Mirivha yegoridhe muRussia: zvikamu, nhoroondo uye zvinhu zvinonakidza

Mirivha yegoridhe muRussia mhizha inokosha, iyo isina kupiwa kunyatsokwanisa kwenguva yakareba. Migodhi yakagadzirwa munguva dze tsarist yakaparadzwa munguva yekuvandudza uye Civil War. Nguva yeSoviet hainawo kuunza maruva emabhizimisi. Zvichida, mamiriro matsva ezvehupfumi achakwanisa kuderedza nzira yekugadzira.

Nhoroondo yezvakawanikwa

Nhoroondo yemigodhi yegoridhe muRussia, maererano nehuwandu hwemashoko, yakatanga muzana remakore rechi18. Zvinotendwa kuti kutanga kwaiva shongwe duku, iyo yakawana schismatic munharaunda yezvino Yekaterinburg. Nokuda kwechimwe chikonzero, akataura nezvekuwanikwa kwekutungamirirwa kwegwenzi reEkaterinburg. Kutsvaka kwake, akaenderera mberi akawana mabwe akawanda akadaro. Gare gare, mgodi wegoridhe "Primary" yakateyiwa panzvimbo yezviwanikwa.

Ichokwadi chokuti minda yegoridhe muRussia inogona kuva mhizha huru, inotaurwa kubva muzana remakore rechishanu. Izvi zvakataurirwa nevanyori vezvakaitika kare vakashanyira nzvimbo dzeUrials mountain system uye vakacherechedza huwandu hwakawanda hwezvishongo uye zvinhu zveimba zvakagadzirwa nesimbi inokosha kubva kune vagari vomunharaunda.

Nheyo yehurumende yehurumende yepamusoro yakaiswa naPeter Mukuru muna 1719. Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, Russia yakava mutungamiri mukududzirwa nekuwedzerwa kwegoridhe. Mushure mokunge S. Yu Witte kugadzirisa uye kuiswa kwe "golide yegoridhe", mari yegoridhe yakaiswa muRussia, uye migodhi yakave iripo yekusimbiswa nekambani dzedzimwe nyika uye vatengesi vega.

Pashure pekuvandudzwa

Mushure mekuvandudzwa kwegore ra1917, migodhi yegoridhe muRussia kwemakore mazhinji yakange isina hanya. Hurumende kwenguva yakareba haina kubhadhara mhizha yacho, haisati yamboita nezvekugadzirwa kwemazikanwa ekuzivikanwa uye kuongororwa kwezvitsva, asi nekutsvaira kwegoridhe nemishonga yayo kubva kuvanhu. Komiti yezvigadzirwa zvemidziyo yakasimbiswa muna 1918, asi yakanga isingakwanisi kugadzirisa kurongeka uye kutora zvinyorwa zvemigodhi.

Nzvimbo huru dzegoridhe munzvimbo dzeRussia dzakanga dziri muUrials, muSiberia, uko simba idzva harina kusvika pakarepo. Migodhi yakashanda nemigodhi yakaramba iine "chena", uye "yakatsvuka." Vapikisi vakaparadza midziyo, vakadururira migodi uye vashandi vekugadzirwa kwevashandi vakaparadzirwa. Munguva yeHondo Yenyika, mhizha yakange yaparadzwa zvachose. Kunyange muHondo Yenyika Yokutanga, migodhi yegoridhe muRussia yakaramba. Somuenzaniso, muna 1918 nyika yakagamuchira chete matani makumi matatu ematare, uye muna 1913 uwandu hwakasvika kusvika pamatani 64 pagore. Mumakore anotevera, zvabuda zvakaramba zvishoma nezvishoma. Muna 1920, 2.8 matani zvakadyiwa, uye muna 1921 zvaive zvichikwanisika kuwana 2.5 chete matani emidziyo inokosha kubva kune vashandi.

