Chii chinoshandurwa mu biology? Zvikamu zvikuru zvekuparidzirwa

Chii chinoshandurwa mu biology? Mushure mekunyorwa kwechinyorwa, icho chikamu chechipiri chepakati pemitemo ye molecule biology, iyo inotsanangura kushandiswa kwei genetic code yekugadzira amino acid maketani.

Shanduro uye RNA molecules

Matatu makuru makuru emakirasi e ribonucleic acid (RNA) anobatanidzwa mukuratidza kwemajeni akaiswa muDeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) yesero. Izvi ndezvi:

• Mashoko RNA (mRNA)
• Portable RNA (tRNA)
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Panguva yekushandura, marudzi maviri okutanga eRNA ane basa rinokosha.

Pfungwa yekushandura

Mune biology, shanduro inzira yakaoma, iyo iyo proteinini inogadzirwa kubva kune mashoko ari muRNA molecule (mRNA). Kurongeka kweMRNA kunoverengwa nekushandisa genetic code. Shanduro pachayo inowanikwa mune imwe sangano inonzi ribosome, iyo inenge yefekitari yehuwandu hweprotein. Iri sendiri organelle ine zviduku zviduku uye zvakakura uye inosanganiswa mamolekemu ine maverengi e ribosomal RNA molecule, uyewo mapuroteni akawanda.

Chii chinoshandurwa mu biology?

Shanduro inhanho yechipiri mushure mekunyora. Pakati pezviitiko izvi, genetic code inoshandurwa kuva amino acids iyo inobatanidza pamwe ne peptide zvisungo. Maketani eamino acids anonzi polypeptides uye anowanikwa mukati me ribosomes, mashoma masero enhengo, ayo anoita basa rinokosha mukuita kweprotini synthesis. Tsanangudzo inotevera inogona kupiwa: kushandura muzvinyorwa zvebiology ndeyemagadzirirwo emagetsi ayo maketani eamino acids anoumbwa nekudodha. Synthesis yeprotheni inowanikwa mu cytoplasm, uko ribosomes iripo.

Chii chinoshandurwa mu biology uye sei gungano re polypeptide richiri kuenderera mberi? Kune matanho matatu anokosha - kutanga, kuburitsa uye kupera. Izwi rimwechete rinoshandiswawo mukunyorwa kwekunyora kurondedzera zvikamu zvekusika RNA chain.

Nharaunda ye zero inoshandiswa, apo inoda amino acid inosungirirana inoenderana neRNA yakakodzera (tRNA) uye inonzi "inopomerwa". Kunyangwe izvi zvisingatauri chikwata chekuparidzira, danho iri rakakosha sezvinotevera zvose. Saka, chimbofunga zvikamu zvekushandura muzvinyorwa zvehupenyu zvakanyanya:

1. Kutanga. Panguva ino, mRNA inowanikwa kune tRNA, iyo inowanikwa kune amino acid. Vose pamwechete, vanobatanidza mu ribosome.
2. Elongation. Ichi ndicho chirevo chinoshandiswa nehuwandu hwekuwedzera kweamino acids, pamwe chete nekuumbwa kwepeptide zvisungo. Pakupedzisira, polypeptide inogadzirwa. Nzira yekuwedzerwa inoenderera mberi inoramba ichidzoka kusvikira ketani yasvika pamuganhu wayo, uye iyi inenge zana yemamino acid.
3. Kuguma. Apo chiratidzo chekupedzwa kwebiosynthesis inowanikwa, polypeptide yakaparadzana kubva ku ribosome. Apo puroteni itsva inosunungurwa, shanduro yose yakaoma inopera.

Dambudziko rakaoma uye rakarurama

Chii chinoshandurwa mu biology? Iyi yakaoma zvikuru uye pamwe chete zvinoshamisa zvinonzwisisika uye zvakajeka, izvo zvinosanganisira zvakawanda zvikamu. Zvose zvinofamba, maitiro uye mamwe maitiro zvakanyatsogadziriswa. Iko kushanduka kwemajini kune mapuroteni kunowanzoitika mumatanho maviri: kunyorwa nekushandura. Pasinei nekuti panguva yekutanga yekutanga yeproteiniti haina kuitika, pasina iyo, yechipiri haigoni.

Shanduro ndiyo danho rekupedzisira mukushandiswa kwemashoko pajini yepamusoro. Izvi zvinogona kungoitika chete mumasero ehupenyu uye zvakanyanya kuoma kupfuura zvakarembera matrix syntheses ekudzokorora uye kunyorwa. Mhando dzose dzeRNA, makumi maviri emarudzi eamino acids, enzyme dzakasiyana siyana nezvimwe zvinoshandiswa mukushandura. Iyo inonyanya nzvimbo yezviitiko zvose inhengo yesero, sey ribosome.

Chinhu chinoshamisa ndechekubatana kwebasa rezvose zvinopindirana zveprotheni biosynthesis: huwandu hwemakemikari mazhinji hunotungamirirwa kuwirirana pamwe pamatomu. Kunyangwe zviitiko zvakangoerekana zvaonekwa uye zvikanganiso zvakangoerekana zvabviswa neavo enzyme iyo, mumitemo, haipinduri kwavari.

Kubatsira kubatana

Sezvo ribosomes dzemajeri dzichifamba pamwe nemashoko eRNA, kutanga kwayo nzvimbo kunonunurwa zvishoma nezvishoma, kune imwe ribosome inobatana. Uye nhamba yezvikamu zvakadaro, kushanda panguva imwechete pamuseroti mumwechete, inogona kusvika makumi emakumi. Nokudaro, imwechete yematrix inoshandiswa pakugadzira chiverengero chema molecular ye polypeptide. Kubatana kwakadaro kunobatsira kwave kuchinzi polyribosome (polysome).

Zvichienderana nezvinonzi mapuroteni anodikanwa kune imwe sero kana muviri wose, pane zvakawanda zvinonzi polypeptide biosynthesis inotungamirirwa nemajeni uye dzimwe nzira dzekutonga dzinoshanda zvakanaka uye dzisingagumi pane dzimwe nhanho dzekubudiswa kwemazwi ekuzivikanwa, kusanganisira panguva yekushandura.