Mabhuku kubva paganda revanhu: zvinhu, zvinyorwa uye chokwadi chinonakidza

Pose nguva vanhu vakashandisa zvakasimba ganda rezvipfuwo kuti vaite zvipfeko uye zvinhu zvakasiyana siyana zvemhuri. Nyanzvi dzedzidziso dzinototenda kuti shoko iro rokuti "ganda" pakutanga rakaita se "mbu". Mushure mezvose, ganda remukoko uyu raive rakanakisisa pakupfekedza, uye zvakare mumaoko emahizha ane unyanzvi akachinja akava shangu dzakanaka kana shangu. Mushure mechinguva, shoko iri rakatanga kuratidza ganda rezvisikwa zvipenyu, kusanganisira vanhu. Vanhu vashomanana iye zvino vanoziva kuti mazana emakore akapfuura, ganda revanhu raifungidzirwa sezvinhu zvakanakisisa, semuenzaniso, nyama yenguruve kana vevha. Zvinotoshamisa kuti zvinhu zvakawanda zvakasiyana zvakaitwa kubva pazviri, izvo zvaingova zvakanyanya kudaidzwa nevakanaka uye bourgeoisie zvakanaka. Chishuvo chinoshamisa muFrance, icho chakaunza mutambo wemiti yakadaro, yaiva pamabhuku ari muchifukidziro cheganda revanhu. Izvo zvinotyisa uye zvinonakidza kune vanhu vemazuva ano zvokuti takasarudza kutaura pamusoro pezvinyorwa nezvemashoko nemabasa akanga asina kufanana paganda rakagadzirwa zvakanaka remurume.

Nhoroondo yezvigadzirwa zvematehwe zvevanhu vakafa

Zvinoratidzika kwatiri isu tisingatauri kuti tiite mabhuku kubva paganda revanhu kana zvimwe zvakasikwa zvakafanana, asi madzitateguru edu aifunga kuti zvakajeka. Zvakakosha kutaura kuti zvinhu zvakadai zvisina kushandiswa zvakashandiswa kwenguva yekutanga, asi vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanoziva nezvezviitiko zvakawanda zvekushandisa mapfupa evanhu nemadzinza eSouth America, Australia uye Amazonia.

Ichokwadi ndechokuti vanhu ava vanoona rufu sorudzi rwekushandura kune imwe nyika, uye nzira yakanakisisa yekukudza kukurangarira kwevakafa kwaizoita kubva pamapfupa avo uye ganda zvakasiyana-siyana. Kazhinji kazhinji vaienda kumidziyo, ndiro neminwe inobata. Nokudaro, munhu akafa akaenderera mberi kuva nhengo yedzinza ndokuva mutungamiri kunyika yenyika.

Nokufamba kwenguva, vanhu vakagadzirwa uye vakatama kubva kune tsika dzekare dzakashata. MuEurope, chihedheni chakatsiviwa nechiKristu, icho chakatsigira mafungiro akasiyana zvachose kune vakafa uye mararamiro avo. Zvaiita sekuti hazvina kumboitika kuna ani nani kushandisa chifukidziro chemuviri wemunhu sechinhu chakajairika chokugadzira, somuenzaniso, shangu. Zvisinei, chokwadi chakazove chinotyisa zvikuru, nokuti muzana remakore gumi nemasere neregumi nemapfumbamwe, zvinhu zvakaitwa kubva paganda revakafa zvakapinda mafashoni. Zvakaoma kunzwisisa kuti rimwe remabhuku ekupedzisira rakasungwa kubva paganda revanhu rakasikwa mumakore makumi manomwe ezana remakore rapfuura. Funga nezvazvo - makore anopfuura makumi mana adarika chifukidzo chemumwe munhu akafa chakaenda kugadzira bhuku! Asi usafunga kuti munyika yedu yemazuva ano haugoni kuwana chinhu chakadaro. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, pepanhau rakanyatsosimbisa kuti muEurope pane chimwe chinhu chiri pasi pevhu chinobereka shangu, mabhanhire, bhegi uye mabhuku kubva paganda revanhu. Uye izvi zvinotengeswa, zvakatengeswa panzvimbo yekugadzira, kugadzirisa mune zvinyorwa zvemamioneya uye mabhiriyoni. Pasinei nokuti izvi ndizvo-hapana anoziva, asi vane hanya nezvemagariro evanhu vakatotanga kudzidza chiitiko ichi, vachiita zvinogumbura zvinogumira.

