Madzitateguru of Slavs: ndivanaani, kwavaigara, chitendero, mabhuku uye tsika nemagariro

Modern necheSalvic vanhu dzakaumbwa kwenguva refu. Ivo vakava vazhinji wamadzibaba avo. Izvi zvinosanganisira Slavs chaidzo uye nevavakidzani vavo, chaizvo vaiisa upenyu, tsika uye chitendero yemadzinza izvi pavakanga vachiri kurarama maererano nheyo dzokumaruwa vomunharaunda.

Antes uye sklaviny

Kusvikira ikozvino, vanyori venhau dzakaitika uye vanochera matongo kuisa mberi siyana nezvemutauro vaigona kuva madzitateguru Slavs. Ethnogenesis vanhu vakatora nzvimbo munguva iyo anenge asina zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa. Nyanzvi vaifanira vakiridza nhoroondo Slavs mangwanani duku mafufu. ukoshi Great embody ari Byzantine yaMakoronike. Raiva Eastern hweRoma vaifanira kutsungirira kumanikidzwa namarudzi, iyo pakupedzisira akaumba necheSalvic rudzi.

The uchapupu kwavari kutanga ndezvomunhu VI remakore. Madzitateguru of Slavs ari Byzantine zvinyorwa anonzi Antes. Pamusoro pavo akanyora akakurumbira wenhoroondo Prokopiy Kesariysky. Pakutanga, Masvosve vaigara munharaunda pakati Dniester uye Dnieper River munharaunda Ukraine ano. In yayo ichatonga zvine mbiri, vaigara steppes kubva Don kusvikira muBalkans.

Kana Antes vaiva kumabvazuva boka Slavs, ipapo kumavirira pavo vakarondedzera kwavari sklaviny akararama. Kutaurwa nezvavo wokutanga vakasiya mubhuku Jorodhani "Getik" akanyorwa pakati VI remakore. Sklaviny dzimwe nguva anonziwo Veneti. madzinza izvi vaigara yava Czech Republic.

mumagariro mamiriro

Vagari Byzantium vaidavira kuti madzitateguru of Slavs - vasina kuziva venyika yebudiriro. Zvakanga zvakadaro. Uye sklaviny, Antes uye akararama pasi hweruzhinji. Havana kuva mutongi chete uye hurumende. Early necheSalvic vanhu yaiva zvakasiyana siyana munharaunda, chinoumba nerimwe raiva imwe mhando. Rondedzero yakadaro inowanikwa Byzantine zvinyorwa uye kwechokwadi zvakawanwa archeologists ano. Misha chaiva dzimba huru yavakararama mumhuri yakakura. Mune mumwe musha aigona kuva dzimba vanenge 20. In sklaviny yakagoverwa kuna muchaenga, muna Antes - muovheni. In kuchamhembe Slavs akavaka cherogi cabins.

Customs enderana utsinye yemadzitateguru mores. Somuenzaniso, aiita kuuraya vakadzi kupira paguva wake. Madzitateguru of Slavs vaiita zvokurima, raiva kwainyanya chokurarama nacho. Gorosi, mapfunde, bhari, oats, rye. Mombe: makwai, nguruve, duck, huku. Craft akanga havaratidzi munguva tichienzanisa chete Byzantium. Zvikurukuru, rinoshanda mukaravhani mhuri zvinodiwa.

