Indian Ocean: kureba kwegungwa. Pasi peIndia Ocean. Kupisa uye kuponeswa kweIndia Ocean

Nyika yedu inokudzwa mune zvose zvinoremekedzwa: mhando dzakasiyana dzezvirimwa, upfumi husingaverengeki hwemhuka uye huwandu husingagumi hwevagari vemvura. Zvose izvi nezvimwe zvakawanda zviri muPasi redu rakaisvonaka.

Zvechokwadi munhu wose anoziva kuti panyika yedu pane mazamu mana makuru. Zvose zvavo zvinonakidza nenzira yavo pachavo. Wakanyarara, somuenzaniso, chikuru, Atlantic-salty, Arctic - cold, uye Indian - inotonhora. Ndiyo yekupedzisira tichapa zvinyorwa zvedu.

Unoziva here kuti Indian Ocean ndiyo yechitatu yepamusoro? Nharaunda yaro haisi pasi, 76.17 mamiriyoni km, uye iyi ndeye 20% yenyika. Saka ndezvipi zvakavanzika hero yedu inoshamisa isingaiti? Ngationei pasi apa.

General information pamusoro penzvimbo

Kumusoro, gungwa rinoshambidzwa neAsia inoshamisa, kumabvazuva - inosvika Australia, kumavirira - solar Africa, uye kumaodzanyemba - frosty Antarctica. Pasi makumi matatu nemakumi matatu emakiromita ekuchamhembe kwakadzika ndiyo nzvimbo yakakwirira yeIndia Ocean. Iko iri muPersian Gulf. Muganhu neAtlantic Ocean unofamba uchienda kune meridian yekumabvazuva, uye pamwe nemeriyeri yekumabvazuva kwemaodzanyemba kune muganhu neAtlantic Ocean, nePacific pa 146 ^o 55 yeimwe nzvimbo. Iyo yakareba yeIndia Ocean ine 100 000 km.

Mashoko mashoma pamusoro penyaya

Dzimwe nzvimbo dzekugarisa kwekare dzakange dziri pedyo nemhenderekedzo yegamba redu. Vatsvakurudzi vanopikisa kuti imwe yegungwa rekutanga yakazadzika pamvura yeIndia Ocean, makore anenge zviuru zviviri akapfuura. Vafambi veArab vanotsanangurwa zvakadzama mumvura nzira. Nzvimbo yekutanga yenzvimbo inozivikanwa yakaonekwa mumakore makumi mapfumbamwe nemashanu ezana remakore rechi15, kunyange munguva yeupenyu hweVasco de Gama pachake, wekutanga munhoroondo yekukunda nzira kubva kuEurope kusvika kuIndia. Ndiye iye akaudza pamusoro pezvisikwa zvisingaverengeki zvemahombekombe izvo Indian Ocean yakapa.

Kudzika kwegungwa kwakatanga kuyerwa nemuzivi wenyika inozivikanwa James Cook, akakurumbira nokuda kwenzira dzake dzepasi-ye-nyika uye dzakawanda zvakawanikwa mumunda we geography. Kudzidza gungwa muzvinhu zvose zvakatanga muzana remakore re XIX, nhengo dzeimwe mbiri dzekuBrithani dzakakurumbira, kurima zvisingagumi zvitsva mumudziyo unozivikanwa "Challenger".

Ndeapi nyika dzakashambwa neIndia Ocean?

Ichi chikuru chinoshambidzwa nenhamba yakawanda yehurumende, zvose zvekuchamhembe uye zvitsuwa.

Munyika yepasi yenyika yeIndia Ocean:

- India;

- Australia;

- Thailand;

- Saudi Arabia;

- Iran;

- Iraq;

- Indonesia;

- Egypt;

- Somalia;

- Kenya;

- South Africa;

- Pakistan;

- United Arab Emirates;

- Myanmar;

- Malaysia;

- Mozambique;

- Bangladesh;

- Oman.

Island nyika dzeIndia Ocean:

- Mauritius;

- The Maldives;

- Sri Lanka;

- Madagascar;

- Seychelles.

Heano yakawanda sehova yeIndia.

Kudzika kwegungwa

IIndia Ocean ine mavhiri mashanu mukuumbwa kwayo. Dzinoumba zvakadzika uye nzvimbo ye hero yedu. Saka, somuenzaniso, Gungwa reArabia nderimwe remvura yakadzika muIndia Ocean. Chimwe chinhu chinonyanya kukosha chiri pakati pemuganhu wegungwa, mukati maro, uko muganhu uripo uripo. Ukudzika kwacho hakusi pasi pe 3600 m. Nzvimbo yakadzika yeIndia Ocean iri pedo nechitsuwa cheJava, muJavan Depression, uye iri 7455 m. Kusiyana nePacific, izvi hazvina kukwana, nokuti yakadzika yakadzika ndeye 11022 m. Mariana Trench).

