Kugadzikana kunokonzera mafuta

Kugadziriswa kwepetroleum inogadziriswa (mukushandurwa kubva kuChirungu - kuparadzaniswa) inzira inoshandiswa pakugadzira iyo inotarisirwa kuwedzera chibereko che peterosi kuburikidza nekugadziriswa kwezvinhu zvinokonzerwa nemafuta akasiyana-siyana. Pakutanga kushandiswa kwechigadzirwa, avhareji ye5-14% yehuwandu huwandu hwefurairi inowanikwa. Ihu hunhu hwehutu hunoguma mushure mekudzikisa zvakananga hauna kuita zvinodiwa zve teknolojia yemazuva ano.

Kugadzirwa kwechigamba kunowedzera chibereko che petrol uye kunovandudza hutano hwayo.

Iko kune marudzi maviri eupfini (catalytic) cracking: liquid uye gas phase. Yakatanga kuiswa mafuta mafuta, ayo anodyirwa muvira umo 600-625 ° C pasi pekumanikidzwa pedyo nekumhepo kwemhepo. Girasi yegasi inokonzera kuputika inoitwa pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akafanana, asi iyo yakasvibirira iyo inonzi mafuta mafuta (solar oils). Kupisa kwemazuva ekugadzirisa kwema-alkanes akakura kunoputsa carbon bonds uye inogadzira mamolekemu eakadhi-molebhoni yakabatanidzwa akabatanidzwa muchikamu che peteroli:

C10H22-C5H12 + C5H10.

Nokudaro, zvinhu zviviri (kuremedza uye zvisiri izvo zvakagadziriswa mahedrocarboni) zvine mashesi mashoma zvinoumbwa zvichibva kumusana mukuru-molecule .

Kugadzikana kwechigadzirwa kunoitwa muhupo hwe-catalysts (yakagadzirwa nevhu kana kuti aluminosilicates) pane ushuhuro hwe 470-530 degrees pasi pekumanikidzwa kwe70 kusvika ku 370 kPa. Iyo huru yakasvibiswa yekugadzirisa iyo mafuta mafuta, chibereko che petrol kubva pauwandu huwandu hwemafuta inogona kusvika 30-40%. Nokudaro, kugadzirwa kwepetolin inonetsa uye inopedza nguva. Kuvandudza kunaka kwechigadzirwa, alkenes uye alkynes zvakabviswa kubva pakuumbwa kwayo, izvo dzimwe nguva zvinosvika kusvika 30 muzana yehuwandu huwandu.

Kuvonga kushandiswa kwemichina inoshandiswa, huwandu hweiyo petroli mukugadziriswa kwemafuta kunogona kusvika kusvika ku80 muzana. Kuongorora kukosha kwemafuta emvura kunoshandisa nhamba ye octane. Isooctane kana kuti 2,2,4-trimethylpentane yakasarudzwa semuenzaniso wefuti uye yakakura antiknock.

Nhamba yaro yeoctane inonzi inofananidzwa ne100. Seyamuenzaniso neyepasi yakanyanya antiknock, n-heptane inotorwa: C7H16, nhamba ye octane (OC), inofungidzirwa yakaenzana ne 0. Kutarisa rondedzero iyi, fanisa kufungidzirwa kwemafuta eine mafuta pamwe nemafuta emusanganiswa we isooctane uye n-heptane.

Semuenzaniso, chigadzirwa ne octane nhamba ye 80 ine zvimwe zvakafanana nedonation semusanganiswa we 80% isooctane uye 20% n-heptane. Iyo yakakwirira nhamba ye octane, yakakwirira yehuni yehuni. Kuwedzera kwechiratidzo ichi kunochengetedza mafuta uye kunoponesa simba remukati remotokisi injini. Zvimwe zvikamu zvinowanikwa kune chigadzirwa, kusanganisira carbons yekugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uye antiknock agents (idzi zvinhu izvo, muzvishoma zvishoma (kwete kupfuura 0.5%), inovandudza kusagadzikana kwemafuta emafuta). Kare, tetraethyl plumbum yakashandiswa nokuda kwezvinangwa izvi. Pamusana pokuti ichi chinhu chinonyanyisa, chakatsiviwa nemamwe antiknock detergents, ayo anogadzirwa kubva mumakanese emishonga. Izvi zvinhu zvisinganyanyi kutyisa kumitumbi yedu uye kupa mukana wekuwana mafuta kubva kune OCH pane zana nemakumi maviri nemashanu kusvika zana nemakumi matatu emaundi.

Teknolojia yeiyo petrooline yakagadzirwa

Nekudzikisa zvakananga kwemafuta , petoro inowanikwa kubva kuOCH kusvika ku 91. Iyi nzira inogamuchirwa isingagamuchirwi nhasi, sezvo chibereko che petrol pachacho hachisi chakakwirira. Kuvandudza mazai emafuta uye kuvandudza mararamiro ayo, zvakare-distillation, kugadzirisa, kupisa kwemafuta, kuchinja, nezvimwe zvinoshandiswa.

Nzira dziri pamusoro apa dzinowedzera kushandiswa kwebasa, nguva nemari, zvisinei, zvinongobvumira kuti tisawana petero ine ngozi kune zvakatipoteredza. Kuwedzera OCH yezuva ranhasi kakawanda inoshandisa zvakasiyana-siyana zvemakemikari (alcohols, organometallic compounds, ethers, etc.).