma, depresses musimboti tsinga, uye kushingaira chezvinonhuwira doro.

kuenzanisa

Kubva nzvimbo kutsunga uye makemikari payakavakirwa iri nyore kuona kuti sei kusiyanisa kubva methyl ethyl doro. In tsika, zvinhu hazvisi saizvozvowo nyore.

Kana isu kuna kemisitiri, unogona kuwana zvakawanda pamusoro zvinhu izvi: kushandiswa, kugadzira, zvivako, ari zvakasikwa, etc. Asi ngatiendei kudzokera epamba nyaya uye tikanyatsoongorora musiyano methanol kubva panyaya iyi.

Methanol chitarisiko akafanana panyaya iyi: Hauoneki, ane hunhu, asi simba zvakanaka. Izvi nderei ehupfumi kuti methyl doro. Saizvozvo, zvinosuwisa, izvi zviviri zvinhu zvakaoma chaizvo kusiyanisa nepedyo. Chete nyanzvi kemisiti achakwanisa nemaziso kusiyanisa mumwe rudzi kubva neimwe. Color, munhuhwi, kunaka zvokuti chakafanana kuti kazhinji akanyonganisa izvi zvinhu. Migumisiro kuvhiringika uku vari hwakazarawo, kubva upofu rufu.

misiyano

Kumba, unogona kuitisa kuedza nyore kuona kusiyana. Heano zvitatu zvinokosha kusiyana nzira methanol kubva panyaya iyi. Nzira iyi ichakurukurwa akapfeka uye kuenzaniswa hunhu.

1 nzira. Galvanzie rebvunzo mvura. Mumwe nyore uye chakavimbika kupfuura nzira: vesa mharidzo yedu, vanotevera ruvara romurazvo. Panyaya iyi ndiyo zvitema, uye methanol - green. Zviri nyore uye yakananga, asi yeuka kuti nokusaziva, zvinosuruvarisa hakuiti pakunomboita munhu kubva pamigumisiro.

We ataure pfungwa itsva nyaya yedu - Industrial doro. Shoko rokuti "maindasitiri doro" rinoreva alcohols (methanol, denatured doro), uye wemisanganiswa zvayo, havana dzakakodzera rinodyiwa nevanhu, zvichiita zvakakomba uye kusingarapiki kwazvinoita zvose utano uye upenyu.

Zvinokoshawo kuti funga nezvezvinotevera pfungwa: mu lämpömittari tichishandisa nyore kuedza, zvinokosha kugadzirisa dzokubikira tembiricha, sezvo chinozivikanwa kubva kemisitiri kuti zvikamu kuti panyaya iyi mamota panguva tembiricha kuti 78 ° Celsius uye methanol rinosvika Kubika kunyange 64 °.

2 nzira. Tinoshandisa akangofananawo mbatatisi. Small mbatatisi wedges kuti maawa mashoma akandwe pabvunzo mvura kana pashure nguva ino matapiri haana kuchinja ruvara, ipapo pamberi penyu panyaya iyi - a fuma akakodzera rinodyiwa. Kana mbatatisi bande zvinoratidzwa Pink, muedzo yakaita mvura mvura ndiyo methanol - uturu akasimba kuti muviri womunhu.

3 nzira. Formaldehyde yokuenzanisira. Pano tinofanira yemhangura waya, chikamu chiduku zvinofanira chena kupisa sokupenya udonhedze kupinda mvura. Kana ukaona kuti, unogona hwema panyaya iyi akaora maapuro, asi aripi methanol, muchanzwa unopinza kusingafadzi kunhuwa - munhuwi formaldehyde.

Ona kuti mumwe dose diki (zvakakwana uye 50 Rine mamiririta) kuti methanol aigona kuurayisa. Svinurai, regai kutenga doro dubious rokutengesa muzano, regai kuisa upenyu uye muzvidimbu uye kutenga doro unyanzvi muzvitoro.

