Mari Sevamiririri - chii? Chii basa ravo ano zvoupfumi nehurongwa? Sei kukanganisa upenyu upfumi? Ichi zvishomanana mazita nyaya tichasangana munyaya ino.
pfungwa
Mari anoitsivanisa - Sevamiririri vari pamutemo chaiyo siyana mari kuti vave kupinzwa wokufambisa nebasa masangano kuti kubhadhara. Kwemakore anoverengeka nyanzvi pfungwa, ndivo chinokosha chokuratidza kuti kukwanisa kutonga pamusoro kukura riparadzirwe mari chero nyika nokuda kuvapo kwavo kana vasipo. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kunyange mari Sevamiririri uye kushumira senzira muripo, haagoni kuva chinhu wokuponesa, uyewo kuona kukura exchange kwenhumbi. Kunyanya pfuma yavo (mukutarisana mari) ndechokuti havana Mhedziso liquidity nokuda shoma kutenderera. Matambudziko ari kwerunyararo zvavo rokutenga simba nokuti kuti vachakurumidza chete kugamuchirwa munyika discounted muchimiro. Nemamwe mashoko, mutengo wavo chaiye anogara pasi ndima zvishoma. Izvi hazvisi zvidukuduku imhaka zvimwe. Saka, mari cashless kubhadhara "pasi" Commission pamusoro chikamu hurongwa. Uye kana chinhu ndewe 100 rakapotsa rubles, nokuti achava kubhadhara 101, zvinenge.
Nei mari Sevamiririri?
Chikuru Chikonzero chiitiko ravo rinonzi kushaya Bank manotsi, ayo zviri pamutemo. Izvi zvinogona pamusana zvakare zvakasimba hurumende chikwereti gwara (izvo ndehwokuti kurwisa akaipa inflationary zvirimo). Kuti tione kuti upfumi inopiwa, ngaaverenge coefficient kuti monetization. It Inonzi chikamu mukanyiwa mari uye munyika chakakomba mumhuri chigadzirwa. Somuenzaniso, gore 1990, apo Russian chinhu, nokuda Masvomhu siyana, ranged kubva 12-20%. Kunyange zvazvo zvinofanira kuva kuti chakaipa nokushanda kwenhengo dzinenge 60%. Sezvo mamwe zvikonzero nechitarisiko mari Sevamiririri anonzi misodzi mamiriro ezveupfumi, ayo kunyanya vachishingaira wakaratidzwa 90-ies wekupedzisira remakore.
kupatsanura
Chii chinogona kuva mari Sevamiririri? Pasinei wakananga sangano ravo, hunhu vechikamu uye vanoverengeka zvimwe zvinhu kuti kusiyanisa inotsiva izvi:
- State. Izvi zvinosanganisira yepfuma katsamba, emunharaunda mari, mutero makomborero uye nezvimwe inotsiva, kugadzirwa nokuparadzirwa iri pasi pehurumende kuzvidzora.
- Commercial. Izvi zvinosanganisira mari kubhadhara, rokunyora pakutengeserana zvichiteverwa namagariro uye nezvimwe zvakafanana nzira sangano, izvo kazhinji kacho kuvimba akanyengetedza private masangano.
- Other. Izvi zvinosanganisira inotsiva akadai peturu Coupons, zvokudya, zvokupfeka, zvokutengeserana zvinyorwa uye zvakafanana zvinhu zvakawanda zvimwe kudyidzana.
Sei kushandisa mari Sevamiririri?
Zvikurukuru akakodzera waiva mubvunzo iri kutanga nguva yezwi pamusika upfumi. Sezvo mhinduro inogona kuguma zvinotevera:
- The kuzvitsinhanisa mari sezvo achishandisa mubhadharo nokuti kunzwa kusachengeteka kukuru kuperevedza mari. Zvinetso izvi zvakaitika, richidzungaidzwa undeveloped cashless kubhadhara nokuda rwezvemabhengi hurongwa matambudziko. Kazhinji, asi inokanganisa raigona kuderedzwa kana electronic mari kusumwa, asi panguva iyoyo pakanga pasina.
- Kuvapo yakavanzwa Nokurasikirwa akaitwa, kunyanya actualized panguva yezwi kumusika nzira kurima.
- Kuedza kunzvenga mitero yakawanda, nokuti chii mari pakutengeserana akandopinda bhajeti uye vawedzere dhefisiti kwayo.
- Kunzwisisa kushandisa basa bhiri sechinhu ezvokutengeserana anomukweretesa iri rakakura Russia.