Lethal kukokwa

Mafungiro emazuva ano anokwanisa kunyatsotarisa mukati mekusaziva kwevanhu, uko pfungwa dzake dzose uye zvido zvake zvakavanzwa. Uye mune chido, somuenzaniso, kumabhuku, akapinda muganda revanhu, vanoona kutyisa kwekuchinja hutano hwevanhu.

Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzinotaura kuti panguva dzose, kufarira rufu kwaive pamwe chete nevanhu. Asi mumutauro mumwe nomumwe pane chimwe chinhu chakasikwa, icho chaiva chokusiyanisa zvakajeka nyika yevapenyu kubva munyika yevakafa. Zvisinei, pane nguva dzose kune vanhu vane chido chakanaka chevakafa - necrophils. Ichi chiitiko chakatsanangurwa sekutanga kwezana remakore rechigumi nemanomwe uye panguva iyo yakanyatsodzidza. Sayenzi yakaratidza kuti mafungiro evanhu uye tsika dzetsika dzinoita kuti pane zvakasimba zvisinganzwisisiki zvinorambidza zvinokanganisa vanhu vazhinji.

Asi kuwedzera kwechido mune zvigadzirwa zvakaitwa neganda revanhu zvinogona kungova uchapupu hwechinhu chimwechete: sangano remazuva ano rakasimudza zvese zvinorambidzwa mukati, kusunungura zvishuvo zvakavanzika. Mushure mezvose, kufara kwekuva nebhuku muchifukidziro cheganda revanhu kwakafanana nechecrophilic chido chechitunha.

Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinoti chiitiko chakadaro chinowanikwa apo apo sangano revanhu rakaparadzwa. Semuenzaniso, panguva yekuvandudzwa kweFrance munyika yacho yakashanda mafekitari anobudisa zvinhu zvakawanda kubva paganda revanhu vakaurayiwa. Zvinhu izvi zvinorumbidzwa kune mumwe nemumwe, nokuti kazhinji vakasiya ruzivo pamusoro pemunhu ane chifukidzo chaishandiswa.

Zvichida iwe uchiri kufunga kuti zvinhu zvose zvatakakuudza ndezvoutsva zvevana zvinogadzirwa nevanyori venhau vanofadzwa kana vanyori. Kana uchiri kukanganisa kana kune mabhuku kubva paganda revanhu zvirokwazvo, shure kwekuverenga zvikamu zvinotevera zvenyaya yacho zvakajeka kuona chokwadi chezvinhu zvakadaro.

Bhuku rekare kudarika munhau ye anthropodermic

Kufungisisa mabhuku kubva paganda revanhu, tinowanzorerekera chero chinhu, asi kwete Bhaibheri. Kubvumirana, zvakaoma kutenda kuti mumwe munhu anokwanisa kunyora rugwaro rwetsvene rwevaKristu vose pane imwe chinhu chaimbova chikamu chemunhu. Zvisinei, bhuku rakadaro richiripo, uye kwete chete kusungirirwa kwayo kunogadzirwa neganda revanhu, asiwo mapeji ose.

Iyi Bhaibheri inofananidzwa seimwe yekare-kare, mushure mekuongorora kwakanyatsojeka, masayendisiti akagadzira zuva rakasikwa rekusika kwayo - yezana remakore rechitatu remazuva edu. Zvinosuruvarisa, nyaya yacho haina kuchengetedza chero ruzivo pamusoro pemunyori webhuku rino uye munhu uyo ganda rake raishanda sezvinhu zvebhuku racho.

Zvinofadza, kuti zuva rakadaro rakafanana rinewo mavara evanhu veAfrica neAustralia vakawanikwa nevanochera matongo. Izvo zvinodhindwa zvakare pane zvinyorwa zvepfungwa uye pamwe chete neBhaibheri, tungamira mutsara wezvinyorwa kubva paganda revanhu.

Muzana remakore rechigumi nemanomwe: kukura kwemishonga

Kwemazuva ano, mabhuku pamusoro peganda revanhu rakagadzirwa muzana remakore rechigumi nemanomwe rinozivikanwe kune masayendisiti. Izvi zviduku zvisingawanzoongororwa nguva nenguva mumusangano weMusamende kana mumagadziro ega ega. Zvinofadza kuti kufarira mabhuku akadai kwakabatana zvakananga nekugadzirwa kwemishonga.

Pakazosvika zana remakore rechigumi nemanomwe, iyi sayenzi yakanga yaita chimwe chinhu kubudirira pashure peimwe, uye pakati pemaguta evanhu nhamba yevanhu vakazvidira muviri wavo mushure mekufa kwekutsvaga kwesayenzi kwakawedzera. Iyi miviri yakashandiswa pakuongorora zvakajeka nezvehutachiona hwevanhu, asi ganda, risina maturo kune vanachiremba, kamwe-kamwe rakatanga kushandiswa sehukomba kana kusungirwa kwemashoko ekurapa.

