International tengeserana - chii ichi? Definition, mabasa uye mhando

vanhu Handingambofungi pasina dzakawanda kana pasi rose kutengeserana. Nhoroondo wechinhu wokutanga mamiriro ezveupfumi munyika dzakasiyana. Panyaya iyi, dzakawanda kutengeserana - basa kugarwa uye zvokutengeserana nhumbi, mabasa vanozivikanwa kubva panguva iyo kare.

Pari, iye inoita zvakaenzana rinokosha. The Tsanangudzo razvino rinoti kuti dzakawanda dzaishandiswa - ane ukama chinokosha-mari chinokosha, kwakavakirwa aina mbishi zvinhu kana ndapedza zvigadzirwa.

Zvinonzi inobva weboka basa. Zvinongoreva, nyika berekai zvimwe zvinhu kuti ivo, achipinda pamwe, chinjanai. Naizvozvo, tinogona zvakachengeteka kutaura kuti magetsi dzakawanda kutengeserana - ndiye munyatsokurudzirana yenyika rinoti iri upfumi nyika nezvinhu uye mabasa.

Zvinhu kuti kutsigira mberi weInternational weboka basa :

- socio-tsaukana: musiyano iri topographical nzvimbo, ukuru uye nepfungwa unhu vokuparidzira;

- okunze: kusawirirana kuitira mvura uye dondo pfuma, uyewo zvicherwa.

Uyewo zvinokosha zvemichina kukura uye kuchinja kwoupfumi zviratidzo. izvi zvose zvinoita kuti simba ukama hwenyika.

Production iri kukura zvishoma nezvishoma pane dzakawanda dzaishandiswa. Izvi zvakare kwechokwadi World Trade Organization. Maererano migumisiro wake yokutsvakurudza zvose 10% yakawedzera Vhoriyamu kugadzirwa chakaita kuti 16% of kukura munyika zvokutengeserana Mavhoriyamu.

World Trade Organization hazvibviri pasina akadaro chinhu se "vatorwa wezvokutengeserana". Zvinonzi akakamurwa: vagotengeseranamo apedza pfuma, midziyo, mbishi zvinhu uye mabasa.

In rakamanikana Mupfungwa, dzakawanda kutengeserana - ndiro uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. turnover of dzakabudirira, dzichiri kusimukira mune pfuma riparadzirwe chero kondinendi kana nharaunda.

Sezvo tsika inoratidza kufarira nyika munyika kutengeserana nokuda zvinotevera zvinobatsira:

- sumo nyika kubudirira;

- pfungwa kushandisa dziripo pfuma;

- kukwanisa kuvaka nemamiriro upfumi nekukurumidza;

- zvinodiwa vemo.

Pane nzira dzakasiyana dzakawanda dzaishandiswa:

- zvokutengeserana nezvinhu uye mabasa;

- Exchange tengeserana;

- Wakanaka;

- Auktionen;

- kaunda tengeserana;

- vagotengeseranamo compensatory kwema.

Kana zvinhu uye mabasa, zvose zviri pachena, vamwe zvinhu kuti munofunga, saka ngatitarisei mubvunzo uyu kuti kunzwisisa mufananidzo zvizere.

Nokudaro, zvokutengeserana Exchange - wesangano vapemhi, Resellers uye vatengi. nokubatana kwakadaro vanobatsira kuvandudza kutengeserana, kuwedzera turnover uye vakasununguka Pricing.

Fair - nayo anorega, nguva nenguva wakaitwa panzvimbo yakatarwa. Vane kwematunhu, dzakawanda uye nemakanzuru. Panguva ino, kwakapararira zvokutengeserana akanaka, apo unogona kurayira zvigadzirwa.

Auctions - mufananidzo kutengeswa nhumbi, kare hwakaratidza kuti pakudzokorora. kwema kwakadaro kutora nzvimbo panguva yakatarwa panzvimbo zvachose kunorondedzerwa. A pachena chepfungwa okisheni - shoma mutoro chigadzirwa unhu.

Counter Bhizimisi ichipfuura akawanda munzvimbo: ita mutengano uye yemabhuku-tenga.

Vakarufahli - nayo vakabvumirana kukosha exchange kwenhumbi. kwema kwakadaro kutora nzvimbo pasina kutora chikamu kwe mari.

Yokupedzisira mhando dzakawanda dzaishandiswa - munhu compensatory kutengeserana, iyo yakasiyana kubva ita mutengano pakuti kunosanganisira hakuna asi wandei zvigadzirwa.

Saka, kutengeserana remarudzi rinoitwa akawanda mhando kwema, izvo nguva yakatanga uye akavandudzika.