Inobudisa uye dzinongoitika chiedza. chiedza inobudisa kusiyana dzinongoitika

Mafungu vari mhando mbiri. The longitudinal vibrational perturbation kuenderana dzavo zvataurwa kupararira. Muenzaniso kwemutemo inzwi mudenga. Transverse Mafungu ine nenyonganiso vari necheparutivi pamusoro 90 ° kutungamirirwa kufamba. Somuenzaniso, chinozunguzirwa anopfuura yakatambarara kuburikidza mukanyiwa mvura kunokonzera kutwasuka vibrations panguva yayo pamusoro.

Kuwanikwa

Vanoverengeka asinganzwisisiki Manyiminya migumisiro kuchengetwa ari pakati XVII remakore, yave akatsanangura, apo chiedza inobudisa uye zvakasikwa akatanga anoonekwa somunhu chinozunguzirwa chakajairika uye nhungamiro vibrations ayo dzakafukurwa. Wokutanga anonzi polarization mugumisiro sezvayakawanikwa nokuda Danish chiremba Erasmus Bartholin muna 1669. Scientific vakachengeta refraction kaviri kana birefringence mu Iceland spar kana karusiyamu (sekristaro chimiro calcium carbonate). Kana chiedza ichipfuura imwe calcite sekristaro rinotsemuka izvozvo, uchibereka mifananidzo miviri vari haachatauri hama kune mumwe.

Newton kuziva Fani iyi kunoratidza kuti zvichida chiedza corpuscles vane asymmetry kana "munhu mumwe chete angoramba", kuti chingava mhaka inotungamirwa kwezvifananidzo maviri. Huygens, akararama Newton akakwanisa kutsanangura dzidziso yake miviri refraction pakati zvokutanga mafungu, asi haana kunzwisisa zvaireva mugumisiro wechokwadi. Birefringence yakaramba isingazivikanwi kusvikira Thomas Young uye yefizikisi French Augustin-Zhan Frenel haina akataura kuti chiedza mafungu vari transverse. A pfungwa nyore akabvumira kutsanangura chii inobudisa uye dzinongoitika chiedza. Izvi akagovera dzinongoitika uye nyore yemibvunzo pokuongorora polarization migumisiro.

The birefringence anokonzerwa ibatanidzo maviri orthogonal polarizations, chimwe nechimwe chine chinozunguzirwa velocity kwayo. Nokuda musiyano iri nokukurumidza maviri zvinoriumba vane zvakasiyana refractive indices, uye saka vari zvakasiyana refracted kuburikidza acho, kubudisa mifananidzo miviri.

Inobudisa uye zvakasikwa chiedza: Maxwell dzidziso

Fresnel akakurumidza yakatanga misoro muenzaniso transverse mafungu, izvo zvakazoita kuti birefringence uye zvimwe Manyiminya migumisiro. Makore makumi mana gare gare, nyika remagetsi Maxwell pfungwa Washington anotsanangura transverse hunhu chiedza.

Remagetsi mafungu Maxwell riine simba rinonzi magnetic uye dzemagetsi minda perpendicular kutungamirirwa oscillating kufamba. Minda vari necheparutivi pamusoro 90 ° kune mumwe. Panyaya iyi kutungamirirwa Mashoko rinobva uye dzemagetsi minda vanoumba rworudyi batanidza hurongwa. Chive pamwe kakawanda add uye kureba λ (ivo rondedzera kutsamira λf = c), izvo zvinopfakanyika zvakanaka X nhungamiro, minda vanotsanangurwa mathematically:

• E (x, t) = E ₀ Kosi (2 π X / λ - 2 π Ft) Y ^;
• B (x, t) = B ₀ Kosi (2 π X / λ - 2 π Ft) z ^.

The equations anoratidza kuti minda yemagetsi uye rinobva vari kuyaruka mumwe nomumwe. Chero nguva, ivo panguva kusvika kunonyanyisa tsika dzavo mune nzvimbo akaenzana E ₀ uye B _0. amplitudes izvi hazvisi akazvimirira. equations Maxwell anoratidza kuti E ₀ = CB ₀ vose remagetsi mafungu vacuüm it.

ari polarization mirayiridzo

In rondedzero dzidziso iri rinobva uye dzemagetsi minda chiedza mafungu vari yemanyorero chete anoratidza kutungamirirwa yemagetsi munda. The remagineti Vector vagara vandifungira nezvaidiwa minda perpendicularity dzavo perpendicularity kutungamirirwa kufamba. Natural uye linearly inobudisa chiedza kunoratidzwa muna kuti pakupedzisira munda oscillate mu pazvinhu mirayiridzo sezvo kufamba chinozunguzirwa.

