Kutanga Romanov dzinza. History of Romanov youmambo

Romanovs chigaro ane nhoroondo yakatanga kune navatanhatu remakore, akanga achangobva dzinobva tsaru vanokudzwa. Asi pashure muchato akapedzisa pakati Ivanom Groznym uye mumiririri Romanov - Anastasiey Zaharinoy, vakava pedyo yamambo. Pashure nokuvumba ukama Moscow Ruric pachigaro choushe vakatanga kushandisa pachavo Romanovs.

History of madzimambo Russian pakati imba youmambo rakatanga mushure ushe nyika yakava akasarudzwa grandnephew womukadzi Ivana Groznogo - Mikhail Fedorovich. vana vake vakamira pamharadzano Russia kusvikira October 1917.

prehistory

Baba vamwe anokudzwa mhuri, kusanganisira Romanovs, rinonzi Andrei Ivanovich hachi, uyo baba, sezvinoratidzwa zvinyorwa Divonovich shwanu-kamba, akagamuchira kubhabhatidzwa muzita Ivan, akazviratidza Russia muna gumi okupedzisira ezana remakore namana. Akauya achibva Lithuania.

Pasinei neizvi, mumwe chikamu Vanyori anoratidza kuti pakutanga Romanov youmambo (zvishoma - Imba Romanov) unobva Novgorod. Andrei Ivanovich akanga vakawanda shanu vanakomana. Vakadaidzwa Simon uye stallion Alexander muti, Vasily Ivantay uye Gabriel Gavsha uye Fedor Cat. Vaiva madzitateguru vakawanda namanomwe vanokudzwa dzimba Russia. In wokutanga ibvi Andrei Ivanovich vake vokutanga vana remadunhurirwa rokuti Kobylin, Fedor Andreevich uye mwanakomana wake Ivan - Koshkin, uye mwanakomana wokupedzisira - Zachary - Koshkin-Zakhar'in.

The kwaita surnames

Zvizvarwa nokukurumidza vakaramba chikamu chokutanga - Cat. Uye kwenguva yakati vakatanga kunyora chete pasi zita Zakharins. Kubva rechitanhatu ibvi kwachiri Wakawedzerwa imwe hafu - Yuriev.

Saizvozvowo, vana Peter uye Vasiliya Yakovlevichey remadunhurirwa rokuti Yakovlev, Romana - okolnichy navabati - Zakharins-Romanov. Ndizvo nevana yokupedzisira uye zvinobva yakakurumbira Romanov hwedzinza. Paitonga ichi mhando rakatanga muna 1613th.

madzimambo

Romanov chigaro akakwanisa kuvaka pachigaro choushe vamiririri shanu. Wokutanga izvi raiva guru-womunun'una Anastasia - mukadzi Ivana Groznogo. Mikhail Fedorovich - mambo Romanov youmambo wokutanga, akamutswa kuti chigaro Zemsky Sobor. Asi sezvo aiva muduku uye asina ruzivo, chaizvoizvo akatonga nyika bayou Marita nehama. Akamutevera, ari Romanov hwedzinza madzimambo vashoma. Ndiyo mwanakomana wake Alex uye zvitatu vazukuru - Fyodor, Ivan V uye Peter I. Raiva wokupedzisira muna 1721, gore rakapera pamwe Romanov hwedzinza.

madzimambo

Apo Peter A. akasvika choushe, nokuti rudzi vakatanga yakasiyana zvachose munguva. The Romanovs, vane nhoroondo sezvo madzimambo imba youmambo rakatanga muna 1721-m, akapa gumi vatongi Russian. Ava, vatatu chete vaibva ropa.

Mushure Peter Mukuru - mambo wokutanga House of Romanov - sezvo autocratic Empress choushe chakanga nhaka mudzimai Catherine I wake pamutemo, kwakabva iyo ichiri hotly nharo dzakaitika atungamirire. Paakafa, simba akapfuura muzukuru wake Peter I wanano yake yokutanga - Peter II.