Pakutanga, mabhuku chete ezvokurapa akabudiswa mune iri fomu, asi mushure mokunge ikoko kwakaonekwa kuunganidzwa kwepamutemo uye kunyange mutemo weChechi yeKaturike.

Bhuku reThe Researcher's Skin

Kwete kare kare kare chiitiko chinonakidza uye chinoshamisa chebhuku kubva paganda revanhu rakawanikwa. Kunze iyi iyi isinganzwisisiki yekuunganidza zvinyorwa pamusoro pemutemo wekuSpain, asi vanyori vemuraibhurari vaitora ruvara rusingamboregi rwekusungirirwa uye zvinyorwa pachivharo, vachiti chiitiko ichi chakaitwa neanthropodermic. Pashure pekuongorora kwakawanda, iyi shanduro yakasimbiswa, uye mamiriro ezvinhu asina kujairika akatungamirira pakuonekwa kwebhuku rino zvakare akajekeswa.

Ichokwadi ndechokuti mumakumi matatu nemakumi matatu nemanomwe remakore rechigumi nemanomwe umwe Jonas Wright akaenda rwendo rune ngozi kuburikidza neAfrica. Akaronga kudzidza marudzi akawanda emunharaunda, asi akabatwa nemhuka dzenyama uye anodyiwa. Pashure penguva yakati mutungamiri wedzinza akasarudza kudzokera kune shamwari yeaitsvakurudzi zvinhu zvake, uye ganda raive rakaiswa kwavari, izvo nokuda kwechimwe chikonzero vanhu vemunyika vakaramba kushandisa zvokudya. Pakati pezvinhu zvakanga zviri bhuku rekare uye rakasakara pamutemo weSpain, iyo shamwari yaJonas Wright yakasarudza kushandura zvakasara kubva paganda remutsvaga.

Kubudirira kweFrance: kuiswa kwezvinhu zvemidziyo kubva paganda revanhu

Muzana remakore gumi nemasere remakore rakaratidzwa neruzhinji rwezviitiko zveropa muEurope. Zuva rimwe nerimwe muParis, mazana evanhu akaurayiwa, miviri yavo yaisagona kuvigwa. Ichi ichi ndicho chikonzero chekuwanikwa mune makumi mapfumbamwe nemakore zana remasere gumi muFrance guta guru rekufeya kwekugadzirwa kweganda revanhu. Kubva mairi, michina yakasiyana-siyana yakagadzirwa, iyo mahedheni akatengesa pasina nguva. Zvaifungidzirwa zvikuru zvikuru uye zvakasvibiswa kuzvirumbidza pakati pevamwe zvinhu zvakadai zvisingawanzo uye zvakadhura.

Izvi zvinoshamisa, nemitemo yevanhu vemazuva ano, chiitiko chacho chakachengetedzwa muzana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe. Ikozvino vapei veganda vaiva mhondi, vakaurayiwa nekuda kwemhosva dzakawanda, uye avo avo vakazvisarudzira vakazvisarudzira kupa rumwe rutivi rwavo pashure pokufa kune vamwe vanhu. Nhau yejaya rakabva kuRussia, rakasungwa pashure pokukuvara, rinozivikanwa zvikuru. Akakumbira vanachiremba kuti vabvise ganda kubva pamakumbo ake, uye mushure mokunge vaita, rakava nyaya yekusunga nekuvhara kwekunyora kwemashoko ezvakanyorwa zvake. Iri bhuku risina kujairika, akapa musikana akanga asina rudo kwemakore anoverengeka.

Bhuku raPied Piper

Mumakore makumi matatu nemapfumbamwe ezana remakore regumi nemapfumbamwe, Pied Piper wokuEngland ainzi George Cudmore akaurayiwa nokuda kwekuuraya mudzimai wake. Akashata akazouraya arsenic uye akachera mubindu. Ganda reKadmore rakatengwa nemumwe wevapfumi vebhuku raive rakagadzirwa uye rakagadzirwa naro rinobatanidza kuunganidza zvinyorwa.

Zvinonakidza kuti mubhuku iro pacharo rinoratidzwa kuti ndiani akanyatsova mupi wezvinyorwa zve anthropodermic, uyewo zvipi zvekutadza zvakamuita kuti afe mujeri.