Army uye uranda

Zvishoma nezvishoma, munharaunda evanhu stratum wevarwi vakamira panze. Vanowanzoororwa akarongeka vachirwisa musi Byzantium uye dzimwe nyika dzakavakidzana. Vavariro yagara chete - zvakapambwa uye varanda. Old necheSalvic squads ingasanganisira zviuru zvakawanda vanhu. Yakabuda navabati namachinda muchiuto zvakatipoteredza. Madzitateguru The rokutanga Slavs akarwa mapfumo (Kashoma minondo). Sulitsa - Uyewo kukanda zvombo akaparadzirwa. Raishandiswa kwete chete muhondo asiwo kuvhima.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti uranda kwaiwanzonzwika Antes. Number wevaranda vaigona kusvika makumi ezviuru zvevanhu. Vaiva kunyanya vasungwa vaibatwa muhondo. Ndokusaka pakati antskih varanda vakanga Byzantines zhinji. Kazhinji, Antes akachengeta varanda, kuti rudzikinuro. Zvisinei, vamwe vavo vakanga vaita kurima uye ounyanzvi.

Nechisimba vaAvar

In pakati VI remakore pasi Masvosve akanga achirwiswa tsaona. Ndivo marudzi anongofamba, ane vatongi vaiva Kagan rokuremekedza. urudzi yavo inoramba pamakakatanwa: vamwe funga vavo vokuTurkey, mumwe - a mitauro chizvarwa Iranian. Madzitateguru zviri Slavs vekare uye kunyange akazviratidza muna rinoteerera nzvimbo zvinooneka vakanetsa vaAvar pauwandu. reshiyo Izvi zvakaguma kuvhiringidzika. The Byzantines (semuenzaniso, Ioann Efessky uye Konstantin Bagryanorodny) uye akazivisa ose Slavs uye vaAvar, kunyange zvazvo kupima ichi kwaiva kukanganisa.

Kubvuta kubva East kwakatungamirira chinokosha yokutama kwevanhu, kunyanya nokuda refu akararama panzvimbo nguva. Pamwe vaAvar Antes kutanga vakatamira Pannonia (Hungary ano), uye yakazonzi nechisimba Balkan achidiwa Byzantine.

Slavs akava hwaro Khanate hondo. The yakakurumbira yechiitiko pakati pavanotaurirana pamwe umambo akava kukombwa Constantinople muna 626. Nhoroondo yekare Slavs zvinozivikanwa kuti pfupi Zvikamu kuti nekuita zvavo nevaGiriki. Kukombwa Constantinople akava chete muenzaniso wakadaro. Pasinei nokurwiswa uku, Slavs uye vaAvar havana vanokwanisa kutora guta.

Zvisinei pendudzi yakakuwandira akaramba mune ramangwana. Kare muna 602, kuna Lombard mambo wakatuma Slavs yavatenzi vavo shipbuilding. Vakagara Dubrovnik. In Chiteshi ichi, paiva rokutanga necheSalvic zvikepe (monoksily). Vakatora rutivi mune kare inotaurwa kukombwa Constantinople. Pakupera VI remakore Slavs rokutanga akakomberedza Thessaloniki. Nokukurumidza zviuru vahedheni vakatamira muThrace. Panguva iyo Slavs akazviratidza pamusoro munharaunda Croatia ano uye Serbia.

East Slavs

Kundikana yakakombwa Constantinople muna 626 gore akashora simba Avar Khanate. Slavs kwose kwose akatanga kubvisa joko vatorwa. MuMoravia, kupandukira vanomutswa pacharo. Akava wokutanga anozivikanwa nezita necheSalvic muchinda. Ipapo vanhu vake vakatanga kuwedzera zvavo kumabvazuva. Muzana VII dzakadzidzvinyirira remakore vakava vavakidzani vari Khazars. Vakakwanisa kupinda kunyange Crimea uye Caucasus kusvika. Apo madzitateguru of Slavs vavo kugarwa waibva, ndine chokwadi paiva rwizi kana gungwa, uyewo nyika arable akararama.

Yakabuda pamusoro Dnieper Kyiv guta ainzi rokukudza Prince Kyi. Pano iye akaumba mutsva mubatanidzwa minda dzedzinza kuti zvinosanganisira nokubatana akawanda zvakadaro chakatsiva Antes. Muna VII-VIII remakore pakupedzisira vakaumba mapoka matatu necheSalvic vanhu kuti zviripo nhasi (the Western, Southern uye Eastern). Last vakagara munharaunda ano Ukraine, Belarus, uye pakati Volga uye Oka nemisha yavo dzaiva mukati kumiganhu Russia.

