Louvre Palace: nhoroondo uye mapikicha

Louvre Palace (France) ndiye miziyamu uye mapurani kunzwisisa pakati Paris, akaumba pamusoro emakore akawanda. Pakutanga zvakanga dzichengeterwe hombe nenhare, gare gare kuvakwazve kuva kwezvokufuka youmambo dzokugara. Nhasi, ndicho kuti miziyamu mukuru munyika ane vapfumi muunganidzwa mabasa ounyanzvi.

tsananguro

neimba Europe guru yenhau, mudzoke kuva miziyamu, riri kurudyi kumahombekombe Seine. Nokuti makore 800, zvakaoma rakavakwazve kanoverengeka. In mapurani mazwi Louvre takabatikana zvezvidzidzo Renaissance, Baroque, chiNazi chekare uye eclectic. Zvimwe zvivako, Mabhii nomumwe, vose vanoumba mamiriro simba, kuvakwa plan ane elongated rectangle. Chokwadi, chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha rainzwika Paris ndiye Louvre Palace.

Hurongwa kunzwisisa zvinosanganisira:

• chivako chikuru, zvinosanganisira zvitatu zvakabatana zvikamu maberere;
• pevhu vachiona, unova chikamu chinooneka magirazi chepiramidhi Napoleon muchivanze;
• kwokukunda Arch Carousel uye Tuileries Gardens.

The zvivako vane zvachose munzvimbo 60 600 mamita ² miziyamu vanopfuura 35 000 mabasa ounyanzvi. A nhaka nyika rinosanganisira mifananidzo, zvivezwa, zvishongo, zvinhu zvezuva nezuva, mapurani okunze, kufukidza nguva kubvira makarekare epakati namapfumbamwe remakore. Pazvinhu zvinokosha Exhibits - Dombo rekare rakanyorwa nezvokukunda pamwe Hammurabi kwakaita Code, mumwe chivezwa pamusoro Nike pamusoro Samothrace, kuti kupenda "Mona Lisa" by Leonardo da Vinci nemamwe ounyanzvi.

mangwanani Middle Ages

Louvre Palace, iyo yakatanga kusvika XII remakore, pakutanga akashumira evasingatombonamati kuzvidzivirira basa. Panguva Philip Augustus II ushe kunze Paris yakavakwa tridtsatimetrovoy kuzvidzivirira shongwe - the ngaarambe. Ndokumisapo rwakapoteredza 10 shongwe duku kwakabatana rusvingo.

In inonetsa iwayo, chikuru ngozi inobva kuchamhembe kwakadziva: chero nguva aigona kurwisa VaViking kana venhema kuti French choushe kusvikira kumarudzi Plantagenet uye Capetian. Mukuwedzera, kubatana namambo England aiva Duchy pamusoro Normandy, iri munharaunda.

Nhare akashanda se patrol-kuzvidzivirira ushande. The nomumwe zvikamu neshongwe anogona kuonekwa dura. Vanopinda kwamagwaro kuna nhoroondo Louvre, uye yakazivisa matongo chengetedza. Zvinogoneka kuti mambo wakavaka munhare pamusoro nheyo vachiri kuzvidzivirira hurongwa. Sezvineiwo, shoko "Louvre" iri mumutauro vaFrank zvinoreva "Nharireyomurindi".

mushakabvu Middle Ages

Muhafu yechipiri yezana remakore rechigumi iri Louvre Palace ave kuchinja zvinoshamisa. Panguva iyoyo, Paris kuwedzerwa zvakati. New masvingo guta navatana munhare yaiva mukati mwero guta vakarerwa. The inokosha kukosha kuzvidzivirira maumbirwo yakanga richaparadzwa. Charles V akachenjera akavakazve Castle mugomba mumiririri memauto uye takatamira kumuzinda wake.

Donjon akanga akanyatsosiyana vakavakazve. The mukati marongerwo akanga chakatorwa nokuda dzinogarwa zvinodiwa, paiva denga rine shongwe. Around quadrangle akavaka dzinogarwa uye zvokutengeserana zvivako chete yakakwirira. Napasuwo huru akamuka mbiri duku kwezvokufuka turrets, akapa kuvakwa mumwe akanaka.