Mamiriro ekunze eIndia Ocean

Yakawanda yegungwa iri mumvura inotonhora, equatorial uye subequatorial mabhanhire, chete nzvimbo yayo yekumaodzanyemba iri munzvimbo yakakwirira.

Mamiriro ekunze anomiririrwa nemasviyoni nemhepo yemwaka muchamhembe kwegungwa. Munharaunda iyi, kune nguva miviri yegore: inotonhora, yakadzikama yechando uye inopisa, inonaya, makore, dutu rinopisa. Pedyo nechezasi kumaodzanyemba-kumabvazuva kunotengeserana nemhepo. Munharaunda yakanyanyisa ine simba rakasimba kumadokero mhepo inogara iripo. Iyo yakawanda yehuwandu inonaya inowanikwa mu equatorial belt (inenge 3000 mm pagore). Zvishoma-kubva pamhenderekedzo yeGungwa Dzvuku, Arabia, muPersian Gulf.

Salinity

Iyo yakawanda yehuyu yepamusoro pemvura yepamvura yeIndia Ocean iri muGungwa Dzvuku uye Persian Gulf (41%). Uyezve, kukwirira kweyese yakakosha kunoonekwa zvakare kumaodzanyemba kunzvimbo dzekumadokero kumabvazuva. Sezvatinoenda kunzvimbo yeBangal, zviyero zvakaderedzwa zvikuru - kusvika ku 34%.

Munzvimbo dzakawanda, kuwedzera kweyeseji ye saliniti kubva kunzvimbo uye kubuda kunobva.

Minimal zviratidzo zvinowanikwa mundima yeAntarctic mvura. Sokutonga, glacier inoyungunuka inokanganisa chiyero ichi munzvimbo ino.

Kupisa

Icho kutonhora kweIndia Ocean pamusoro pemvura pane +29 ^о С. Ichi ndicho chiratidzo chikuru. Zvishoma zvichitariswa mumhenderekedzo yeAfrica, umo maSomalia ari kumhanya - + 22-23 ^o C. KuEquator, kupisa kwemvura pamusoro pemvura pane + 26-28 ^o C. Kana ukafamba kumaodzanyemba, unosvika -1 ^o C (kubva pamhenderekedzo yeAntarctica).

Icebergs inopawo mupiro wavo kunekushisa kwekushisa, iyo inowanzowanzoshambira kuenda kunharaunda yekumaodzanyemba kwemashure.

Sezviri pachena, inharaunda yekupisa yeIndia Ocean yose yakakwirira, ndicho chikonzero gamba redu rakapiwa musoro we "gungwa rinotonhora pasi rose".

Bays

IIndia Ocean ine 19 nzvimbo (3 kwavari ndeyeGungwa Dzvuku):