Kuwa kwehove zviratidzo

Mune nguva kubva muna1918 kusvika muna 1922 mumigodhi yegoridhe hurumende yeSoviet yakagamuchira anenge matani gumi endarama, panguva imwecheteyo, vanhu vakawana matani gumi nemashanu egoridhe uye michina. Maererano nedzimwe nhoroondo dzisina kufanira, chiyero che "nokuzvidira chinopiwa" chaive chakakwirira kwazvo, maererano nehutano 'kuongorora kuburikidza nenyika dzeBaltic, panguva imwecheteyo, anenge mazana mashanu ematare esimbi akatengeswa. Muna 1921, hurumende inotsvaga kugadzirisa mari, ichivimba ne "chiyero chegoridhe", i.e. Mari yacho inofanira kupiwa zvakare negoridhe.

Pakazosvika 1922 zvakava pachena kuti zvose zvakazivikanwa zviripo zvakanga zvatove zvanyangarika, nhoroondo yezhinji geological survey yakarasika, uye kufamba kwitsva kwakanga kusiri kuitwa. Mashoko echokwadi akaitika muna 1924. Muchiedza chekushandisa matanho ekudzorera hurumende kutonga kwekugadzira, Glavzoloto akapiwa masimba ega, masimba, zvikwereti zvikwereti. Muna 1925, chirongwa chakagadzirirwa, kusimbiswa kukuru mumigodhi kwakaitwa pamusana pokukurudzirwa kwemashizha ekushanda, kusimbiswa kwekutanga kwemasangano ehurumende pamberi pevamwe vega kwakagadziriswa.

Nguva yekutanga-hondo

Muna 1927, Glavzoloto akagadziriswa zvakare kuSoyuzzoloto, urongwa hwehutano hwakagadzirwa kuti hugadzire kuongorora nekudzidzira kwevashandi vatsva. Chiyero chekutanga chekusimudzira kushandiswa kwaiva kukura kwehurongwa hwekubhadhara uye kukurudzira kushandiswa kwemabhizimisi ega ega uye mabhizimisi maduku emigodhi emigodhi. Muna 1923 migodhi yegoridhe yakatanga muAldan basin (Yakutia). Vanoti iyo ndarama inogona kuunganidzwa nemaoko. Nzvimbo huru yemigodhi yegoridhe munharaunda iyi yakaitwa neAldanzoloto Trust.

Mumakore maviri (1927-1928), kubviswa kwesimbi yakakosha kwakawedzera ne 61%. Muna 1929, nyika yakabudisa matani anopfuura makumi maviri egoridhe yakachena, yakawanda yakauyiswa nemasangano enyika. Kuwedzera kwekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwegoridhe rakakonzerwa kwakaitika muna 1936 na1937 uye yakaenzana nematani 130, Russia yakatora nzvimbo yechipiri mumigodhi yegoridhe munyika.

Pakutanga kwehondo, kubata hove kwakapa hurumende yehurumende nematanda anenge 174 esimbi yakakosha pagore. Zvizhinji zvezviwanikwa zvakaenda kunotenga midziyo yemabhizimisi, kuve nekugadzirwa kwekushanda nekuzvimirira kweU.SR.

Nguva yehondo uye mushure mehondo yemakore

Mirivha yegoridhe muRussia yakagara iine chikamu chechashamba data. Munguva yehondo hondo yekuvanzika yakasimudzirwa, chii chaiva mararamiro emakambani munguva iyi, haisi kubudiswa pachena. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti uwandu hwekutengeswa kwegoridhe hwakapfuura huwandu hwekuita. Izvo nyika yakakurudzira maitiro ose (kunyanya ari oga). Vashandi vakapiwa zvokudya uye mabhonasi. Pasinei nehukuru hwemamiriro acho ezvinhu, hurumende yakagadzirwa, kukwanisa kwekugadzira kwakagadzirwa. Nokusunungura pa lendlizu Soviet Union yakabhadhara anenge 1,5 tani zvuru zvegoridhe.

Mumazuva ekurwisana nehondo, yakanga ichidiwa nokukurumidza kudzorera hupfumi, kuvaka zvakare maguta uye kupa vanhu mukana wekugarisa pasi mushure mekuparadzwa kwakaipisisa. Nhoroondo yemigodhi yegoridhe muRussia yenguva ino yakasvibiswa nemirau yakaoma - iyo mhizha yakaiswa pasi pekutarisirwa kwe "Glavspetsvetmetu", achitaura neHurumende yeZvenyika.