Nokuda mukurwisana uye anonyengera yokugara ine mutsetse sekuru vake rakanga chando. Uye pashure Imperial simba uye achibuda vakanga vamugamuchidza mwanasikana mukuru mukoma Emperor Petra Velikogo - Ivan V, asi pashure Anny Ioannovny huchikwira Russian choushe kubva mwanakomana wake Duke pamusoro Brunswick. zita rake rainzi Johani VI Antonovich. Aiva mumiriri chete Mecklenburg-Romanov, uyo akatora chigaro. It wakaparadza pachake tete vake - "Mwanasikana Petrov" Empress Elizabeth. Akanga asina kuroora uye asina mwana. Ndicho chikonzero Romanov youmambo, patafura Board riri chaizvo chaizvo zvakananga mukono mutsetse chiri pamusoro payo uye pamusoro.

Kujairirana nhoroondo

Accession kuti chigaro mhando ichi chakaitika pasi chinoshamisa ezvinhu, yakapoteredzwa vatorwa rufu zhinji. Romanov youmambo, vane vamiririri vane pikicha chero bhuku kare, kwakabatana zvakananga yenhau Russian. Zvarinomirira nokuda kwayo kugara uchiratidza kuzvipira kunyika. Pamwe vanhu vachienda kuburikidza dzakaoma, zvishoma nezvishoma nokusimudza nyika kubva urombo uye urombo - migumisiro kugara hondo, kuti Romanovs. History of Russian hwedzinza chaizvo yakazara ropa zviitiko uye zvakavanzika. Mumwe nomumwe mumiririri wawo, kunyange kukudzwa zvido vagari, panguva imwe chete kusiyaniswa utsinye hwake.

mutongi wokutanga

Gore pakutanga Romanov youmambo chaiva kudzikama. Hurumende haana mutongi pamutemo. Zvikurukuru nemhaka wakanaka Anastasii Zaharinoy uye hanzvadzi mhuri Nikita Romanov rairemekedzwa zvose.

Russia akatambudza hondo Sweden uye kunova chinomisa internecine feuds. Mukutanga February, ari 1613th gore iri Grand Kremlin Palace, akatizwa vatorwa nechisimba, pamwe murwi tsvina nemarara, rakaparidzirwa mambo yokutanga Romanov youmambo - jaya uye ruzivo muchinda Mikhail Fedorovich. Uye ichi gumi gore yekare mwanakomana pakati Patriarch Filaret kwakaratidza kutanga rekutonga Romanov dzinza. Akanga akatarira kutonga kwemakore makumi matatu nemaviri.

Zvaiva naye rinotanga Romanov youmambo, tafura dzinza riri kudzidzwa kuchikoro. Muna 1645-M Michael akatsiviwa nomwanakomana wake Alex. Yokupedzisira ndiko mitemo kwenguva refu - kupfuura makumi matatu. Akamutevera, ari kuti yokugara rakachengetedzwa chokuita nezvimwe zvinetso.

Sezvo 1676 makore matanhatu Russian utongi muzukuru Michael rokutanga - Fedor, ainzi pashure ake makuru-sekuru. Pashure porufu rwake, ekutonga Romanov youmambo chakafanira akaramba Peter I uye Ivan V - nehama dzake. Vari kweanenge namashanu, akaita hunyambiri simba, kunyange zvazvo vanenge vose munyika Kutarisirwa akatora hanzvadzi yavo Sophia, akanga vairatidza kuva simba-rudo chaizvo mukadzi. Vanotaura ngano vanotiudza kuti rinokosha choushe kaviri, kuva buri yave akarayira kuti kuvanza ezvinhu ichi. Uye kubudikidza naye uchingotizevezera Sophia akapa mirayiridzo hama.