1. Gulf of Aden. Zvakakosha muhupfumi. Inoshandiswa kutakura gasi uye mafuta kuEurope. Gungwa rinobatana neBab el Mandeb Strait uye Gungwa Dzvuku. Icho chikamu chinokosha cheGungwa reArabia. Kureba kwayo ndiko 890 km square. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura, kubatwa kwemhirizhonga kwakawedzera muGulf of Aden.
2. The Great Australian Gulf. Kureba ndiko 1335 mamiriyoni sq. Km. Iyo yakadzika iri 5670 km. Iri ndiro rinobva kuWestern Cape kuenda kuCape, iri muTagmania.
3. Carpentaria. Iyo yakadzika ine mamiriyoni 69. Gungwa iri reGungwa reArafura. Inosara mukati mamiriyoni 600 km.
4. Shark. Iko iri 650 km kubva kuguta rePerth. Zvose zvikepe zveIndia Ocean zvine nhoroondo yavo uye maitiro avo, Sharke ndiyo nhaka chete yeUNESCO. Gore negore, runako rwayo hunokwezva vatasviki 120 000 pagore.
5. Spencer. Iri muSouth Australia. Yakanga yakareba 322 km, yakafara 129 km. Anosvina peninsula yeYork neYyre.
6. Van Diemen. Yakatumidzwa naAvan Tasman mukuremekedza Gavhuna-General Antoni Van Diemen. Nharaunda yeiyo iri 14,000 square mita. Km.
7. Manza. Inowanikwa pamhenderekedzo yeTanzania, 16 km kubva kuguta reTanga.
8. Cambay Bay. Iyo inokosha inoshandiswa pakushambadzira iyo inobatanidza nzira dzebhizimisi dzeIndia Ocean neIndia. Iyo yakareba 130 km.
9. Gulf of Oman. Inosangana nePersian Gulf neGungwa reArabia. Kureba kwayo ndiko 45 km, uye yakafara makubhiti 330, kureba kwayo ndiko 3695 km.
10. Joseph Bonaparte. Anonzi mushure memukuru mukuru weNapoleon. Nharaunda yaro iri 26,780 km2. Munharaunda iyi kune minda yakawanda yemafuta.
11. Maputo. Yakanga yakareba 112 km, yakadzika - 16 m, yakafara - 40 km. Munharaunda iyi yekubata hove yakagadzirwa zvakanaka, kunyanya kubata shrimp.
12. Saint Vincent. Chimwe chezvikepe zvikuru kumaodzanyemba kweAustralia.
13. The Persian Gulf. Vane hupfumi mumafuta emafuta. Ndicho chinonyanya kukosha chinonzi geopolitical object. Nharaunda yacho ndeye 233000 km square, yakadzika iine mamiriyoni 75, uye upamhi huri 320 km, kureba 925 km.
14. Tajur. Washes Djibouti neSomalia. Pamusoro pekutanga kwaNI Ashinov, munharaunda yaro yakavakwa musha unonzi "New Moscow".
15. Phang Ng. Yakakurumbira nevashanyi. Area - 400 square meters. Km.
16. Moutam. Anoshambidza gungwa reMyanmar. Iyo yakareba 150 km, yakafara i 220 km, yakadzika iri mamita makumi maviri.
17. Manar bay. Mumiriri wemafumi nemafuta muIndia Ocean. Inogara kune dzinopfuura 3500 marudzi ehove. Kubudiswa kwemaparera kwakagadzirwa. Panharaunda yeGulf, paki yenyika yakasikwa, gare gare yakarondedzerwa kuti biosphere reserve.

Mahombe eIndia Ocean yeGungwa Dzvuku

1. Aqaba. Mumakore achangopfuura, akawana nzvimbo yekushandiswa. Iyo yakareba makiromita 175, yakafara i-29 km. IWest Bank ndeyeEgypt, bhangi rekumabvazuva kuSaudi Arabia, kuchamhembe kweJorodhani neIsrael.
2. Makadi. Inokoshesa vatashanyi nemakungwa ayo anoshamisa emakungwa. Icho chikepe chinotambanudza kwema 30 km kumhenderekedzo yeGungwa Dzvuku.
3. Gulf of Suez. Inoparadzanisa Asia Sinai Peninsula inobva kuAfrica. Kureba - 290 km, kureba - 55 km.

Relief

Kununurwa kweIndia Ocean kunoratidzwa nekuvapo kwaro kwakadzika kwegomba rinonzi Indian central ridge. Inotarisa kumadokero kumhenderekedzo yeHindustan. Ivhareji yakadzika kupfuura 3.5 km. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo iyo inoderera uye inenge inenge inenge 2.4 km. Mushure meizvi, matavi emigwagwa. Dare rekutanga rinopinda kumabvazuva uye rinosvika munharaunda yePacific Ocean, rinosangana neAntarctica, uye rinoguma paAustralia-Antarctic Uplift, yakadzika kupfuura 3.5 km.

Rimwe rimwe bazi rinopinda kuAntarctica kumaodzanyemba uye rinopera neguta rinonzi Kargelen-Gaussberg, kuderera kwakadzika kupfuura 0.5 km, kureba kwakadzika iri 2.3 km.

Pakati pemuganhu weIndia unoparadzanisa gungwa muzvikamu zviviri zvakasiyana: kumadokero uye kumabvazuva. Panharaunda yekumaodzanyemba ndiyo mabhandi eIndia-Australian uye South-Australian, yakadzika pane iyo inosvika mazana mashanu kusvika ku7455 m.Kuti kuchamhembe-kumabvazuva kwenharaunda yeIndia neAustralia pane kuora mwoyo kwakadzama kwakaitwa neIndia Ocean. Kubva kwegungwa, kunyanya, nzvimbo yakakwirira, iri pedo nechitsuwa cheJava (7455 m).