- Inflationary pezvakaitwa pakutanga, vakasonganira nokusunungurwa mitengo uye yezwi utariri pamusoro pamusika mazwi.
All zvikonzero pamusoro apa, uye vakabatsira kuti mari Sevamiririri anokwanisa chaizvo kutanga sezvo mari nhumbi regai kupa ita mutengano uye dzokutengesa zvikwereti. Somuenzaniso, kuti abhadhare kuti chikwereti kuna bhajeti kuti nguva 1991-1996, Verengai iyo yaiva mabhiriyoni rubles, ari Russian Federation Ministry of Finance akabudisa Treasury zvikwereti. Achishandisa kwakadaro kuti muripo akatibvumira kudzivisa zvinhu anosiririsa.
modernity
Kudivi rimwe, vanogona vanokwanisa kuva simba pfungwa upfumi hwedu. Asi, panguva iyoyowo, mumwe haafaniri wakarerutsa zvavo STRUCTURAL kukosha, sezvo kuvapo kwavo zvinosiyana kwezvikonzero zvemari. Saka, kubviswa surrogates kunogumawo kurasikirwa nemari, uyewo kuva inokanganisa zveupfumi kwendangariro. Pano tiri kushingaira kushandisa zvigadzirwa mari, pane vakawanda muripo enyika. Kudivi rimwe, zvinokonzerwa shoma kurapwa asina Mhedziso liquidity, uye umo nyaya matambudziko angamuka kuwana. Uyewo usakanganwa kuti mutengo wavo chaiye anogara pasi ndima. Asi, panguva iyoyowo, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kuchaitwa chete-pechikuva nzira wakatobatsira raumbwa, hazvibviri.
kufurirwa surrogates
Kana tikafunga 90-ies remakore rapfuura, akafanirwa pakushandisa surrogates paiva zvinokosha kusiyana vanotenga simba. Saka, kana runoratidzwa rubles, mutengo aigona akasiyana nyore nokuda 1.5-2 nguva. Chokwadi, unogona kuona kuti pane ikozvino, kana chingwa yakasiyana mikoko iri Tver uye Sakhalin. Asi chimwe chinhu, kana tiri pakubata chokufambisa mahwendefa, uye ndeimwewo kana zvokudya yaitengeswa pedyo zvitoro Arcade. Zviya, simba izvi zvakaita kuti chokwadi kuti mundima Russian Federation, akaumba dzakasiyana huri zvionera mubhadharo hurongwa, iyo ichiri kushanda mari Sevamiririri. Saka, tinogona kuyeuka kuti vashandi vedu vehurumende avo kugara nguva refu mumugwagwa motokari, usapera Coupons kuti peturu. Kudivi rimwe, hachisi mari, vanhu havazokwanisi kupedza kwavo zvisingadzoreki. Kune vamwe - Kune munhu zvekushandisa kuzvidzora nuances. Asi kuti sezvazvakanyorwa, amburenzi Vatasvi, mapurisa uye vemoto zvingaita zvakare, saka kuti hurongwa zvizere anoruramiswa kurwisa dzavo.
yepfuma surrogates
Ivo inoshandiswa Masvomhu kana kurera mamwe mari rehurumende muchivigiro. Somuenzaniso, ngationei hwatinopa ichi: a tsvagai nyika ine bhajeti dhefisiti 2%. Pane vaviri kuita: kana isu kutora zvikwereti kana kusashandisa mari. Tichingotarisa, neyakarurama ndiye musimboti wechipiri. Asi ndiani akuudza kuti vanhu mabasa rationally? Enyika - ava ndivo vanhu havadi kurasikirwa ratings dzavo. Naizvozvo yakatanga chaiwo Treasury katsamba, nekambani yaakazosunungurwa (zvikuru sei, kworudzii sezvadziri, kufarira, uye zvichingodaro). Zvose izvi zviri inopikira hurumende. Kudivi rimwe, zviri kwakavimbika Investments, asi pane dzimwe - haisi mari. Pano, somuenzaniso, vari tsvagai ezvinhu mitengo mwero iri 12%, uye kuchengetedzeka rakapa ichapa 7 chete% of purofiti.
Nengozi uye ngozi
Kunyange pakutanga kuaona zviri pachena kuti vaya vanopedzisira navo, chete kurasikirwa nemari dzavo. Uye kana iwe funga zvimwe zvinoverengeka kuti chokuita kunyatsoongorora zvinhu sezvazviri mashoko, saka zvinhu zvose chinosuruvarisa kuda (zvinoreva chii nyanzvi mune zveupfumi vanotenda mitengo Masvomhu pamusoro nzira ano kurerutswa). Mari uye mari makopi mune iyi inoshandiswa sehwaro yeupenyu zvemari wenyika, uye surrogates vanogona kudzivisa nemigumisiro yakaipa kwokushaya kwavo.