Zviratidzo methanol chepfu

Symptomatology kuti methanol chepfu akanyatsojeka akafanana doro chepfu, asi mukuru nezvekwakatorwa kuda kurutsa, dzungu, kudhaka, lethargy, kurutsa, nezvipusha, zvakaratidzwa kurasikirwa zvinofanira dzinounzwa. Methanol anopinda womunhu panguva kufema, kuburikidza ganda uye zvomudumbu turakiti. Pane kurwadziwa simba makumbo, anotemwa nemusoro. It inopinda tsinga inoparadza tsinga, zvichitungamirira upofu. Nokukurumidza kunyura, zvishoma nezvishoma akasunungurwa, rinoungana (anounganidza). Oxidized mumuviri, nokuumba chepfu yeimwe - formic asidhi uye formaldehyde. Formaldehyde iri zvikuru chepfu, sezvo pafuma kirasi ngozi yokutanga. Zvinonzi pamutemo kontseragenom. kuwanda kwayo mumuviri inoenda kukura kenza. Formic asidhi kunokonzera kukuvara meso uye kufema turakiti. Heavy chepfu nokuona kurasikirwa zvingakonzera ingestion pamusoro 10.5 chete ml methyl doro. A inouraya dose iri kuwanda kubva 30 kusvika 100 ml, asi zvinoenderana munhu zvinoitwa zvikuru muviri. Rufu kunoitika kubva kufema kusungwa. Chirwere chinogona kuva kwechokwadi kuwana nedambudziko iri weti ane fuma yakadai formic acid.

rubatsiro First

Above zvakanga pachena sei kusiyanisa kubva methyl ethyl doro. Zvisinei, pane mamiriro ezvinhu muupenyu kana uine kupa wacho rubatsiro rwekutanga. Kana methanol chepfu nayo anokanda panguva excretion uturu, kunonotsa oxidation rikurumidze yacho fuma. Zvisinei, pakutanga vachatambura ari excretory hurongwa. Parinoshandiswa mukati maindasitiri doro, anofanira kumboshamba dumbu panguva vaviri maawa vokutanga. Yemanyorero ushandiswe kudhakwa, kugamuchirwa alkalis (sodium hydrogencarbonate 10-15 magiramu). Uchida ndiyo ethyl doro izvo lowers ari oxidation gadziriro methanol yokutendeutsa uye inotungamirwa chepfu zvigadzirwa. vanenge methanol nomuchetura mwoyo nhamba.

Ethyl doro. GOST

GOST - kuchikonzerwa gwaro yokudzora chii unhu zvinofanira kuva zvinhu akatengesa pamusoro munharaunda imwe nyika. Pane vakakokwa akawanda panguva panyaya iyi, iyo kundorondedzera chinangwa, mamiriro ezvinhu kuchengetwa, zvifambiso uye zvakawanda.

Asi nyaya yakaoma yakadai, sezvo kudyiwa doro, anogona kubudisa maawa akawanda gakava. Uye kwete iyi, nokuti mumwe munhu anofanira kuzvisarudzira panyaya yakafanana chechetere. Asi ngationei GOST 1972: "panyaya iyi - munhu zvinobata moto, Hauoneki mvura ine maitiro zvakanaka. Rinoreva simba mishonga anokonzera wokutanga kufara, ipapo -. Kuoma tsinga "

Zvino verenga GOST 1982: "panyaya iyi - munhu zvinobata moto, Hauoneki mvura ine maitiro zvakanaka chokuita zvinodhaka zvakaoma." Uye pakupedzisira, muna 2000: ". Ethyl doro - munhu Hauoneki, zvinobata moto mvura ine maitiro kwakanaka" Izvi nemirau chete uye waidzora fuma sezvo ethyl doro kuti maindasitiri kushandiswa.

Kukuvadza uye zvakanakira doro

Ngatiregei kubata iceberg ichi yakakura rinonzi "kunwa kana kwete kunwa." Ngationei vanoyeuka mashoko anodiwa Urume Semenovich Gorbunkova pamusoro zvakanakira doro. Doro rinogona yekudyidzana kutadzisa paumbwe ropa clots, kuderedza remafuta akawandisa tigutsikane nemidziyo ropa rokuwedzera, zvichiguma kumwezve kutenderera. A mishonga sezvo kuzivikanwa anofarira munhu dose yakajeka, saka 50 Rine mamiririta inobata uye bracing. Asi kubatsirwa chinounza doro hapandiringani zvichienzaniswa ayo pakukuvadza: doro anochinja masero dzevanhu, izvo zvingaita kuti pfungwa retardation vazukuru, ane tigume yetsika maitiro. Muchiitiko chino, zvinokosha kuyeuka kuti zvakanga doro induces munhu kuita kutyaira, mapenzi uye utsinye zviito. Kuti izvi zvisaitike, unofanira kutevedza mitemo zvakajeka. Ichava kubatsira uye kwakakwana kuramba dzakasiyana-siyana doro.

Yeuka kuti kana iwe kupfuudza ndozvakajairwa, ipapo doro anova muchetura kuti achaita kukuvara mapazi uye kunyange yose mugadziriro muviri wako.

Chaizvoizvo izvi uye unogona kupedza nharo pamusoro sei kusiyanisa methyl kuti ethyl doro.