In Byzantium, kazhinji kuzivikanwa Slavs uye vaSitiya. Ichi chaiva chakakura chiGiriki. VaSitiya vaiva madzinza Omani uye akataura Iranian mitauro. In kwayo ichatonga zvine mbiri yaigarwa nevanhu kusanganisira Dnieper inowanzorimwa uye muCrimea. Pandakasvikako ikoko necheSalvic Colonisation, nguva kusawirirana yakatanga pakati vavakidzani itsva. Serious ngozi raimiririra vamabhiza, izvo yavo vaSitiya. Madzitateguru of Slavs kwemakore akawanda makadzivisa ayo Kurwisa, kusvikira, pakupedzisira, kuti muArabhu asina kuparadzwa nokuda Goths.

Tribal kubatana uye guta Eastern Slavs

Kuchamhembe kwakadziva, ivo Slavs vaiva vavakidzani vari Finno-Ugric madzinza, kusanganisira yakazara uye Meria vakawanda. Paiva namagariro Rostov Beloozero uye Staraya Ladoga. Chimwe guta Novgorod aiva enyika muzinda. Muna 862 nayo kubata ushe VaViking Rurik. Chiitiko ichi chakaratidza kutanga Russian statehood.

Guta okumabvazuva Slavs akaonekwa kunyanya munzvimbo umo nzira akamhanya achibva VaViking kuvaGiriki. Izvi wezvokutengeserana tsinga kutungamirira kubva paGungwa reBaltic kuna Byzantium. Munzira, vatengesi vakanga dzakatakura zvinokosha zvinhu: .. Ambergris, shato huru ganda, rinopenya, furs, Martens uye sables, uchi, namo, etc. The zvinhu zvikapiwa zvikepe. Way zvikepe akarara pamusoro penzizi. Part of nzira anomhanya ukarova pasi. Panguva nzvimbo avo, chikepe zvifambiswe portage, zvokuti munda akazviratidza Perevolok guta Toropets uye Smolensk.

madzinza Eastern necheSalvic kare akararama kunze mumwe, uye kazhinji haana feuded vakarwa pakati pavo. Izvi zvinoita kuti vagone vavakidzani. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, pakutanga pamusoro IX remakore, vamwe East necheSalvic dzemadzinza mibatanidzwa vakatanga kubhadhara mutero kuna Khazars. Other zvikuru novimba VaViking. "Zvakaedza zvekare Years" rinotaura kakawanda dzemadzinza kubatana: Burza, volynyan, Dregovichi, Drevlyane, Krivichy, glades, Polotsk, northerners, Radimichi Tivertsy, White vokuCroatia uye Ulichi. United necheSalvic kunyora uye netsika dzose, rinongowanika riri XI-XII emakore. yatangwa Kievan Rus uye kuitwa chiKristu. Gare gare boka iri dzinza rikakamurwa Russian, Ukrainians uye Belarusians. Ndiyo mhinduro yomubvunzo wokuti ane madzitateguru vari Eastern Slavs.

South Slavs

Slavs vaigara muBalkans, zvishoma nezvishoma kure nevamwe vatinonamata vedzinza uye ukasvika South necheSalvic madzinza. Nhasi, zvizvarwa zvavo vari vokuSerbia, vaBulgaria, Croatia, Bosnia, vaMakedhoniya, Montenegrins uye Slovenians. Kana madzitateguru of Eastern Slavs vakagara zvikurukuru shama nyika, zvino hama dzavo wokumaodzanyemba vakaenda kumucheto, kwaiva nemisha yakawanda inotangwa nevaRoma. Kubva kare budiriro, uye vakasiya mugwagwa pairi vahedheni kufamba nokukurumidza pamusoro muBalkans. kweItari pamberi pavo anazvo Byzantium. Zvisinei, Empire aifanira kupa mupendero nevokunze nemhaka dzose hondo kumabvazuva nevaPersia uye zvemukati kukakavara.