Petr Veliky

Uye kunyange zvazvo pakutanga Kutonga Romanov youmambo iri chokuita nezita Mikhail Fedorovich, kuti dzinenge mumwe wevamiriri vayo vanoziva zvinhu zvose. Uyu munhu anogona kudada uye yose vanhu Russian, pachavo Romanovs. History of madzimambo Russian pakati imba youmambo, nhoroondo vanhu vokuRussia uye nhoroondo reRussia rakabatana pamwe zita Petra Velikogo - muvambi uye mutungamiri wehondo uye zvikepe dzose, uye vose zvavo - murume ane mberi chaizvo maonero upenyu.

Nokuzvitsaurira, ine simba nechido uye kukwanisa zvikuru basa, Peter I, sezvo, zvirokwazvo, uye zvose, ane kusara shoma Romanov youmambo, ine mufananidzo vamiririri vose enhoroondo, nokuti upenyu vakadzidza zvakawanda. Asi iye akabhadhara ngwariro chaiyo zvechiuto uye seamanship. Mumwedzi wokutanga rwendo kunze mumakore 1697-1698, Peter akatora nzira atirari Sciences muna Königsberg, ipapo hafu yegore kushandira Amsterdam shipyards nyore muvezi, kudzidza dzidziso shipbuilding muEngland.

Yakanga isiri chete kupfuura kunoshamisa unhu munguva yake, aigona kuva kudada Romanovs: nhoroondo Russian hwedzinza havana kuziva zvakawanda akangwara uye aida kuziva munhu. nezvake, maererano vaairarama, akapupurira izvi zvose.

Peter nguva dzose kuziva zvose neimwe nzira sei zvirongwa ake uye pamusoro chikamu management kana zvokutengeserana, uye dzidzo. kuziva ake zvaizoparadzirwa zvinenge zvose. Haana hanya kunyange chiduku mashoko, kana ivo vakabva vaigona kuva chinhu chinobatsira.

A nyaya upenyu Petra Romanova aiva kuwedzera mamiriro uye nokusimbaradza simba rayo rehondo. Ndiye akazova muvambi mauto uye zvikepe dzose, achipfuurira vababa vake kuchinja - Alexei Mikhailovich.

State kushandurwa Petro rokutonga akashandura Russia rive simba mamiriro, iyo akawana zvengarava, budiriro vemamwe zvokutengeserana, uye zvakanaka administrative utariri.

Uye kunyange zvazvo pakutanga Kutonga Romanov youmambo wakaradzikwa anenge matanhatu emakore asati chero wevamiriri vayo vasingagoni kubudirira chii chakaita Petr Veliky. Haana chete kusimbiswa pachayo somumiririri kukuru, asi akasika Anti-Swedish Northern Alliance. Munhoroondo zita rokutanga pamambo zvakabatanidzwa chikuru padariro kukura Russia uye chidzoke ave simba guru.

Panguva iyoyowo Peter aiva munhu akaoma chaizvo. Kana makore gumi akatora pamusoro simba, hazvina kupera kuvanza hanzvadzi yavo Sophia ari yemamongi kure. Mumwe yakakurumbira vamiririri Romanov youmambo, Peter, nani kuzivikanwa Mukuru, yaizivikanwa zvakakwana dzoutsinye Emperor, uyo pachake yakajeka chinangwa - kurongazve malotsivilizovannoy kwayo nyika iri Western nenzira.

Kunyange zvakadaro, pasinei mberi pfungwa idzi, aionekwa nemaune anodzvinyirira, zvikuru akaenzana ake utsinye mugadzi - Ivanu Groznomu, murume wake zimbuya Anastasia Romanova.

Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vanoramba kuwedzera kukosha Peter reorganizations uye mukuru wokuti mambo panguva yake yokutonga. Peter, vanotenda, akanga achimhanyira kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvavo, saka kukuchidzirwa yokudimburira, kushandisa dzimwe nguva pachena zveufende nzira. Uye ichi chaiva chikonzero kuti pashure ake kufa, Russian Empire akakurumidza kudzokera hurumende iyo muvandudzi Pyotr Romanov akaedza kurega izvozvo.

Hazvibviri mune mumwe wakawira swoop kuti zvikurumidze kuchinja vanhu vake, kunyange kuvaka nokuda kwake kutsva guta, boyars nokuveura ndebvu uye akatungamirira sbiralsya pamusoro yezvematongerwe enyika.