Chipo kune nyanzvi yekudenga

Muzana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe, nyanzvi yakakurumbira yakakurumbira yenguva yake yaigara uye yakashanda kuFrance. Camille Flammarion - saka zita rake-rakabudisa akawanda emabasa ake esayenzi, ayo akaverengwa kwete kwete chete nevarume, asiwo nevakadzi vanojekesa.

Mabhuku ake akazova nyaradzo yeA Countess kufa kwechirwere chetachiona. Aiwanzovhiringidza kubva kurwere hwake, achiverenga mabasa eFlammarion, saka akafurira munyori ganda rake mushure mekufa.

Zvinonakidza kuti nyanzvi yekudenga haina kumbosangana nemusikana, asi nekuonga kwakagamuchira chipo chake. Bhuku rake rakatevera rakagadzirwa muchifukidzo chematehwe chechiFrenchessessess. Pamuchinjikedzo waiva nekunyoresa kunotaura kuti chienzaniso ichi chakaitwa cheganda remukadzi.

Mhemberero dzeMbavha

Panenge pakati pezana remakore regumi nemapfumbamwe, nyaya yakave isinganzwisisiki yakaitika, semugumisiro wekuonekwa kune rimwe bhuku reganda revanhu. Mutoja weAmerican James Allen akararama pamutengo wevanhu vakange vapambwa. Asi rimwe zuva uyo akakuvadzwa akakwanisa kumupa kushorwa kukuru uye, pasinei nepfuti ronda, akatungamirira gororo kumapurisa.

Rimwe zuva ari mutorongo, James akatanga kunyora memo uye akarovererwa mushure mekufa kuti ashandise ganda rake kuti avasunge. Kunyangwe zvisingatarisirwi kune vose ndechokuti chiitiko ichi chisina kujairika, maererano nekukodzera kwemupambi, chakanga chiri kusvika kune murume akavhara Allen.

Nhetembo dzeAsia

Imwe yemabhuku akakurumbira zvikuru emabhuku kubva paganda revanhu yakanyorwa mumakore makumi manomwe emakore ekupedzisira. Yakazvitsaurira kudetembi yeSpain yerudo uye ikozvino inowanikwa mubhurasi reBaley.

Pamusoro pebhuku pachako zvinoratidzirwa kuti ganda rekuvhara raive ganda remumiriri wemumwe wemadzinza, avo vanowanzozvichengeta mushure mekufa kwehama dzavo. Somugumisiro, mhuri imwe neimwe inounganidza huwandu hweganda, nguva nenguva inowira mumatengesi madema. Uye kubva ipapo anoenda kumasangano akasiyana-siyana akapararira pasi rose.

Apo mabhuku kubva paganda revanhu anochengetwa

Zvinotoshamisa kuti zvienzaniso zvakadaro zvinogona kuwanika mumakamuri makuru akawanda pasi rose. Chimbofungidzira kuti bhuku rakadaro rinogona kutorwa nemumwe mudzidzi kana nyanzvi mune imwe kana imwe munda uyo anoda kuvandudza zvaanokwanisa.

Somuenzaniso, muHarvard, mabhuku matatu akadai anowanikwa. Zvisinei, vashandi veyunivhesiti yeyunivhesiti havatongi kunze kwekuti kune vamwe vavo. Zvechokwadi, zvinenge zvisingakwanisi kuwana kunze kwekunyanya kuongororwa, izvo zvisingaitiki nemabhuku ose ane zviuru gumi nemashanu paHarvard. Zvinonakidza kuti vashandi vemuraibhurari havazobvumiri zvienzaniso kubva paganda revanhu kubva pamari yavo. Vanoramba vachiendeswa kuvadzidzi.

Zvinonyatsozivikanwawo kuti mabhuku akadaro anochengeterwa ku Observatory muJudvisia, raibhurari yeEexeter uye muBoston Literary Foundation. Isu tinofunga kuti iyi haisi nheyo yakakwana yematunhu apo munhu anogona kuwana zvishoma zvishoma kubva kune anthropo-dermic. Vakawanda vevatengesi vega voga havana kuparadzira pfuma yavo, saka vanovanzwa kubva munyika.

Kubva pane zvatinotaura, mumwe munhu anoziva kuti mabhuku kubva paganda revanhu ari echokwadi, kwete chinyorwa kana nhema. Hazvina mhosva kuti takabatana sei nechiitiko ichi, chakanga chiripo muupenyu hwemadzitateguru edu kwemazana emakore uye inoramba ichipo kusvikira zvino. Kunyange zvazvo vanhu vazhinji vanodavira kuti zvinhu zvakadaro ndizvo nzvimbo mumamyuziyamu, uye kwete pamabhaziloti emabhuku uye muminyori yevamionari.