Munguva pfupi, misasa yakarongeka, apo vasungwa vakashandira mutongo wavo pamigodhi yegoridhe. Sangano racho raiva neItl 30 dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa pakugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakakosha zvematare. Iyi nhanho yakaita kuti migodhi yegoridhe rekodhi yakakwirira uye mari shoma shoma, zvose zvakabhadharwa nezviuru zvehupenyu hwevasungwa. Pakazosvika 1950, nyika yakabudisa matani zana esimbi. Nzvimbo yegoridhe yakachengetwa muna 1953 yaiva yakanyorwa muUSSR uye yakasvika mairi 2,049 matani. Ichi chiratidzo chinenge chisina kudarika kusvika ikozvino.

Nguva yekutonga kwaKhrushchev yakanga yakazara nezvishamiso zvakawanda. Kune yenharaunda yenyika, iyo huru yaiva yekutengeserana uye kutengesa kutengesa kwegoridhe mumisika yepasi. IWest West yaifunga zvikwereti zvegoridhe zvakakura pamusika sechisimba zvekuRussia. Iyo yakawanda yakashandiswa pakutenga kwezvokudya. Kupindira kukuru kwegoridhe yeRussia kwakaitika muna 1963, apo mazana matani ematare akaiswa pakutenga zviyo.

Mazuva edu

Munguva yekutonga kwaLeonid Brezhnev, migodhi yegoridhe muRussia yakanga isiri kupfuura panguva yakanakisisa, iyo indasitiri haina kugamuchira zvakanaka. Nzvimbo yakawanda yezvinhu zvakachengetedzwa zvematare yakatengeswa kumisika yekunze kwekutenga kwezvokudya, asi uwandu hwekugadzirwa hwaiwanzowa. Muna 1988, nzira yekupa iyo mhizha yakavandudzwa, kugadziridza zvakare kwakaitika, uye uwandu hwekugadzira hwakatanga kukura. Muna 1990, yakasvika kusvika pamatani 300.

Nguva yeperestroika yakanga isinganzwisisiki mune zvehupfumi rose, kusanganisira yekumigodhi yegoridhe. Tsvina yekutengeserana mumisika yekunze yakakura nekudonha kwakakosha kwabuda. Gore rakakosha zvikuru raive muna 1998, kubudiswa kwaingova matani 115 chete. Nehurumende kupindira mune zvekubata hove, mamiriro ezvinhu akatanga kutarisana, asi imwe nzira isina kuve yakagadzirwa. Ndarama ndiyo inokosha yezvemari yeGDP, asi hapasati yambova nemutemo umwe chete. Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi21, kune madhora anenge 6 000 muRussia.

Ndarama yakawanda kupfuura dzose muRussia

Munyika yezvino yenhamba yehutende yegoridhe mumarumbo, Russia ine nzvimbo yechina. Nzvimbo dzakawanda zvikuru dzegoridhe munzvimbo dzeRussia dzinoiswa muSiberia uye kuEast East. Kukura kwakanyanya uye kuwedzerwa kwesimbi yakakosha kunowanikwa mumiganhu yakawanda yegoridhe, kubva pane iyo yegoridhe yakachengeterwa.

Nharaunda umo migodhi iri kuumbwa:

• Khabarovsk Territory.
• The Amur Region.
• Nharaunda yeMagadan.
• Krasnoyarsk Territory.
• Republic of Sakha.
• Chukotka Autonomous District.
• Sverdlovsk Region.
• Buryatia nevamwe.

Chimwe chikamu chikuru chendarama chinobva mumigodhi mikuru:

• Solovyevsky.
• Dambuki.
• Ksenievsky.
• Altai.
• Nevyanovsky.
• Gradsky.
• Conder.
• Udereysky.

Pfuma yegoridhe yega yega muRussia

Mirivha yegoridhe muRussia nevanhu vari voga yakarambidzwa kubva muna 1954. Nguva dzaStalin dzakanga dzakanaka kune vanotarisira. Nekuraira kwehurumende dzimwe ropafadzo uye mabhonasi zvakaiswa kwavari, kodzero yekushandisa nzvimbo dzakanakisisa dzekutakura goridhe dzakapiwa. Kukurudzira basa rokugovera dzimba, mavhokeri kumisha yezororo, nezvimwewo. Mu nguva yepamberi yehondo, mvumo yegooglefish inogona kuwanikwa nemunhu chero upi zvake akanga asina ruzivo rwemhosva.