Nyika itsva South Slavs madzitateguru hwakakanyiwa autochthonous (local) Greek kwevanhu. Mumakomo, ivo dzakadzidzvinyirira aifanira kutarisana kurwisa zviri Vlachs nevokuAlbania. Sevatorwa aipikisana nevaKristu chiGiriki. The Resettlement of Slavs muBalkans dzakaguma muna 620-s.

The napedyo vaKristu uye kugara vachionana navo aiva simba guru varidzi itsva muBalkans. Wechihedheni Slavs munharaunda iyi yave kunyatsodzurwa uchitsanya. ChechiKristu zvose zvakasikwa uye akakurudzirwa Byzantium. First vaGiriki, ndichiedza kufunga kuti ndiani ari Slavs, akatuma kwaari rekupinda, uye ipapo yakavatevera vaparidzi. Madzimambo vanogara akatumira nevavakidzani ngozi mamishinari, ndichitarisira nokudaro kuwedzera simba ravo venyika. Somuenzaniso, rubhabhatidzo vokuSerbia vakatanga pasi Heraclius, uyo akatonga mumakore 610-641. The kwacho kwave zvishoma nezvishoma. The chitendero chitsva wakadzikwa pachayo pakati South Slavs yechipiri yezana IX remakore. Ipapo machinda zvakabhabhatidzwa Raska, ipapo vatende kwechiKristu vaanotonga.

Sezvineiwo, kana vokuSerbia vakatanga kudirana Eastern Church muna Constantinople, hama dzavo vokuCroatia vakafunga nezvenyu kumavirira. Rakanga chokuita chokwadi kuti mugore 812 iri vechiFrank Emperor Karl Veliky akaita chibvumirano namambo Byzantium Michael I Rangave, maererano chikamu reAdriatic muBalkans aiva kubatsirwa nzvimbo Franks. Ivo vaiva vaKaturike, uye munguva yokutonga kwake pfupi munzvimbo akabhabhatidzwa vokuCroatia kumadokero kwayo tsika. Uye kunyange IX remakore, chechi yechiKristu kuchiri kuonekwa imwe, schism kukuru 1054 yekudyidzana kure nemumwe vaKaturike uye Orthodox.

Western Slavs

The wokumavirira boka yemadzinza necheSalvic nevakabva yakakura kubva Elbe kusvika Carpathians. It Nokufarisisa vokuPoland, Czech uye Slovak avanhu. West zvose vaigara bodrichi, lutici, Sorbs uye pomoryane. Muzana VI remakore, boka iri Polabian Slavs unehanya chetatu nharaunda ano Germany. Conflicts pakati madzinza akasiyana dzinza ose nenhumbi vakanga kugara. The dzakadzidzvinyirira itsva akasunda kubva pamhenderekedzo kuBaltic Sea Lombards, Varin uye Rugova (kutaura pamusoro weGermany mitauro).

An dzinonakidza chinoratidza pamberi Slavs iri kuitika ivhu German ndiro zita Berlin. Nyanzvi dzemitauro vakaona hunhu kwakabva shoko. The mutauro Polabian Slavs "Burlin" raireva mai. Vakawanda vavo vari kumusoro-kumabvazuva Germany. Ndizvo kure ari Slavs kupinda madzitateguru. Kare muna 623, izvi chete colonists akabatana muchinda anoenda pakupanduka pamusoro vaAvar. Kubva nguva nenguva pasi vatsivi Karla Velikogo Polabian Slavs sungano vaFrank muhondo yavo Khanate.

madzishe German feudal yakatanga inogumbura pamusoro vatorwa IX remakore. Zvishoma nezvishoma, Slavs vaigara pamahombekombe Elbe, aivateerera. Nhasi, kubva kwavari kwaingova mapoka maduku oga, izvo zvinosanganisira zviuru zvakawanda vanhu kuchengetedza pachavo rakasiyana mutauro wavo, kusafanana kunyange wePolish. KuMiddle Ages, vokuGermany akadana zvose pedyo nechokumadokero Slavs Wendy.

