Kunyanya marongerwo uye kushanda foni membranes

Muna 1972 akaiswa mberi dzidziso kuti ubatanidzwewo permeable Kamudzira wakakomberedza muchitokisi uye anoita dzinoverengeka mabasa anokosha, uye marongerwo uye kushanda foni membranes dzinokosha nenyaya pamusoro pakurarama masero ose muviri. Cell dzidziso vakava kwakapararira muzana remakore rechi17, nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa maikorosikopu. Zvinonzi vakadzidza kuti chirimwa uye mhuka munyama akaumbwa masero, asi nokuda yakaderera kupedza ari mudziyo zvakanga zvisingaiti kuona chero zvipingamupinyi kumativi masero mhuka. Muzana remakore rechi20, makemikari yezvakaita Kamudzira icho muudzame, kwakaonekwa kuti ayo hwaro ndiyo lipids.

Marongerwo uye kushanda foni membranes

Sero Kamudzira runopoteredza cytoplasm masero mapenyu, panyama raiparadzanisa intracellular zvinoriumba kubva kwokunze kwezvakatipoteredza. Notumwe, mabhakitiriya uye zvirimwa vane sero masvingo izvo zvinodzivirira uye kudzivirira kwemutemo guru mamorekuru. Cell membranes inoitawo basa paumbwe cytoskeleton uye wanamatira kune extracellular chizvaro zvimwe zvacho inokosha. Izvi zvinokosha kuti tirambe pamwechete kuumbika nyama uye nhengo dzomuviri. Zvakakurukurwa muchitokisi Kamudzira mamiriro anosanganisira permeability. The chikuru basa iri kudzivirira. The Kamudzira rine phospholipid rukoko pamwe midzi mapurotini. Chikamu ichi chinobatanidzwa pezvakaitwa akadai muchitokisi adhesion, Ion conductivity uye achipa chiratidzo hurongwa uye anoshumira hwakawanda pamusoro anoverengeka extracellular zvivako, kusanganisira rusvingo glycocalyx uye zvemukati cytoskeleton. The Kamudzira zvakare anoramba zvinogona masero, kushanda sechinhu firita anyatsosarudza. Zviri zvokusarudza permeable kune ions uye Organic mamorekuru uye anodzora kwebasa inoramba.

Biological zvigadziriswe chokuita muchitokisi Kamudzira

1. pusa diffusion: vamwe zvinhu (diki mamorekuru, ions) akadai carbon dioxide inobvisa (CO2) uye okisijeni (O2), anogona kupindira plasma Kamudzira kubudikidza diffusion. The casing Mabasa sokunotadzisa zvimwe mamorekuru uye ions, vanogona kuva pfungwa kumativi ose.

2. transmembrane mapuroteni hova uye transporters: zvinovaka muviri zvakadai shuga kana amino acids, vanofanira kupinda keji, uye vamwe metabolic zvigadzirwa zvinofanira kuisiya.

3. endocytosis - ndiro neurongwa mamorekuru kunyura. zvishomanana deformation (intussusception) wakasikwa plasma Kamudzira, sezvamakaropafadzwa nefuma kuti zvifambiswe, vakamedzwa. Izvi zvinoda simba, uye nokudaro, inzira vanoshingaira zvifambiso.

4. Exocytosis: kunoitika mumasero siyana kubvisa undigested zvinhu residues vakauya endocytosis kuti secrete zvinhu, zvakadai mahormone, makemikari, uye yokufambisa zvinhu zvose nenzira kuburikidza sero nokuidzivirira.

samolecular mamiriro

Cell Kamudzira - a zvipenyu goko rinosanganisira chaizvoizvo kuti phospholipid uye raiparadzanisa zviri zvose masero kubva zvakatipoteredza. Pfungwa inotungamirwa kunoitika nomuzvarirwo pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu. Kuti tinzwisise izvi uye tsanangura nemazvo marongerwo uye kushanda foni membranes, uyewo nzvimbo zvakafanira kuongorora yezvakaita phospholipid mamiriro, inova chakanangana STRUCTURAL polarization. Apo phospholipids ari aqueous ezvinhu ari cytoplasm vanosvika dzinonetsa wevasungwa, ivo ikashandiswa kupinda micelles, zviri itsige munzvimbo aqueous ezvinhu.

Kamudzira ehupfumi

• Kugadzikana. Izvi zvinoreva kuti pashure paumbwe pokuwa Kamudzira ungangova.
• Simba. The lipid hamvuropu akasimba zvakakwana kudzivirira kwemutemo polar zvinhu, yakaumbwa nomunyika haangaupfuuri sezvo solutes (ions, shuga, amino acids), uye yakakura mamorekuru (mapurotini).
• Kukumikidza hunhu. zvichida iyi ndiyo inonyanya kukosha pfuma, kana tikafunga sechivako sero. Sero Kamudzira inogona pachena kuti utachiona siyana, uye zvinogona akapeta kufonyora uye kwete kuputsa. Under chaiwo ezvinhu akadai Fusion pamusoro vesicles yotunga kana unogona kutyorwa, asi chete kwenguva pfupi. At kamuri tembiricha, kuti lipid hurongwa vari kugara, runobva inofamba, pova Urume muganhu yakatsiga.