Pangava nemamwe polarization mamiriro. Kana dzeraundi vectors zviri rinobva uye dzemagetsi minda zvayaitenderera paguyo hama kuti kupararira mirayiridzo panguva dzose amplitude. chiedza Elliptically inobudisa zviri imwe zvenguva nzvimbo pakati Linear uye dzeraundi polarizations.

unpolarized chiedza

Maatomu pamusoro pemvura huru filament, izvo chamutsa ari remagetsi nemwaranzi, tiri, tisingatungamirirwi mumwe. Mumwe nemwaranzi inogona kusvika modeled sezvo nezvitima kuti nguva pfupi 10 ^-9 kusvika 10 ^-8 seconds. Remagetsi mafungu kubva filament, ari superposition pamusoro zvitima izvi, imwe neimwe ine yayo polarization mirayiridzo. Amount nezvatinovavarira randomly inodzidzisa marudzi chinozunguzirwa polarization Vector izvo zvinosiyana nokukurumidza uye zvisiri zvenguva dzose. chinozunguzirwa akadaro anonzi unpolarized. All dzinongoitika manyuko chiedza, kusanganisira Sun, incandescent mwenje, fluorescent marambi uye nemheni, berekai nemwaranzi kwakadaro. Zvisinei, zvakasikwa chiedza kazhinji zvishoma inobudisa nokuda vakawanda vaparadzirwa uye kufungisisa.

Saka, musiyano kubva inobudisa chiedza dzinongoitika chinoumbwa pakuti pakutanga oscillations kuitika mune imwe ndege.

Manyuko inobudisa mwaranzi

chiedza inobudisa inogona kugadzirwa kana spatial nemunhu kwakatemwa. Mumwe muenzaniso uri synchrotron nemwaranzi, umo mukuru-simba akapomera nezvimedu kutamira ari remagineti uye emit inobudisa remagetsi wave. Kune vazhinji chinozivikanwa muchadenga zvinyorwa kuti emit chiedza tarasika inobudisa. Izvi zvinosanganisira nebulae, supernova zvakasara, uye kushingaira Galactic nuclei. yepasi pose nemwaranzi polarization anodzidzwa kuti kuona ehupfumi anopa ayo.

chamber firita

chiedza inobudisa uye zviwanikwa dzakaparadzaniswa achipfuura anoverengeka zvokuvakisa, chinonyanya zvinowanzovapo rinova chamber, akasikwa kubudikidza American yefizikisi Edwin Land. The Sefa ine refu kumaketeni yeHydrocarbon mamorekuru nezvatinovavarira imwe nhungamiro nokupisa kurapwa kwacho. Morekuru kuti zvokusarudza rishandise nemwaranzi, yemagetsi munda zvinofambirana zvadziri. Chiedza anosiya polarizer iri linearly inobudisa. Its yemagetsi munda perpendicular kutungamirirwa samolecular nemunhu. Chamber awana kushanda muminda zhinji, kusanganisira Sunglasses uye filters kuti kuderedza migumisiro chiedza kunooneka uye vakapararira.

Natural inobudisa chiedza; murayiro Malus

Muna 1808, nyanzvi yefizikisi Etienne Louis Malus akawana kuti chiedza airatidza nevasiri esimbi hukawanika, pamwe haungatani inobudisa. The papi izvi kunoenderana pakona pakati kuitika uye refractive indekisi yacho tichifungisisa zvinhu. Mune rimwe Muzviitiko apo tangent pakati rekona kuti kuitika mune mhepo akaenzana refractive indekisi yacho tichifungisisa zvinhu, asi akaratidza chiedza anova chose linearly inobudisa. Fani iyi inozivikanwa mutemo Brewster waMwari (ainzi namarudzi akawana, wokuScotland yefizikisi David Brewster). The polarization mirayiridzo kuenderana kuti kuratidza pamusoro. Sezvo fluorescent kudzvokora kazhinji dzinoitika pamusoro kufungisisa kubva chinjikira hukawanika zvakadai migwagwa uye sefa dzemvura dzinotakurika vari yaiwanzoshandiswa Sunglasses kugara yakatambarara inobudisa chiedza uye saka zvokusarudza kubvisa zvichiratidza chiedza.

Rayleigh vaparadzirwa

Light vaparadzirwa ne zvinhu chaizvo duku vane kukura iduku zvikuru pane wavelength (anonzi Rayleigh vaparadzirwa mushure Chirungu musayendisiti Ishe Rayleigh), uyewo kuti pave kukwana polarization. Kana chiedza chezuva ichipfuura pasi muchadenga, zvinonzi vakaparadzirwa nendege mamorekuru. Earth uye Rasvika vakapararira inobudisa dzinongoitika chiedza. The mwero polarization hunotsigirwa achiparadzira angled. Sezvo murume asingaiti kusiyanisa dzinongoitika uye inobudisa chiedza, izvi kazhinji anoenda kuzviona. Kunyange zvakadaro, meso zvipembenene zvakawanda sei pairi, uye vanoshandisa hama polarization of vakapararira mwaranzi ave kufamba mugungwa chokushandisa. Normal Sefa kamera kuti inoshandiswa kuderedza mamiriro nemwaranzi inopenya chezuva, uri nyore Linear polarizer, izvo Anopatsanura inobudisa chiedza uye dzinongoitika Rayleigh.

anisotropic zvinhu

Polarization Marwadzo zvinochengetwa mune optically anisotropic zvinhu (umo iri refractive indekisi kunosiyana-siyana mirayiridzo polarization), zvakadai birefringent crystals, zvimwe zvivako zvoutachiona uye optically kushingaira zvokuvakisa. Kwesayenzi mafomu zvinosanganisira polarizing nemaikorosikopu, mura rekristaro anoratidza uye Manyiminya zvokuridzira yaishandiswa zvinhu tsvakurudzo.