Language uye Writing

Kuti tinzwisise kuti Slavs, zvakanakisisa kutarisa nhoroondo mutauro. Kamwe, kana rudzi achiri kuroorwa, akanga kutaura chimwe. Rakanzi mutauro Proto-necheSalvic. No zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa inogara. Zvinozivikanwa chete kuti vaiva yakakura Indo-European mhuri mitauro, izvo zvinoita zvakafanana mitauro yakawanda .. eGermany, Romance, etc. Vamwe nyanzvi dzemitauro uye vanyori venhau dzakaitika kuisa mberi, uye zvimwe dzidziso pamusoro wayo mavambo. Maererano neimwe pfungwa, mutauro Proto-necheSalvic pane imwe pfungwa iri kwayo kukura kwakanga chikamu mutauro Proto-Balto-necheSalvic, apo mitauro reBaltic zviri kungogara pachavo vari pachavo boka ravo.

Zvishoma nezvishoma, mumwe rudzi ngapaonekwe mumutauro wedu. Pahwaro mumwe tumitauro izvi, akataurwa Slavs vaigara pedyo neguta reTesaronika, hama Kirill I Mefody ari IX remakore akasika mabhuku necheSalvic Christian. The Kujekerwa akaita nayo hurongwa Byzantine mambo. Kunyora zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti shanduro mabhuku echiKristu uye kuparidzira vahedheni. Nokufamba kwenguva, izvozvo pakuzivikanwa se Cyrillic arufabheti. arufabheti Iri nhasi hwaro Belarusian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Serbia, Ukrainian uye Montenegrin mitauro. The necheSalvic dzasara, Catholic akatora kushandisa arufabheti Roman.

Muzana XX remakore, vanochera matongo vakatanga kuwana zvicherwa zvakawanwa zhinji kuti vava Zvivako yekare Cyrillic arufabheti. Chinokosha kuti Zvakafukunurwa izvi vakava Novgorod. Pamusana Zvakawanikwa munzvimbo dzakapoteredza, nyanzvi ndakadzidza zvakawanda pamusoro chii chinonzi wekare necheSalvic Literature uye Culture.

Somuenzaniso, kare Eastern necheSalvic Cyrillic rugwaro ndiyo inonzi Gnezdovo IAA muchirongo yevhu iri pakati X remakore. The kwebhokisi rakaonekwa muna 1949 ne matongo Daniilom Avdusinym. Zviuru makiromita kubva ipapo 1912 mukereke yekare Kiev akawana vatungamirire chisimbiso pamwe Cyrillic akanyorwa. Vanochera matongo deciphered izvozvo, uye akafunga kuti zita Prince Svyatoslav, uyo akatonga mumakore 945-972. Sezvineiwo, panguva iyoyo muRussia aiva chitendero chikuru chouhedheni, chiKristu, kunyange zvazvo imwe Cyrillic arufabheti yave muBulgaria. NecheSalvic mazita akadaro akanyorwa kare kubatsira zvakarurama kuziva kwebhokisi.

Mubvunzo kana Slavs pachavo kunyora pamberi kuitwa chiKristu, anoramba yakazaruka. Chidimbu anotaura nayo inowanikwa vamwe vanyori iyoyo, asi izvi kururama uchapupu kukwana wokucheresa wakasimudza mufananidzo wenguva. Zvichiita, Slavs nekuda kwemashoko ruzivo kuburikidza nemifananidzo vachishandisa maronda uye zvinhu. Tsamba yakadaro aigona kupfeka tsika hunhu uye rakashandiswa kuuka.