Kunyange zvakadaro, mutemo wacho Romanovs, uye zvikurukuru, ari administrative kuchinja, izvo akasuma Peter aireva zvakawanda nokuda nyika.

bazi idzva

Pashure pokuroora Anne (mwanasikana Peter Mukuru uye Catherine wechipiri), muzukuru wamambo Swedish wakaradzikwa pakutanga Romanov youmambo, izvo chaizvoizvo ikava mhando Holstein-Gottorp. Panguva iyoyowo, maererano chibvumirano, mwanakomana akaberekwa wanano ichi, uye vakava Peter III, achiri nhengo imba youmambo.

Saka, maererano dzemadzinza mitemo, The Imperial nemhuri pakuzivikanwa se Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov, uko kunoratidzwa kwete chete mumhuri jasi dzavo zvombo, asiwo maoko Russia. Kubvira panguva iyoyo, chigaro zvakapfuudzwa nenzira yakarurama mutsetse, pasina chinhu dzinokanganisa. Izvi zvakaitika nemhaka chirevo wakabudiswa Paul. Yaiti kutsivana dzevanhu yakarurama mutsetse.

Mushure nyika yaitongwa Paul Alexander I - mwanakomana wake mukuru, uyo akanga asina mwana. A yechipiri muzukuru wake - Duke Konstantin Pavlovich - abdicated kuti, chaizvoizvo, akanga mumwe zvinokonzera ari Decembrist yemuna. The rakatevera mambo waiva mwanakomana wake wechitatu - Nicholas I. Kazhinji, kubva panguva Catherine Guru, vadyi venhaka vose choumambo vakatanga kupfeka musoro Crown Prince.

Mushure Nicholas I, choushe ndokupfuura mwanakomana wake mukuru - Alexander II. Pazera makore makumi maviri nerimwe Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich akafa tibhii. Naizvozvo, rakatevera raiva mwanakomana wechipiri - Emperor Alexander III, uyo akanga anotsiviwa nomwanakomana wake wedangwe gavhuna wokupedzisira Russian - Nicholas II. Saka, kubva nguva apo, imba youmambo Romanov-Holstein-Gottorp kubva kubazi iri rinowanika masere mambo kuverengwa uye Catherine Great.

namapfumbamwe remakore

Muzana XIX remakore mhuri youmambo akawedzera zvikuru uye kwakawedzera. chaiwo mitemo waidzora kodzero uye nokubatira nechimwe vomumhuri vakanga kutora. Vaiva wainyatsotaura, uye zvinhu zvine chokuita nokuvapo kwavo. Pakanga kunyange akatanga idzva rokuti - muchinda youmambo ropa. Aifungidzira vazukuru mutongi kure.

Kubvira panguva iyoyo akatanga Romanov youmambo uye pakutanga nemipfumbamwe remakore kuna Imperial House akanga atova zvaisanganisira matavi mana munhukadzi mutsetse:

• Holstein-Gottorpovskaya;
• Leuchtenberg - rinobva mwanasikana Nicholas I, Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna, uye Duke pamusoro Leuchtenberg;
• Oldenburg - kubva muchato wake nomwanasikana Emperor Paul Duke pamusoro Oldenburg;
• Mecklenburg - huchibva kubva muchato Princess Catherine Mikhailovna uye Duke pamusoro Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

Revolution uye Imperial House

Sezvo apo aiva kutanga Romanov youmambo, nyaya mhuri iyi izere rufu uye ropa. Ndosaka wokupedzisira mhuri - Nicholas II - remadunhurirwa Bloody. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti mambo pachake panguva iyoyo haana kumbosiyana nehasha.