Nhamba yevataridzi vaishanda voga kana mumasangano ega ega vakawana vanhu zviuru makumi maviri. Iyo yakagadzirwa nesimbi yakagamuchirwa nehuwandu hunokosha. Mabasa emabhizimisi ega ega akazarura uye akagadzira migodhi mitsva yakawanda, gare gare vakaendeswa kuvakuru vehurumende. Munguva yebasa remabhizimisi ega (1932-1941), chiyero chegoridhe chakawedzerwa chakawedzerwa katanhatu.

Gold yeRussia

Maererano nenyika inoguma muna 2016, Russia inowedzera yechitatu mukugadzirwa kwegoridhe kubva mumigodhi yakagadziriswa uye yakapinda panzvimbo yechipiri mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa nesimbi. Maererano naSasuswa (sachigaro weUniversity of Gold Miners yeRussia), zvaitaridzirwa kuti huwandu hwekugadzirwa kwegore muna 2016 huchava ma 297 tani, muna 2017, kuwedzera zvishoma pakugadzirwa kwakarongwa.

Kubudirira mishonga muna 2016 kwaive kukurudzirwa kwaPavlik muMagadan uye Amethyst muKamchatka. Ruzivo rwakarurama pamusoro pemigumisiro ye 2016 harisati raitwa pachena. Ndeupi wekutsvaga kwekutsvaga kwegoridhe muRussia - hazvizivikanwi.

Maererano nehuwandu hwemashoko, mugore ra2015 kubudiswa kwegoridhe muRussia kwakasvika 294.3 matani esimbi, izvo zvakavandudza kushanda kwepanguva yapfuura ne 2%. Muna 2016, Dmitry Medvedev akasaina kugadzirisa kumutemo "On Subsoil", iyo inobvumira vanhu kuti vagare mune zvicherwa zvegoridhe.

Kuchinjwa kumutemo: nekupikisana

Kubva muna 2017 minda yegoridhe yega yega muRussia inobvumirwa. Mutemo unobhadhara chikwereti kwemakore mashanu e 15 hectares yenharaunda, apo, maererano nenyanzvi, ine makirogiramu gumi egoridhe. Kune huwandu hwezvipingamupinyi mukurudziro:

• Goridhe inogona kuwanikwa chete nemanzwiro chaiwo.
• Iwe haugoni kutungamirira blast.
• Iyo yakadzika yaunokwanisa kugadzira nayo mamita mashanu.

Pigononi kune mutyairi kutangwa kweprojekte yakasarudzwa Magadan nzvimbo, kwavakaverenga nzvimbo 200 dzakagadzirirwa hurumende. Mune hurumende danho iri rinotaridzirwa sesangano revanhu. Vagari venyika dziri kuchamhembe vari mukutambudzika. Vakawanda havana mukana wekuwana basa rakanaka, uye kushambidza goridhe kwenguva yakareba kwaive tsika yezvigaro yekuwana mararamiro. Bhizimisi risina mutemo riri kubudirira uye iye zvino, mushure mokunge kugamuchirwa kwechigadziro, vazhinji vachave nemukana wekushanda mundima yepamutemo, uye hurumende ichawana mari yakawedzerwa.

Kune kutya kwekuti kuparwa kwemhosva uye kubavha kuchapararira, izvo zvakaitika munzvimbo yeMagadan muma1999, apo mutemo wekunzvimbo dzekutsvaga minda yegoridhe wakapfuura. Kugamuchirwa kwechigadziro ichi kwakapesana neFSB neHurumende yeRuramisiro. Vanhu vazhinji vanoti maitiro ega ega haazogadziri dambudziko rekushaya basa. Pane zvirongwa zvekuzarura mazana emakumi emadhora akaomeswa, izvo zvichaita kuti zvikwanise kushandisa zviuru zvevanhu uye kuwana huwandu hwevanhu kupinda munzvimbo yeMagadan.