Mandarin Chinese mutauro nhoroondo uye vezvenhau

China - iri nyika huru rinezvigaro vanogara. Zvino musha vanhu vanodarika bhiriyoni. Zvichida ndokusaka ari hurumende kushandisa dzakasiyana-siyana tumitauro uye tumitauro. Kunyange pano zvakare pane mutauro unonyanya, iyo inodyiwa munharaunda dzakawanda. Rinewo siyana nomumukanwa uye zvakanyorwa. Saka, tinodzidza nhasi kana zvimwe mutauro Mandarin pamwe maranjisi, uyewo apo uye naani rinoshandiswa.

Where?

Achitaura mutauro uyu, tinofanira kutanga kubva pamba. Mandarin Chinese haasi chete anowanzodanwa kushandiswa munyika. Zvinonzi zvakare vaiona huru mapoka bazi remutauro. Izvi zvinoshandawo pano uye mutauro Chinese Mandarin. Kuwedzera pakuva wechokwadi Mandarin Dungan, chinowanzoonekwa kunzi ake "Mandarin" (kubva mushoko "Putonghua"). Zita iri kunganzi. Kunyange zvazvo mutauro Mandarin pano anopindura chete chikamu boka. Asi zita iri raiva yakafanira Mandarin Western mabhuku, kunyanya vokuEurope. Pakunzwisisa vagere Kishi ndiye mutauro Chinese - ndiye Mandarin, kana Putonghua marudzi.

Variety Mandarin

Sezvambotaurwa, mutauro uyu haasi chete Putonghua (Mandarin), asi vamwe tumitauro. Vari muzvikamu 8 subgroups. Uye nemhaka munzvimbo Classified munyika. Somuenzaniso, pane subgroup okumusoro-okumabvazuva tumitauro. Hazvina kuoma kuti zvokufungidzira kuti yaishandiswa nevagari nharaunda iyi China. Panewo subgroup pakati Beijing, apo vagari guru taura.

Kune Chokwadi, shamwari zvikuru kunzwisisa kuburikidza iyo vanhuwo zvakaoma kunzwisisa mutauro achidiwa vatakuri. Somuenzaniso, tszyanhuayskaya subgroup ane nzvimbo nharaunda duku, riri muna the yangtze River. Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, ipapo chzhunyuanskaya, nehadzi yengururu-Yin, Chi-Lu uye Jiao-Liao subgroups. Anogara munharaunda yakakura. Asi rakajairika, zvichida, anogona kunzi rwezasi-yokumadokero subgroup. Pamufananidzo pasi apa, rima mutema kupendwa munzvimbo Mandarin rinoshandiswa.

Kuwedzera

Pamwe chete mutauro Mandarin, panewo ishoma mune Mandarin boka. Somuenzaniso, Jin inoshandisa vanhu mamiriyoni 45 chete. Vanorarama mudunhu Shanxi, uyewo kuchamhembe chikamu Shaanxi uye Hebei.

bazi Beijing

Izvi zvinosanganisira tumitauro zvikuru nomwe. Rinonyanya kuzivikanwa: muna Beijing uye Putonghua (mutauro Mandarin). Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, pane chinokosha remutauro, izvo pfungwa vane midzi akafanana mureza Chinese mutauro. Asi havana distinguishable nokuda kwayo kupararira uye mutakuri.

Ikoko Karamay, Hailar, chifensky tumitauro, uyewo adverbs uye Chengde Jin, ambotaurwa. All izvi mitauro siyana vari, zvikurukuru, kuti bazi Beijing uye chinonyanya inonzwisisika vaya kudzidza Chinese sendarama kwezvipimo.

pamutemo

Mutauro China ndiro Mandarin Chinese. Ane mapoka mutauro 10. Kutaura yevagari inoshandisa mureza Chinese mutauro, iyo pano anonzi Putonghua. It rinoshandiswawo Singapore (Huayu) uye muHong Kong, uye Taiwan inonzi guoyu. Putonghua unowanzonzi mutauro unotaurwa nomuromo. Mukunyora mureza inonzi baihua.

hwaro

Sezvambotaurwa, Putonghua rinoreva Beijing rwechiHebheru, raiva pamberi Mandarin boka. The girama mutauro nemitemo zvose, izvo enshrined mune mabhuku mabasa.

zita

Putonghua anganzi munyika dzakasiyana nenzira dzakasiyana. The yepamutemo zita rinoshandiswa zvakananga Beijing uye rakapoteredza. Sezvambotaurwa, kuSingapore kunonzi Huayu, uyewo Malaysia. Asi kuTaiwan - guoyu. Putonghua kuMadokero uye zvose akamuka chinoshamisa zita - mutauro Mandarin. Zvakangotanga vakatanga yakanongedza European mabhuku. Uyezve, pane anonzi rudo haisi chete boka Mandarin uye Mandarin rose.