Ushe wekupedzisira Russian mambo kwakaratidzwa nokukurumidza zvoupfumi kukura munyika. Panguva iyoyo kuRussia paiva kuwedzera mumagariro uye enyika kuzvipokanidza. izvi zvose zvakaita kuti pakutanga echimurenga kufamba, uye somugumisiro - kusvikira kumukira pamusoro 1905-1907, uye zvadaro February Revolution.

mambo Russian uye mambo Poland uye Grand Duke pakati Finland - wokupedzisira Russian chamber of Romanov youmambo - huchikwira choushe 1894. vakararama Nicholas II kwakaita se nyoro uye vakadzidza zvikuru, nemwoyo akazvipira wenyika, asi panguva imwe chete vakasindimara chaizvo murume.

Sezviri pachena, izvi zvakanga chikonzero anosimbirira kushorwa zano ruzivo vakuru nokutongwa nyaya, chaizvoizvo, zvakaita kuti zvinouraya zvikanganiso zviri Romanov itsika. Zvinoshamisawo vakazvipira rudo wamambo wake, izvo dzimwe zvinyorwa rinonzi kunyange dzisina kunyanya vakadudzira yekuzvidzwa dzemhuri youmambo. Vakabvunzwa simba rake rave posited sezvo chete wechokwadi.

Izvi zvakanga zvakafanira kuti mukadzi wokupedzisira Russian mambo akanga chaizvo kutaura zvakawanda zvinobatanidzwa utungamiriri. Zvisinei, haana kutadza chete mukana kushandisa, nepo vakawanda nechinzvimbo chepamusoro vanhu hakuna wakanyatsokodzera. Vazhinji vavo vaiona rokupedzisira achitonga Romanov fatalist, apo vamwe vaifunga kuti rinongova chose hanya nokutambura kwevanhu vavo.

End okutonga

Ropa 1917 chakawira wokupedzisira kuti nokuderera nesimba autocrat. Zvakangotanga yakatanga First World War uye ineffectiveness pakati mutemo Nicholas II iyi zvakaomera Russia.

Mhandu dzemhuri Romanov vanoti panguva iyi yokupedzisira mambo Aisagona kana akatadza nenguva dzika kushandisa enyika uye magariro zvakakodzera kuchinja. The February Revolution akamanikidza mambo wokupedzisira achiri kupa. Somugumisiro, Nicholas II uye nemhuri yake vakaiswa pasi kusungwa imba mumuzinda wake Tsarskoye tiiviste.

Pakati pezana remakore rechigumi nepfumbamwe remakore Romanovs vakatonga kupfuura wechitanhatu panyika. Yakanga andinenge, yakazvimirira uye inonyanya zvikuru European nyika upfumi. Zvakanga munguva huru yakaguma pashure aurayiwe mhuri youmambo, wokupedzisira Romanovs: Nicholas II uye Alexandra nevana vavo vashanu. Zvino muimba yepasi iri Ipatiev imba iri Yekaterinburg pausiku July 17, 1918.

Romanov nhasi

By pakutanga 1917 Russian Imperial House of Representatives raiva makumi matanhatu namashanu, matatu navaviri rweberere hono hafu. vanhu gumi vakapfurwa nokuda Bolsheviks munguva kubva muna 1918 kusvika makore 1919. Zvino muSt Petersburg, Alapaevsk uye, chokwadi, iri Yekaterinburg. The yasara vanhu makumi manomwe vakatiza. Somugumisiro, vakawana pachavo muutapwa, kunyanya US uye muFrance.

Pasinei ichi chinokosha chikamu imba youmambo ane makore anopfuura gumi vachitarisira kuti pokuwa simba Soviet uye kudzorerwa Russian umambo. Kana muna December 1920 Olga K. - Grand Princess - akava regent weGirisi, akatanga kutora nyika iyi vapoteri vakawanda vokuRussia vakanga vachienda chete kumirira uye dzokera kumba. Zvisinei, izvi hazvina kuitika.

Zvisinei, Imba Romanov kwenguva refu nguva aiva uremu. Uyezve, muna 1942, vamiririri vaviri House rakanga akatovapa chigaro Montenegro. Kwakatoisa akasika sangano, inosanganisira zvose mupenyu nhengo imba youmambo.