Urume wezvidimbu womuenzaniso

Achitaura pamusoro marongerwo uye kushanda foni membranes, zvakakosha kuziva kuti mharidzo yacho Kamudzira sezvo Urume wezvidimbu womuenzaniso yanhasi, zvakanzi anoongororwa nemasayendisiti muna 1972 na Singer uye Nicholson. dzidziso dzavo runoratidza chikuru zvinhu zvitatu nemamiriro membrane. Chinokosha Kamudzira mapuroteni kubatsira waMosesi muenzaniso nokuda Kamudzira, uye ivo vanokwanisa lateral kufamba ari mundege nokuda yainge yezvakaita lipid sangano. Transmembrane mapuroteni vari kuwirwa Mobile. An chinokosha Kamudzira mamiriro chiri asymmetry. Chii sechivako sero? Muchitokisi Kamudzira, neerekitironi, mapuroteni uye zvichingodaro. Cell chinhu chinokosha chairema upenyu, uye zvinenge zvose ine mumwe kana akawanda masero, chimwe nechimwe chine dzinongoitika chipingamupinyi runodziganhura kubva zvakatipoteredza. Izvi muganhu rwokunze sero rinonziwo plasma membrane. Inoitwa pakubhadhara ina akasiyana mamorekuru: phospholipids, remafuta akawandisa, mapurotini uye makabhohaidhiretsi. Urume wezvidimbu womuenzaniso anorondedzera urongwa sero Kamudzira sezvinotevera: kuchinja uye kwakavharwa nenyama, kuti kusachinja-chinja chakafanana mafuta muriwo, saka kuti zvose wacho mamorekuru chete kuyangarara mune mvura svikiro, uye vava kukwanisa kufamba laterally mukati deko ichi. WaMosesi rinomiririra chinhu kuti unotora zvikamu zvakasiyana siyana. In plasma Kamudzira ngachipiwe phospholipids, remafuta akawandisa mamorekuru, mapurotini uye makabhohaidhiretsi.

phospholipids

Phospholipids vanoumba inokosha nemamiriro muchitokisi membrane. mamorekuru izvi vane mbiri dzakasiyana magumo: musoro uye muswe. Musoro magumo unotora rimwe phosphate boka uye hydrophilic. Izvi zvinoreva kuti uchifarira mvura mamorekuru. The muswe ine sehydrogen kabhoni maatomu, inonzi mafuta asidhi ngetani. ngetani ava hydrophobic, havaiti vanoda kusanganisa nemvura mamorekuru. Izvi ndizvo zvakafanana nezvinoitika kana iwe kudururira mafuta mumvura, zvichireva haina kuiparadza mairi. Zvakakurukurwa muchitokisi Kamudzira mamiriro chokuita inonzi lipid bilayer randinogara phospholipids. Hydrophilic phosphate misoro munogara papi pane mvura iri muchimiro intracellular uye extracellular mvura. The hydrophobic miswe pamusoro phospholipids vari Kamudzira vakarongwa nenzira kuti anoiteerera kubva mumvura.

Remafuta akawandisa, mapuroteni uye makabhohaidhiretsi

Kunzwa shoko "remafuta akawandisa", vanhu kazhinji vanofunga kuti zvakaipa. Asi chokwadi, remafuta akawandisa kunokosha chezvinonhuwira muchitokisi membranes. Morekuru Its rine zvindori zvina sehydrogen kabhoni maatomu. Vane hydrophobic uye zvinowanikwa pakati hydrophobic miswe ari lipid bi-rukoko. kukosha kwavo kuramba kusachinja-chinja, ivo kusimbisa Kamudzira, kudzivisa mharadzano. remafuta akawandisa mamorekuru uyewo abate phospholipid miswe kuuya achariwisira uye solidifies. Izvi zvinoita fluidity uye kunzwisisa. Kamudzira mapuroteni vane Zvaiitwa makemikari kuti mhanyisa nemakemikari, vave receptors nokuda chaizvo mamorekuru kana zvinhu zvifambiswe kuburikidza muchitokisi membrane.

Makabhohaidhiretsi, kana shuga, anowanikwa chete ari extracellular divi muchitokisi membrane. Pamwe chete vanoumba glycocalyx. Inopa cushioning uye kudzivirirwa plasma membrane. Zvichienderana nemamiriro mhando makabhohaidhiretsi pamuviri glycocalyx masero anogona kuziva uye kuona kana vachifanira kuva ikoko kana kwete.