Rezasi chikamu masvingo zvishoma vakachengetedzwa nanhasi. Zvisaririra zvezvivako nenzvimbo kota kumabvazuva Bapiro Louvre ichi. Kunyanya - the quadrangle akapoteredza sikweya chivanze.

Renaissance

Muzana nemitanhatu remakore, Francis I takasarudza reinvent Louvre Palace. The mapurani Per Lesko zvinganaka vakiridza yemauto sezvinoita rechiFrench Renaissance. Basa rakatanga muna 1546 uye akaramba pasi Henry II.

New kuvaka pakutanga kwaiva kuva rectangular chimiro pamwe chivanze guru (Chur Kare) asi pakupedzisira akachinja kuti mativi chimiro. Mumakore upenyu Pierre Lescot izvozvo yakavakwa chete chikamu kumadokero bapiro kurutivi rwezasi. Ndicho dangwe muzvivako akachengetedzwa zvakakwana Louvre ichi.

Mapurani nevakawanda kureva mapurani dzenhoroondo siyana, kuabatanidza pamwe chinyakare chikoro French (mukuru denga pamwe attics). Chivako chiri dzinoratidzwa nekunyatsotsanangura rinopindirana of France pamwe zvikamu zvitatu discontinuities muchimiro rectangular mahwindo zvikamu chete mativi pediments, akaparadzaniswa nevanhu pilasters uye arcades pasi pauriri. France vaisanganisa zvivezwa zhinji. Louvre Palace in yokumiririra kwete isingasviki anoyevedza kuona. Lesko, pamwe nomuvezi Jean Goujon vakavaka Great Hall pamwe chidhori Atemisi.

The kuwedzera wenhare

Paitonga Ekateriny Medichi zvakanzi yakavakwa pedyo mumuzinda Tuileries , uye akakurukura pfungwa kuri kuwedzera kune aivapo ake Louvre zvivakwa. Henry IV aifanira kushandisa chirongwa.

First Louvre Palace vakasara akanga yakaidzwa rekare zvechizarira uye kuwedzera chivanze. Ipapo ezvivako Jacques uye Louis Métezeau Andrue akapedza kuvaka Petite maberere akatanga basa iri guru maberere (Grand Gallerie), izvo kuizwi Louvre uye Tuileries.

Nechekare Panguva iyi zvakaoma zvinova ainyanya sayenzi tsika. It dzichengeterwe imba iri kudhinda, mumwe chemindi. Zvino muna rimwe zvivako kubvumirwa kugara uye basa vavezi vemabwe, Painters, jewelers, watchmakers, maoko Vagadziri, carvers, varuki.

XVII remakore

Louvre Palace akaramba achikura uye nemanomwe remakore. Louis XIII akaita anhonga Baton yemadzitateguru ake. Pasi pake Zhak Lemerse kuvakwa metende yakatanga mumaawa 1624, uye chivako rwokumusoro rakadzikwa - kopi maberere pakati Pierre Lescot.

Louis XIV, aiva simba kwemakore chikuru zvirongwa, akarayira kuti vaparadze zvivako akwegura uye kupedzisa nzvimbo dzakapoteredza chivanze. Vakasikirwa vose zvakafanana manyorerwo. Asi chinangwa kupfuura chinzvimbo chaiva kuvakwa East Berere Ramambo.

Sezvo chikamu ichi mumuzinda akatarisa muguta, hazvina akasarudza kuita zvikuru zvinoshamisa. akanakisisa ezvivako nguva European vakakokwa. The kupfuura chinzvimbo chirongwa akapa Italian Giovanni Bernini. Iye zvinganaka kuputsa zvose yamambo, uye kuvaka chitsva. Kufunga kuti zvakaoma uye kunzwisisa kupfuurira akavaka mambo rapfuura, pfungwa akarambwa. Klod koira (mukuru mukoma storyteller Sharlya koira) yakatanga nekuyanana, umo simbi vamutye.

