Khrushchev nyungudika uye ahwo

Pakafa Stalin munhau Soviet, mutsva nguva yakatanga, vakakunda nechiedza ruoko munyori them Erenburga rinonzi "Khrushchev kuti nyungudika". Chii zvachinja panguva ino, uye chii vaiva zvakaipira Khrushchev kuti zvinhu?

nepakumedura pfungwa

Kutanga itsva nguva pakataurwa Kuramba kwakaita Stalin wokuti udzvanyiriri. Chokwadi, izvi hazvirevi kuti kurwira simba, vatungamiriri vatsva achazvikudza sezvinoita jendurumani. Nechekare muna 1953 akazviratidza pakati seboka hutungamiri (Khrushchev, Beria, Malenkov), kutamburira simba. Zvakaguma kubviswa uye asungwa Lavrenty Beria, uyo akaurayiwa pamusoro mhosva mukusora uye kurangana.

In toreva vanhuwo vagari mutemo Khrushchev nevamwe vake hwokuratidza pakugwamba kuti udzvanyiriri. Pakutanga zvakanga kwakaregwa "nyaya vanachiremba '", vakazotanga kunaya yasara vasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika. Nokuti vatungamiriri Soviet akava pachena kuti hazvibviri kuti kunyarara pamusoro udzvanyiriri. Mhedzisiro ichi chaiva mushumo akakurumbira "On Stalin unhu chitendero uye migumisiro yacho", hwakataurwa Khrushchev panguva Twentieth Party Congress. Pasinei chokwadi kuti mushumo waiva zvakavanzika, ayo kugutsikana vakava nokukurumidza anozivikanwa munyika yose. Zvisinei, mune ichi de-Stalinization pachena bhora uye chaizvoizvo ndokuguma. Khrushchev nevamwe vake vaiziva kuti kana iwe kuwedzera nyaya iyi mberi, kambani anogona kufunga kuchinja yose utungamiriri Soviet: pashure zvose, mukurukuri, uye vamwe vake vakatora hwokushingaira zvikuru muupenyu vakawanda repressions, kusaina raparadza mazita uye mitsara hwemwana hunokura kakapetwa katatu. Asi kunyange zvakadaro hafu vanomoyo kutsoropodzwa yakanga panguva imwe bombshell.

Figures mabhuku uye nounyanzvi Khrushchev nyungudika akauyawo leeway. NeHurumende pamusoro rokusika muitiro kwakamupedza simba, zvikaita kuti chitarisiko nemabasa nyaya kare vaiona kunorambidzwa Somuenzaniso, pamusoro upenyu mumisasa Stalin raMwari. Zvisinei, pakazosvika mangwanani '60s, Khrushchev akanga atanga sikuruwa manatsi uye aishingaira vasataure maonero avo pamisangano pamwe intelligentsia. Asi kwakanga yapera: a nyungudika muSoviet Union akatouya, uye vari panhengo intelligentsia vakatanga kuwedzera mafungiro kunyunyuta kuti zvakazoita kuti kwaita vaitsoropodza.

Makuriro Akaita kuzvidzora

The zvokuchinja vasingagoni asi kukanganisa hurumende uye webato pacharo. Republican zviremera nemasangano dzebato zvakapfuura masimba, kusanganisira mumunda zvoupfumi kuronga. Kuedza zvakagadziridzwa dzifambirane vaitungamirira cadres masangano vebato, kwakapera kukundikana nokuda kurwisa kubva nomenklatura.

Asi chinonyanya kukosha utsanzi aiva kubviswa hushumiri uye sangano hupfumi matare (zvoupfumi yevakuru). mitumbi izvi vakasikwa munharaunda 1-2 nzvimbo utariri mu bhizimisi uye kuvakwa. Zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti zvoupfumi matare zvichaita nani dzichengete zvakanangana zveko, achiziva zvinodiwa nharaunda. Asi tsika, zvinhu izvi wakasika yakawanda nematambudziko. Chekutanga, upfumi makanzuru ose akakwanisa zvinhu zvakafanana chikwata mumagadzirirwo ushumiri. Chechipiri, kazhinji kuteerera zvinodiwa nehurumende kana yakavakidzana kumatunhu. Naizvozvo, pashure Khrushchev, zvose akadzokera dzose.

Social Services, dzidzo, kurima

Social bhora Khrushchev nyungudika akabata kupfuura. Chokutanga, mutemo yave nani, nemhaka iyo kwaiva akare-zera mudyandigere, izvo, zvisinei, haana kukanganisa varimi. Vakachinja uye nguva emakambani: Mazuva maviri wakatangwa.

Chechipiri, mumagakava bhora vakatanga kugadzirisa chimwe chezvinhu zvinorwadza zvikuru nyaya - dzimba. Kwakasarudzwa kuti vakawanda redzimba kuvakwa. Rakanga rwaiitwa nokukurumidza zvikuru, kwete chete nokuda budgetary majekiseni, asiwo nokuda cheapness mashoko acho. Five-storey kongiri mabhokisi dzakavakwa kuti vaviri kwemavhiki. Zvechokwadi, dzimba dzakadaro vane yakawanda kutadza, asi vanhu vaigara yepasi yemauto uye vashandi, yakanga chete umbozha dzokugara. Zvisinei, kunyange panguva iyoyo, hurumende, haana kuvimba nesimba redu, kwaiva kukurudzira pakasikwa redzimba co-Operatives, uko vagari vave paakapiwa mune mari redzimba rokuvaka.

The zvokuchinja kuitwa dzidzo mugadziriro. Pasi mutemo mutsva, akasuma rokumanikidzirwa dzidzo-gore 8. Pashure pemakore 8 vakapedza shure dhesiki chikoro, mudzidzi angasarudza apedzise dzidzo yavo kwaari kwemakore matatu, kana kuenda yekosi chikoro, kukoreji kana yekosi chikoro. Chokwadi, kuchinja haana kuuya pedyo kubudisa chikoro kubva mu nemasangano edzidzo Vaingovawo asina mari kupa vadzidzi kushanda basa. Nezvakwakaipira kumarudzi chinoda akanga kuitwa mitemo, umo mutauro yemirayiridzo muchikoro asarudzwa nevabereki uye vadzidzi vanogona kusaita kudzidza mutauro Union Republic. Izvi yakawedzera Russification uye kwakaderedza nhamba zvikoro National.

Kuwedzera evanhu bhora, kuti Khrushchev nyungudika yakabatwa uye kurima. Varimi vakagamuchira mapasipoti uye rusununguko rwokufamba. zvokuvakisa mutengo chirimwa kunge kwakawedzera, izvo zvakawedzera profitability pakati mapurazi. Asi pano haana pasina kukundikana namaoko. Izvi zvinogona kunzi kune craze zvirimwa dzezviyo, uye nenzvimbo yacho mumapurazi. Matambudziko zvakasikwa uye kubviswa muchina uye tarakita zvechitima. Economy akanzwisisa zvakarurama zvokushandisa, asi vakapinda hombe zvikwereti sezvo mari kwayo kutora havana kuva.

Khrushchev zvokuchinja kwakachinja zvikuru munzanga Soviet, uye vazhinji vakanga mberi nokuda nguva. Asi crudity dzavo uye mhirizhonga rumwe rutivi, uye kurwisa webato muboka revatungamiriri - panorumwe, kwakaita kuti kukundikana kwavo uye kubvisa Khrushchev zveutungamiri.