Kamudzira mapuroteni

Sechivako sero Kamudzira pakati imwe sero mhuka hazvifungiki pasina yakadaro inokosha chezvinonhuwira puroteni. Pasinei neizvi, vari zvikuru muduku ukuru zvimwe zvakakosha zvinoriumba - lipids. Kune zvitatu marudzi inokosha Kamudzira mapurotini.

• Chinokosha. Ivo chose kufukidza bi-layer ari cytoplasm uye extracellular svikiro. Ivo vanoita munhu chokufambisa uye achipa chiratidzo ushande.
• Peripheral. Mapuroteni vasiyana Kamudzira achishandisa electrostatic, kana rehydrogen zvisungo zvavo cytoplasmic kana extracellular hukawanika. Ivo kuitawo chezvematongerwe sechinhu fastening zvinoreva kuti chakakosha mapurotini.
• Transmembrane. Vanoshandira enzymatic uye achipa chiratidzo mashandiro, uye modulate huru nemamiriro lipid bi-rukoko membrane.

Mashandiro anoita zvoutachiona membranes

The hydrophobic chaizvoizvo iyo anodzora unhu yeHydrocarbon mumvura, kudzora zvivako inoumbwa Kamudzira lipids uye Kamudzira nemapurotini. Vazhinji Kamudzira ehupfumi ataurirana vatakuri lipid bi-akaturikidzana, pova nechepasi chivako zvose zvipenyu membranes. Chinokosha Kamudzira mapuroteni vari zvishoma zvakavigwa lipid bi-rukoko. Transmembrane mapuroteni vane unyanzvi hwakasiyana sangano amino acids zvavo zvikuru kutevedzana.

Peripheral Kamudzira mapuroteni vari chaizvo akafanana soluble, asi ivo vari wakabatanawo kune membranes. Specialised Sero membranes vari kushandiswa muchitokisi chaitika. Sezvo mamiriro uye mashandiro anoita masero membranes kunyatsobatsira muviri? On sei kuvaka zvoutachiona membranes kunotsamira kuona kuti functionality yose muviri. Kubva intracellular organelles, extracellular uye sero-sero mukukurukurirana, Kamudzira zvivako zvinokosha kuti sangano uye mabasa zvoutachiona mabasa. Vakawanda STRUCTURAL uye dzichipfekeka zvinhu ndezvemamiriro utachiona, masero eukaryotic uye wakafukidza wanda. All zvoutachiona membranes zvakavakwa pamusoro lipid bi-layer izvo hunokonzera kuvapo zvinoverengeka nevakawanda zvatariswa. Kamudzira mapuroteni ane zvakasiyana-siyana chaizvo mabasa.

• Anotonga. Plasma membranes masero havatsananguri miganhu muchitokisi nekuita pamwe zvakatipoteredza.
• Transportation. Intracellular Kamudzira Sero rakakamurwa wandei dzichipfekeka inoperera nedzimwe womukati sezvamunoita, imwe neimwe icho chinotsigirwa anodiwa chokufambisa basa pavanoparidza nokudzora permeability.
• Chiratidzo transduction. Kamudzira Fusion inopa nomazviri intracellular vesicular nyevero uye mukudzivirira ose nemavhairasi vakasununguka kupinda sero.

Kukosha uye mhedziso

Nemamiriro rokunze Kamudzira muchitokisi kunokanganisa muviri wose. It inoita basa rinokosha pakudzivirira kuvimbika, achibvumira kupinda kuti vakasarudzwa chete zvinhu. Zviri zvakare nechimwe chakanaka kugadzira ari cytoskeleton uye sero rusvingo, iyo inobatsira kuramba muchitokisi chimiro. Lipids vanoumba vanenge 50% of vazhinji pakati Kamudzira masero akawanda, kunyange zvazvo izvi dzinosiyana zvichienderana norudzi membrane. Nemamiriro rokunze muchitokisi Kamudzira pakati mhuka zvakawanda zvakaoma, pane raiva zvina zvinokosha phospholipid. An chinokosha pfuma yacho lipid bi-akaturikidzana ndechokuti azviite maviri-dimensional mvura umo munhu mamorekuru vakasununguka tenderera uye kutama mune lateral mirayiridzo. fluidity ichi - ichi chinokosha enzvimbo Kamudzira, zvakatemwa zvichienderana tembiricha uye lipid sezvamunoita. Nokuda yeHydrocarbon mhete mamiriro remafuta akawandisa wakakurira ingaita Pakusarudza Kamudzira fluidity. Kusarudza permeability kuti zvoutachiona membranes kune mamorekuru duku rinobvumira muchitokisi kuongorora uye kuramba ayo zvemukati marongerwo.

Tichitarisa mamiriro kwamakamuri (muchitokisi Kamudzira, neerekitironi, nezvimwewo), tinogona kugumisa kuti nhengo - ndiko kuzvipira ndangariro hurongwa kuti tisingabatsirwi haakuvadzi pachako uye achagara tsvaka nzira kudzorera uye kudzivirira zvakakodzera kushanda muchitokisi ose.