Kushandisa zvigadzirwa mari
Kana isu kutaura musika wokuRussia, chikuru vatambi pano vari Webmoney uye Yandex. Chokwadi, pane zvakare rwezvemabhengi mugadziriro zvigadzirwa kubhadhara, asi nokuda vanoverengeka zvinhu nezvazvo kwavari, Hatidi. Last asi kwete zvidukuduku nokuti kuti vakasikwa sezvi- rwezvemabhengi masangano mabasa. Patinenge tiri kufarira zvemagetsi muripo mugadziriro, izvo zvikasikwa zvakananga kuti chinangwa ichi. On kumusika nyika anoonekwa kuva kutungamirirwa mutambi PayPal, asi nokuti haina anomirirwa muna Russian Federation, hazvizovi kunzi. Asi, ruzhinji uchishandisa nheyo ndiye, saka kuti mugumisiro tingabudirira kurapwa uye vazvo dzavatorwa. Saka, zvinoita sokunge zvisingatomboiti kutenga kwacho? Murume anouya kuna mutengesi, anobvunza pamusoro mutengo nhumbi, uye ipapo anosarudza kana anochida. Kana mhinduro iri hongu, zvinopa umwe yakawanda mari, uye anogamuchira chigadzirwa kana basa.
How zvemagetsi surrogates sei?
Muchiitiko chino, zvose zvikuru kuoma. Pakutanga, unofanira kupa nzira yokushandisa murevereri (yemagetsi muripo hurongwa). Ipapo mutengesi achaita chikumbiro nokuda chinangwa rokuwana kana uine mari yakakwana. Kana mashoko akatsinhira, nhumbi zvakafanira achatumirwa, uye mumwe mari deducted munhoroondo. Kureva, mari haisi zvakananga kushandiswa kwacho, kunyange Pazvinotanga uye pakupedzisira (kana mutengesi kuti mari zvakaoma) vari zvakakodzera. Asi vakawanda mabasa panzvimbo pavo kushandisa zvemagetsi Sevamiririri. Kana isu funga Webmoney, ipapo zvinogona WMZ, WMR, WMU, WME, WMB uye zvichingodaro. Sezvaunogona kuona, zvokusarudza zvakawanda.
Vakarufahli uye Coupons
Regai kuguma nyaya isu funga zvikuru ichi mhando Sevamiririri, uyewo avo muchinangwa upfumi. Pasi ita mutengano hunosanganisira zvakananga Exchange kwenhumbi. Somuenzaniso, chokwadi kuti chimwe ini mabhokisi gumi remachisa. Uyu ita mutengano chaiyo. Muzviitiko apo upfumi imwe nyika hunoguma ichishanda, uye kubatana vose collapsing, kwakadaro muchimiro zvokutsinhanisa kunoita kuti urambe rinokosha basa vanhu vanenge kuburikidza kupanana nenhumbi, izvo zvavari zvakaitwa. Ndizvo basa ita mutengano mukuru nyaya dzisingadzorwi mhirizhonga, nekuti nekuvongwa iye, pane vamwe kudyidzana. Uye angave ramangwana kuva kuva yakatsiga zvikuru kubatana, asi nguva ino akapfeka dzibvise-chinokosha ukama. Coupons anoshandiswawo mune zviitiko apo hurumende iri kuitika kuburikidza dzakaoma, uye zvinhu havabvumirwi chaizvo - zvokuti kuparadzirwa kukodzera hunogona mamwe marwadzo dzevanhu. Saka, vari kushandiswa waidzora hurumende ichiisa iripo mari. Zvadaro unogona kunhonga zvakawanda kana zvishoma dzakakodzera zvitengeswa hukuru. Somuenzaniso, nzvimbo tsvagai nyika, pakwakanga zvikuru zvakakuvadza zvokurima, uye mari kana mikana kutenga wakavaparadzira kwete. Stamps rinogona kushandiswa kutsigira varombo. Asi tsika iyi munyika yedu haina kuwanikwa. Saka, surrogates dzakadai Coupons uye ita mutengano, tiri zviratidzo rakatsiga kuenderera kwenzanga. Uye chokwadi kwavo asipo kana kuvapo panguva yakadaro pamwero kuti haagoni kunyoreswa, inoratidza kuvapo zvakanaka kuitika.