Idzo zvikamu zvikuru mukukudziridzwa kwehupenyu pasi pano: tafura

Kune nharo yakawanda yesayenzi inodzidza matanho makuru mukusimudzirwa kwehupenyu pasi pano, ivo vose vanofunga nyaya iyi munzira dzakawanda, nokuti ichi ndicho chinetso chikuru chesayenzi chaiyo. Kukosha kwepa paleontology, iyo inodzidza masara emiti nemhuka zvemazuva akapfuura, zvakakosha zvikuru, zvakabatana zvakananga nekudzidza kwekushanduka kwenyika.

Iyi sayenzi inodzidza matanho makuru mukusimudzirwa kwehupenyu pasi pano kuburikidza nekugadzirisa kuonekwa, kufanana kwekunze nekusiyana, nzira yehupenyu hwezvikara zvekare zvisati zvafa, uye nguva yakatarwa yekuvapo kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana. Asi paleontology haikwanise kuvapo sevasayeri yakasiyana kunze kwevamwe vakawanda vanoibatsira, iyi sayenzi iri pamaganho ezvisikwa uye geological disciplines. Idzo zvikamu zvikuru mukukudziridzwa kwehupenyu pasi pano zvinodzokororwa nekubatsirwa kwezvikoro zvakadai se:

• Historical geology;
• Stratigraphy;
• Paleography;
• Kuenzanisa kwematomu;
• Palaeoclimatology nevamwe vakawanda.

Zvose zvavo zvinopindirana, pasina imwe imomo haigoni kuva vamwe.

Geological time

Kuti uone matanho makuru ekuvandudzirwa kwehupenyu pasi pano, zvakakosha kuva nepfungwa yemafungiro akadaro se geological nguva. Vanhu vakakwanisa sei kuziva dzimwe nguva nguva? Zvose zvakavanzika zvinogara mukudzidza kwematombo. Ichokwadi ndeyekuti matombo akambomira pane imwe nguva gare gare anowanikwa kune avo vakambovepo kare. Uye nguva yezvidimbu izvi zvinogona kutsanangurwa nokudzidza zvakasara zvidhori.

Pakati pezvinhu zvavo zvakasiyana-siyana ndizvo zvinonzi zvinotungamirira fossils, izvo zvakanyanya uye zvakapararira. Zvinosuruvarisa, nerubatsiro rwematombo iwe haugoni kusimbisa nguva yakakwana, asi pano masayendisiti havasi kumisa, kubudisa ruzivo urwu kubva pamatombo emakomo. Sezvazvinozivikanwa, vanobva pamagma. Saka, matanho makuru mukusimudzirwa kwehupenyu pasi pano anosarudzwa.

Muchidimbu nzira yekugadzirisa nguva yakakwana yematombo emakomo inotevera: matombo asina ruzivo ane zvimwe zvinhu, kana zvinyorwa zvaro zvakatemerwa mudombo, ipapo nguva yakakwana yedombo inogona kutsanangurwa zvakarurama. Zvechokwadi, zvikanganiso zvinobvira, asi hazvipfuuri mashanu muzana. Mukuwedzera, nguva yepasi redu yakagadziriswa, masayendisiti ose anonamatira kumanani avo, asi huwandu hunowanikwa huri mabhiriyoni mashanu emakore. Iye zvino tava kusarudza matanho makuru mukusimudzirwa kwehupenyu pasi pano, tafura ichava mubatsiri akanaka munyaya iyi.

Era, nguva uye nguva

Zvose zvakanyatsozivikanwa zvinoratidzira zvikamu zvishanu kana, mune mamwe mazwi, nguva, iyo imwe neimwe yakakamurwa kuva nguva, iyo yose inosanganisira nguva, uye yekupedzisira-kubva mazana emakore. IArchean uye Proterozoic eras ndiyo yakare-kare, inobata makore anenge mabhiriyoni matatu. Ivo vanozivikanwa nekusavapo kwakakwana kwezvipembenene uye zvinomera zvepanyika zvinowanikwa mu "nguva yehupenyu hwekare", iyo inopfuura mamiriyoni mazana emakore emakore. Chinotevera chinouya "nguva yevhareji yeupenyu", Mesozoic (makore zana nemakumi manomwe nemashanu nemashanu), zvakasiyana-siyana - kukura kwezvinokambaira, shiri, mhuka, zvinomera, zvose maruva uye angiosperms.

Yokupedzisira, yechishanu, nguva-Cenozoic, inonziwo "nguva yehupenyu hutsva," yakatanga mamiriyoni makumi manomwe emakore akapfuura, uye isu zvino tiri kurarama mairi. Iyi nguva inozivikanwa nekukurumidza kukura kwezvinyamusi uye kuonekwa kwevanhu. Iye zvino tave tichiongorora zvikamu zvekugadzirwa kwehupenyu pasi pano zvishomanana, zvinokurudzira kuti tifunge nguva imwe neimwe.