Paris chiso

East Berere Ramambo kushandurwa kuti Louvre Palace. Description 173-mita kuvakwa nyanzvi zvaizobatsira sezvinotevera - ndiwo soro pachake pfungwa classicism French. Klod koira vakaramba hune panguva hombe Roman mapurani, zvinhu zvakanga hafu-mbiru uye pilasters. Vakatsiviwa rakavhurika mhepo mbiru mune yeKorinde manyorerwo, muchibatisisa padenga (wakanga wavawo utsanzi).

Zvinoshamisa kuti C. Perrault (chaizvoizvo kuzvipira akadzidzisa) aigona kupa noukuru chivakwa pasina zvemaoresa zvivezwa uye "Kushongedzwa", saka rakakurumbira XVII remakore. pfungwa dzake hofori rinopindirana murayiro, yakatarisana hombe Uriri, vakanonga nokuda ezvivako Europe yose. Mhando Similar zvivako ikoko uye St. Petersburg. Pfungwa kuisa mbiru maviri pakati mahwindo, kune rumwe rutivi, akabatsira kuchengeta airiness ari muvharanda, pane dzimwe - kuwedzera uwandu chiedza kupinda mudzimba.

VXIII-XX remakore

Panguva iyi mukuru Louvre Palace anorasikirwa mamiriro youmambo dzokugara. Muna 1682 Korol Lyudovik vake boka racho vakatamira Versailles. makamuri Vakawanda vanoramba konekwa. Apo Napoleon Bonaparte kuvakwa mberi. Maererano chirongwa Visconti akawedzera padenga rwokumusoro bapiro. Fontaine uye Percier - namaberere itsva dzakavakwa.

Muzana XX remakore (Makore 1985-1989), yakakurumbira mapurani IM Pei zvinganaka akashinga uye yakashongedzwa pamasikiro pachivande miziyamu. Muchiitiko ichi chimwezve mazano kune Louvre kuitwa kuburikidza girazi Pyramid panguva rising pachivande horo.

inotungamirwa akaunganidzwa

kuunganidza Anowanikwa ari Louvre akatanga kuumba kubva panguva yaMambo Francis I, admire Italian art. Akaunganidza ake nyika dzokugara Fontainebleau mabasa Renaissance, uye ipapo akawanda akatamira Paris.

Pamusangano mumwe Francis I vaiva mifananidzo yose Raphael, Michelangelo, muunganidzwa Zvishongo. Mukuwedzera, mambo akakoka kubva Apennines yakanakisisa Italian ezvivako, Painters, jewelers, vavezi vemabwe. The kupfuura akakurumbira pakati mueni wake rakanga Leonardo da Vinci, nhaka iyo vakaenda Louvre kupenda "Mona Lisa."

Paitonga namambo Henry IV Louvre Palace muna Paris rakanga mifananidzo muzinda France. The Grand Gallery akanga kakawanda vanozivikanwa vatenzi, ane mabasa akava hwaro nezveramangwana miziyamu. Louis XIV aidawo zvose akanaka. Muhofisi yake youmambo, paiva gumi nemashanu zana mifananidzo, French, Flemish, Italian uye Dutch Artists.

The French Revolution vakabatsira kukura miziyamu wayo kushanduka kuva revoruzhinji. Collections madzimambo, machinda, makereke nationalized uye vakabatana miziyamu. Napoleonic mishandirapamwe zvazova tsime replenishment zvinotevera exposures. Pashure pokukundwa Napoleon vakanga vadzoka anopfuura 5000 zvidimbu atora vaimbova varidzi, asi vazhinji vakaramba vari Louvre.

Paumbwe miziyamu

26/07/1791 Constituent Assembly akarayira kuti vaende mumuzinda Louvre "Zvivako ounyanzvi uye sayenzi." For paruzhinji miziyamu yakavhurwa pamusoro 11/18/1793.

In XX remakore Louvre Palace, riri Photo achirova kubwinya, akaita kuchinja. Re muchivande maberere aine girazi Pyramid yakavakwa, uye miziyamu muunganidzwa yakakamurwa. Paiva chete mabasa akasikwa pamberi 1848. Akazotevera Impressionist Mifananidzo akatamira Museum of Orsay uye Impressionism. Exhibits avo kuti vakasikwa pashure 1914 ndivo National Center kwavari. Georges Pompidou.