Achinatsa: zvinhu nzira

Petroleum uye zviwanikwa magasi, izvi nemamwe zvicherwa, muri matsime mikuru Mahydrocarbon. oiri ichakasangana nezvimwewo - kunzwisisa musanganiswa Mahydrocarbon nevamwe yeimwe. Achinatsa kunoguma zvigadzirwa ayo zvino kushandiswa zvose sectors ose maindasitiri, simba, kurima uye nemhuri.

The oiri ichakasangana nezvimwewo kwoita zvinoumba kubudikidza nyore fractional DISTILLATION uye Vacuum. The Kuronga kuwana zvikamu zviduku zvinobva murwiyo yemabviro wakaipa mafuta.

Yokunatsira unopfuura dzakawanda matanho: fractional DISTILLATION, zvokuvandudza, cracking walnut uye nesarufa kurapwa.

Fractional DISTILLATION ndiye wokutanga kubudiswa danho, izvo wakapatsanura kuva zvikamu zviduku, gasi, chiedza, svikiro uye rinorema mafuta. Saka, chikuru kubudiswa mafuta inobvumira kuti pakarepo kuziva zvinokosha zvikamu zviduku.

• The gasi chinokwana ndiyo nyore unbranched Mahydrocarbon: butane, propane uye ethane.
• Peturu kana chiedza chakapatsanurwa - musanganiswa siyana chiedza Mahydrocarbon, kusanganisira mapazi uye unbranched alkanes.
• Mafuta mafuta dzasara pashure DISTILLATION vose zvimwe zvikamu zviduku vakareruka.

Uyezve chakagadziridzwa zvinoitwa cracking walnut. Saka pane kukamurwa kwakafumuka mafuta macromolecular yeimwe madiki, nechepazasi Kubika zvikamu zviduku anowanzoramba. Iyi inzira inokosha kubudiswa runoita kuwana mamwe mari kuderedzwa dzokubikira peturu zvikamu zviduku, kudiwa iyo, kunyanya mu peturu, chaizvo mukuru.

• The indasitiri anoshandisa mhando dzakawanda Cracking: CATALYTIC, chafariz nekushandura. Mugore chafariz Cracking mukuru samolecular uremu yeimwe zvikamu zviduku zveropa mafuta inorema dzaputswa kupinda pasi samolecular uremu pasi kumusoro tembiricha. Achinatsa nevanhu chafariz Cracking uye CATALYTIC unobereka musanganiswa unsaturated uye zvine Mahydrocarbon. In Example octadecane cracking walnut muitiro inogona yakarondedzerwa fomura:

C ₁₈ H ₃₈ -> C ₉ H ₂₀ + C ₉ H ₁₈

At kutonhora kusvika 1000 ° C kunokonzera chafariz manyowa mukuru-samolecular mafuta, nokudaro pave substantially chiedza alkenes uye zvinonhuwirira Mahydrocarbon.

• CATALYTIC Cracking anotora nzvimbo pachidiwa yakaderera tembiricha sezvamakaropafadzwa tiwedzere musanganiswa alumina uye silica. Uyewo muchiitiko ichi musanganiswa yakazara uye unsaturated Mahydrocarbon. Rokuedza nzira iri kushandiswa pave yepamusoro peturu.
• Nekushandura kuchinja chimiro mamorekuru uye rinoabatanidza kupinda makuru. Munguva shoma-unhu yakaderera samolecular uremu mafuta zvikamu zviduku tinoshandurirwa, kunyanya mukuru-mugiredhi peturu hacho.

Natural uye aishamwaridzana magasi - musanganiswa methane (90% kubudikidza bhuku) uye ayo yepedyo homologues, uyewo mari nouipi duku.

The chikuru basa kubudiswa gasi - zviri mukati rokutendeutsa zvine Mahydrocarbon kune unsaturated, izvo zvinogona papera kushandiswa kwemakemikari kwetunhu.

Saka, mafuta uye gasi kubudiswa runoita chinhu chaizvo guru-siyana zvigadzirwa mafuta-siyana, izvo mugumisiro kwemakemikari usage rinozobudawo guru-siyana zvinhu zvinoshandiswa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana sectors.