Uyezve, West anowanzoshandisirwa ino chaiyo remutauro izwi - Standard Mandarin. Rine mijenya zvaungasarudza: .. "Mandarin", "Mandarin", etc. MuRussia, asi kusiyanisa pakati Putonghua uye ayo chokuita tumitauro. A "Citrus" Ipfungwa hazvitombobvumidzwi maererano zvedzidzo vemunharaunda. Kunyange zvazvo vezvenhau kuti "witty" kushandisa zita iri.

Portuguese midzi

Mandarin chikwereti ichi "maranjisi" Portuguese rokuremekedza. vanhu vashoma vanoziva kuti Mandarin Chinese unowanzonzi Guanhua. Sezvairi, anoshandura se - ". Bureaucratic Kutaura" Izvi zvakare kunoratidza kuti Putonghua chete vakadzidza uye zvakanaka-verenga vanhu.

In Portugal, kuti kazhinji vakuru vakuru rinonzi "mandarins", iro raireva kuti "mushumiri, mupurisa." Mumazuva Imperial China ndiyo Portuguese inonzi saka vanhu vane. Naizvozvo, gare gare wakaonekwa ari vellum Guanhua uye Putonghua akagamuchira kurongwa zita - "Mandarin".

A mhando "Mandarin"

Kazhinji, kunze kwokuti Putonghua - remutauro kwakajairika chaizvo, zvakadaro ine nhamba subgroups. Izvi imhaka zvikurukuru chokwadi kuti, kana dzakabatwa somukuru mukuru remutauro, idzodzo dzakanga kare kutaura chero mutauro Mandarin, Putonghua reformatted mu Bhaibheri rake. Somugumisiro, mashoko tumitauro mutauro Mandarin, sezvambotaurwa, dzakazara dzimwe nharaunda. Pakati pavo guoyu Taiwan, Singapore Huayu, uyewo siyana Putonghua - guandunsky.

nhoroondo hwaro

Before Putonghua yamboshandiswa zvisina nomumukanwa chimiro kuchamhembe mutauro - Guanhua. Pane mukana kuti akatanga kuoneka kare 1266. Ipapo Chinese guta kwave kune munharaunda Beijing ano. Panguva iyoyo, akatanga kwake Yuan imba. Muna 1909, akasvika pakuzivikanwa guoyu, iyo nguva aiva mukuru mureza. Gare gare, akanga apiwa zita rokuti muna Putonghua. mureza uyu kunosanganisira haana kunyorwa chete asiwo nomumukanwa zvaigara.

Ndiani anoti?

Pamberi zviremera paiva dambudziko: sei kuwedzera kuparadzirwa Putonghua ane nomumukanwa nerokuti rwokutaura zvikamu vaya China, apo vanoshandisa dzimwe tumitauro. mubvunzo uyu kunyange akanyorwa Chinese Constitution. Asi kupararira kwacho anononoka zvakakwana. Putonghua yava kushandiswa paTV uye redhiyo, asi chete nehafu yevanhu inogona kutsanangurwa mumutauro iwoyo. 18 chete% zvinonyorwa dudzirachiito pamba kutaura. Uye 42% vanogaramo vanotaura Putonghua kuchikoro uye kubasa.

Kudzora nyaya iyi, kuongorora kwave vakasuma, izvo zvinoratidza padanho nezivo mutauro. Sarudza anotaura mutauro Mandarin, zvava nyore zvikuru. Asi wakatendeuka kubva kuti migumisiro havasi chii isu tinoda kuona makore anopfuura 30 gare gare, pakatanga Putonghua.

The chepamusorosoro sandara ndiye "1-A". Zvinonzi basa vaya vakaita asingasviki 3% chikanganiso. Kakawanda, izvi zvinoguma pabvunzo akaberekerwa Beijingers. Uye pakati pavamwe vanhu, nhamba iyi apo neapo. Kana Beijing mukati makadirwa 90% kubva examinees, iro dzepedyo guta Tianjin rava mutungamiriri pamwe 25% avo vakapfuura.

Kushanda paredhiyo terevhizheni, unogona kuita chero kupfuura 8% kwokukanganisa, uye kuti ufanane "1-B". Kuti nhengo vezvenhau vanofanira kuwana pakuongororwa. Kuti tiwane mudzidzisi Chinese mabhuku, zvinogona kuva anopfuura 13% kwokukanganisa - mwero "2-A". Pasinei isingafadzi waivako Putonghua kuwanda kwakadaro, asi vanokwanisa kunzwisisa mutauro uyu zhinji Chinese. Kunyange zvazvo vangave vasiri kukwanisa kutaura mutauro.