Religion uye tsika nemagariro

Pre-Christian yechihedheni Slavs rakavapo pamusoro emakore anoverengeka uye awana akazvimirira nemamwe zvinhu. Kudavira uku kwaiva spiritualization zvakasikwa, animism, animatism chitendero nemasimba emidzimu, kunamata madzitateguru uye mashiripiti. Chokutanga rengano magwaro yaizobatsira kusimudza chifukidzo pachivande pamusoro necheSalvic zvechihedheni, kusvikira nhasi havana akachengetedzwa. Vanyori venhau atitonge kuti kutenda chete yenhau, yaMakoronike, zvapupu yavatorwa nezvimwe yechipiri zvinyorwa.

Mune mungano of Slavs kunogona kurondwa zvinhu kuri mune dzimwe ezvitendero Indo-European. Somuenzaniso, muna pantheon pane mwari kutinhira hondo (Perun), mwari Sheori uye mombe (Velez), pamwe mufananidzo mwari, ivo Sky Baba (Stribog). izvi zvose mune fomu rimwe kana mumwe uye kune Iranian, reBaltic uye mungano German.

Vamwari Slavs vaiva mukuru matsvene venyama. kuvarairwa yavo yaipiwa njodzi munhu wese. Unonyanya kukosha, mutoro uye ngozi nguva, mumwe rudzi rinoreva ayo remweya vanoitisana. The Slavs zvivezwa yavamwari (zvidhori) akaparadzirwa. Vakanga vakaita matanda namabwe. The yakakurumbira yechiitiko zvinobatanidza zvifananidzo vanotaurwa yaMakoronike chokuita norubhabhatidzo Russia. Prince Vladimir kusaina kuitwa kutenda chitsva akarayira kurasa zvifananidzo tsaru vamwari kupinda Dnieper. Chiito ichi kwaiva kuratidzwa yakajeka kutanga kwenguva itsva. Kunyange zvazvo vaKristu, iro rakatanga pakupera X remakore, zvechihedheni akaramba kurarama, kunyanya mune kure makona Russia nebere. Vamwe mamiriro ayo sezvaiita pamwe neChechi yeOrthodox uye akachengetedzwa muchimiro zvavo tsika (somuenzaniso, karenda mazororo). Sezvineiwo, mazita necheSalvic akazviratidza kazhinji sokunoratidza nezvitendero (semuenzaniso, Bogdan - "mwari akapiwa" nezvimwewo ...).

Kunamata mweya dzechihedheni chaiyo tsvene zvakavapo kuti vakadanwa temberi. Upenyu madzitateguru of Slavs yave chokuita izvi munzvimbo tsvene. kwakavakirwa Temple chete kwava madzinza yokumadokero (Poles, Czechs), apo kuti kwavo Eastern dzomuzana nezvivakwa dzakadaro havana. Old Russian tsvene bwakashama dzotswa. At dzimba dzokunamatira vamwari mitambo akarongeka.

Kunze pazvifananidzo, kuti Slavs, sezvinoita marudzi reBaltic vakanga chitsvene matombo-boulders. Zvichida, tsika iyi rakatorwa pamusoro neDare Finno-Ugric marudzi. Kunamata Madzitateguru akanga chokuita necheSalvic yemariro netsika. Munguva mariro, vakaronga dzinoiswa nokupembera uye dzokudetemba (Funeral Mutambo). The mutumbi wemufi haina kuita kuti pasi, uye akapisirwa padanda. Madota uye mapfupa yakasarira inounganidzwa mumudziyo chaiyo, iyo akaguma pambiru mumugwagwa.

Nhoroondo Slavs dzekare ingadai yakasiyana kana marudzi ose uye haana kugamuchira chiKristu. Uye Orthodoxy, yeRoma uye kuvabatanidzira zvakafanana European Ages budiriro.