Kuti Pytheas yakawanikwa munzendo dzake

Pytheas aiva mumwe rekare rechiGiriki yomugungwa vatsvakurudzi. Akararama pakati anenge 380 uye 310 BC. e. The ramangwana aiongorora akaberekerwa nyuchi Massalia (zvino guta reFrance Marseille). Hazvishamisi kuti upenyu hwake kwave chokuita kuti afambe uye zvakawanikwa.

Swimming Pytheas

Mugore 325 BC. e. Hellene enterprising akaenda ake kupfuura yakakurumbira uye kukosha rwendo. Chii akazarura Pytheas, waiva kunze yaizivikanwa panguva iyoyo nyika kuvaGiriki. Iye akasiya mbiru Hercules - kukwirira chiratidzo, izvo nenzwi Strait of Gibraltar. Kamwe muAtlantic Ocean, Pytheas ngarava vakananga kuchamhembe. Sezvo vafambisi vekare akavhura Britain.

All kuti akavhura Pytheas, akanga akanyorwa zvaainyora ( "Pazuva Ocean" uye "Zemleopisanie"), iyo, zvinosuruvarisa havana asvika kwatiri. Zvisinei, zvinonzi dzakataurwa nyanzvi dzakadai Polybius uye Strabo. kare ava nechokwadi zvakawanwa "kunyika yokuchamhembe." Runyerekupe ngano pamusoro Britain anotsigirwa chete munguva Yuliya Tsezarya gavhuna weRoma I. BC. e. ruzivo All pamusoro chitsuwa kare zvakadaro akakwira zvinyorwa Pytheas. Nokuda dzasara aripo nendima dzisingapindirani tinogona kugumisa kuti mufambi wokutanga kusvika pamhenderekedzo UK, ipapo kushanyira chitsuwa kunozivikanwa kuti Thule uye pakupedzisira akazviratidza pamhenderekedzo yeGungwa reBaltic, apo marudzi omunharaunda mined anokosha rinopenya. Chii akazarura Pytheas, rikarova hwomoyo vakararama panguva yake, saka vazhinji havana kutenda nyaya yake.

Thule chitsuwa

Chitsuwa kunozivikanwa kuti Thule akatsanangura aidzidzisa, anotaurwa murondedzero yake "On the Ocean". Saka chokwadi haina kuzivikanwa worudzii pasi Pytheas akati. Gare gare, Thule runowanzotaurwa nezvarwo Iceland kana zvimwe archipelagos hwokuchamhembe mumakungwa (Faroe, Orkney, Shetland uye ari Hebrides). Iyi nzvimbo ichaongororwa pamucheto zvakasikwa, mhiri uko vanhu vanowana chete asingagoni.

Vamwe vatsvakurudzi, kusanganisira Strabo, vakapomera Pytheas kuti makamuri ake ose pamusoro Thule nhema ndedzipi. Asi yakakurumbira Arctic mupanguri Nansen, kare muna XX remakore, vaidavira kuti rekare rechiGiriki aiongorora akashanyira nemahombekombe yake yaakaberekerwa Norway. kubvuma uku ane kodzero iripo. Pytheas rwendo akatarisana zvakadai kusingaenzaniswi mananara sezvo polar zuva uye polar chiedza. Hapana akafanana nevagari Mediterranean zvisati kumboona. Izvi zvakasikwa yo latitudes, mhiri kweArctic Circle. Naizvozvo, Nansen aigona kuva zvakarurama kubvuma kwake Norway. Uyezve, kuna Ages dzekuma Scandinavia vaiona chitsuwa (uyewo Tula). Eternal chando, vakanga dzinongoitika miganhu hwokuchamhembe mumakungwa, nevamwe vaGiriki vekare kuti mumwe nyika uye umambo mwari Kronos.

rwendo sangano

Chii akazarura Pytheas, yakanga iri kushanda chaiko vanhu muMarseilles. Vaida kuwana pfupi nzira yokuBritain gaba uye Baltic rinopenya. zvigadzirwa izvi vanokosheswa mune antiikki kumusika. Pano rinoitei makwikwi pakati vakawanda Greek uye reFenikiya dzaitongwa muMediterranean uye Black makungwa. Saka zvingava zvisina kururama kufunga kuti Pytheas aiva mushingi uye murombo. Akashanda somutariri panyaya National kukosha, izvo nechokuita simba uye simba chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha dzayaitonga nzvimbo.

Chokwadi, Pytheas aiva akasiyana ruzivo jogirafi uye zvenyeredzi. Akakwanisa kuona Latitude kuti chizvarwa guta rake. zvidzidzo ake uye Masvomhu anoshandiswa nemasayendisiti akawanda. Somuenzaniso, mumwe wavo akanga ari nyanzvi uye nyanzvi yemasvomhu Hipparchus pamusoro Nicea, aigara II remakore BC. e. Kuti ngaaverenge Latitude pakati Pytheas uyewo anosarudza kukwirira zuva masikati.

Zvisinei, kuti kuronga rwendo rurefu rwakadaro, ruzivo rechiGiriki Kumufambisi Wechikepe haana kukwana. Aifanira kutarisana kurwisa kwakaita vokuFenikiya. Ivo aidzora mbiru Hercules, uye kudzivirira kumhenderekedzo Iberia (Spain ano), apo asingatenderwi kunze. Nokuda Chidimbu uye kukwana zvinyorwa uye saka yakaramba kujeka sei Pifeyu akakwanisa kukunda dambudziko iri.

France uye muUK egungwa

Asi isu akamunzwa tsanangura Celtic. Saka, muna kare aizivikanwa France. Pytheas nzira ndokupfuurira mumhenderekedzo, navanhu Ostim. The mutsvakurudzi arondedzera Britain, iyo akatora kuva chitsuwa mativi, uyewo gaba kuchera maererano nemadzinza vemo. South-yokumadokero kumugumo wenyika hwaienzanirana Cape, yaakakudanirai Belerionom. Nhasi, ndiye Cornwall.

Baltic gungwa

VaGiriki vaidavira kuti kuBaltic pamhenderekedzo, apo rwendo rapera Pytheas, inyika ngano. The rwizi Eridanus, apo rinopenya iri mined, yave haungambofari muMediterranean vanhu. Akanga kunewo chokuita dzomusango cheScythia. kusabvumirana pakati zvinyorwa kuvhiringidzika, nokuti iri nyore kunzwisisa kupi Pytheas asvika. Geographical zvakawanwa vaGiriki vaigona kuita Jutland kweItari. Nyika ino yakanga muganhu pakati North uye reBaltic Seas chaivo.

Tanais

Sezvineiwo, kunobva manhamba uye rwizi Tanais, iyo inorondedzera Pytheas. Geographical zvakawanwa kuti rwendo rwake kugona kukanganisa nharaunda iyi, nekuti shoko vaGiriki ano rinonzi Don muGungwa Black steppes. The kuvhiringidzika kunobva pakuti vaGiriki aisaziva pamusoro apo cheScythia rinoguma. Ungangove, Pytheas akadana Tanais Elba, apo akakwanisa kushanyira panguva kutenderera yake muGungwa reBaltic. Chero zvazvingava, ukoshi ake zvakawanwa zvakaoma kuona, nokuti akawedzera pasi vavaGiriki pamusoro nyika yakavapoteredza.