Archean era

Ichi chikamu chinovhara nguva kubva kubva zviuru zvitatu nemazana mapfumbamwe kusvika kune zviuru zviviri mazana matanhatu emamiriyoni akapfuura. Chikamu chema sedimentary matombo, ndiko kuti, akaumbwa nezvikamu zvemhepo yemvura, akagara muAfrica, Greenland, Australia neAsia. Zvose izvi zvine:

• Biogenic carbon;
• Stromatolites;
• Microfossils.

Mhedzisiro yechipiri munguva ino haisi pachena zvachose, somuenzaniso, muProterozoic inosangana ne cyanobacteria. Munguva yeArchaean, zvose zvipenyu zvaiva zveprokaryotes, uye mhepo ye okisijeni yaiva sulfates, nitrates, nitrites, nezvimwe zvakadaro. Zvose zvipenyu zviripo pasi pano zvakafanana nemafuta emafuta, kunyanya ari panzvimbo yepasi pemiti yemvura, munzvimbo dzakaputika.

Proterozoic Era

Zvakakosha kutaura kuti nguva ino yakakamurwa kuva nguva yevatatu. Mukuwedzera, iyi ndiyo nguva yakareba kwazvo yemakore edu (anenge makore maviri emamiriyoni). Kana tikatarisa muganhu wenguva ino neArache imwe chete, saka panguva iyi iyo nyika yedu yakashanduka zvikuru, nzvimbo nemvura zvakaparidzirwa zvakare. Nyika yakanga iri denga rakasviba, asi pakuguma kweiyo nguva, chiyero che okisijeni chakasvika chikamu chimwe chete, icho chakaita kuti upenyu hwakagadzikana huri hupenyu husina maturo, mabhakitiriya uye algae zvakagadzirwa.

Pakuguma kweProterozoic, mhuka dzakawanda dzakaumbwa, iyi nguva inewo zita rokuti "Age of Jellyfish". Unicellular zvipenyu zvinoshandiswa nemararamiriyoni akawanda, izvo zvine chimiro chinoshandura kuumbwa kwemhepo, iyo inobatsira pakuvandudzwa kwehupenyu panyika yedu.

Paleozoic

Inosanganisira yakawanda seyenguva nhanhatu, hafu yekutanga inonzi Paleozoic Yepakutanga, uye hafu yekupedzisira inonoka. Paleozoic yekutanga uye yekupedzisira yakasiyana nemhuka nemiriwo.

Pakutanga rekutanga, shanduko inogona kuwanikwa kunze kwenyika yepasi pemvura, kugadziriswa kwenyika kwakatanga chete muDevonian, iyo inoreva kureva Paleozoic.

Mesozoic Era

Iye zvino tinotendeukira kune nguva inofadza zvikuru, yakazara muhupenyu husinganzwisisiki uye yakasiyana, ichikura kwemakore zana nemakumi masere nemashanu. Sezvo zvinogona kuonekwa kubva patafura, inoparadzaniswa kuva nguva nhatu. Cretaceous, achienzaniswa neJurassic uye Triassic, yakareba (makore makumi manomwe nemana emakore).

Kana iri mamiriro ekunze, zvinhu zvose zvinoenderana nenzvimbo yeakondinendi. Kusiyana kwatinoita mamiriro edu emamiriro ekunze ndeokuti:

• Akanga achidziya kupfuura yezvino;
• Kwakanga kusina kusiyana kwekushisa pakati pean equator nemapuranga.

Mukuwedzera, mhepo yakanga yakanyorova, iyo yakakonzera kukurumidza kukura kwezvinhu zvipenyu.

Kana tikashandura nyama, boka rakasiyana-siyana rinonyatsozivikanwa dinosaurs. Vakatora nzvimbo dzepamusoro pamusoro pemamwe marudzi ehupenyu nekuda kwechimiro chemuviri wavo, nheyo yehupenyu uye kugadzirisa.

Nokudaro, kuongorora mubvunzo wezvii zvikamu zvikuru mukukudziro kwehupenyu pasi pano, takaziva zvikamu zvishanu. Nokuda kwemufananidzo wakazara, inoramba ichitarisa imwezve. Tinokurudzira kutanga kubva ikozvino.

The Cenozoic Era

Ino inguva itsva inoramba iripo nanhasi. Nyika dzakawanda dzakawana maonero emazuva ano, dinosaurs ekupedzisira akanyangarika, mbeu nemhuka zvinowanikwa pasi pano, izvo zvinozivikanwa kwatiri. Takaongorora matanho makuru mukusimudzirwa kwehupenyu pasi pano pfupi, kubvisa matanho ose zvakasiyana, chinangwa chakatemwa nesu chakaitwa.