Pasi penyika yeIndia iri kumadokero chikamu chekununura chinopesana zvikuru kubva kumabvazuva, iyo yakaoma kunzwisisa mukugadzirisa. Izvi zvinotsanangurwa nechokwadi chokuti pamagumo ekupedzisira, kuwedzera kukuru kwepasi kunowanzoitwa (nekuda kweizvi mune dzimwe nguva zvitsuwa zviduku zvinoumbwa) uye kusagadzikana kusina kukodzera kwezvigadziro.

Nechokumusoro kwechitsuwa cheMadagascar pane nzvimbo inonzi Somalia, yakadzika kupfuura 5.2 km. Nzvimbo yeSouth yechitsuwa chacho, inonzi Crozet, yakakomberedza kubva kumativi ose nemabhasi. Iyo yakadzika kumusoro iri 2.5 km. Kana iwe uchitamira kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva, Central Central hollow inowanikwa. Iyo yakadzika kumusoro iri 5.5 km. Pakati peMadagascar neCrozet, zvishoma nechokumaodzanyemba, kune bhesiti inonzi Madagascar uye yakadzika 5.78 km. Kurutivi rwekumaodzanyemba ndiyo nzvimbo yeIglousn Cape, iyo yakadzika iri 5,5 km. Kununurwa kweIndia Ocean kuenda kuAntarctic kunoratidzwa nekuvapo kwepasi. Iyo yakadzika pamusoro penzvimbo ino inosvika 5.8 km.

Flora nemhuka

Chimiro cheIndia Ocean chakasiyana uye chinonakidza. Pano panogara mhuka nemiti inoshandiswa kugadzikana nguva dzose uye mafashamo.

Mhenderekedzo dzakawanda dzomumadokero dzeIndia Ocean dzinomiririrwa nemasango emangrove, kana rhizophores (mangroves). Pamhuka dziri munzvimbo ino, kune marudzi akawanda emakanda. Ihove inodanwa mharadi inochera dhaka inogara munharaunda yese yenharaunda yemangrove yeIndia Ocean.

Mumvura yakadzika yemvura inotonhorera, makorari nehove dzinogara mukati mavo uye vazhinji vasingatendi vanosimba.

Munzvimbo dzakadzikama, dzakasvibirira, bhuruu-ruvara uye ruvara rutsvuku runokura, vazhinji vavo ndeye laminaria, microcystis uye fucus. Pakati pe phytoplankton, diatoms inowanikwa, uye munzvimbo dzinotonhora - peridines.

Mishonga yakakurumbira zvikuru, iyo inowanikwa muIndia Ocean, ndeye copepods. Iye zvino vanodarika zviuru makumi maviri zvemarudzi. Munzvimbo yechipiri pakati pemhuka dzinogara mugungwa iri, kune jellyfish uye squid. Pakati pehove dzinozivikanwa tuna, sailfish, hove dzinobhururuka, daffodils uye chiedza chinonzi anchovies.

Akasarudza nharaunda yegungwa uye yakaipa mhuka dzemhuka. Maharakiti, nguruve uye nyoka dzine uturu dzinogara dzichiita kuti vanhu vemo vagare kutya.

Mhuka dzakakodzwa muIndia Ocean, ma dolphins, marwenga, dugong uye zvisimbiso zvinonyanya kukosha. Shiri dzepenguin, albatrosses uye frigates.

Kushambira dziva

Bheseni yeIndia Ocean yakasiyana chaizvo. Inosanganisira nzizi dzeAfrica - Zambezi neLimpopo; Iyo yakawanda kuAsia nzizi - Irrawaddy, Salween; Yufratesi naTigrisiti, iyo inobatanirana kune imwe chete pamusoro pekutenderera kwePersian Gulf; Indus, inoyerera muGungwa reArabia.

Fisheries uye marine hove

Mhenderekedzo yegungwa yakave ichiita basa rezvemari kwenguva yakati. Uye kusvikira nhasi kubata hove uye hove dzegungwa zvinokosha zvakanyanya nokuda kwehupfumi hwenyika dzakawanda dzinoshamba muIndia Ocean. Kudzika kwegungwa kunopa zvipo zvakapfuma kune vanhu, somuenzaniso, muSri Lanka, kuchamhembe-kumadokero kweAustralia uye muBairrain Islands, kuwedzera kwakanyanya kweamai-ve-pearl uye maparera.

Pedyo neAntarctica vanhu vari kushingairira kuita nharo, uye pedyo neEquator ndiko kubata tuna.

MuPersian Gulf mune hupfumi hunotora mafuta, zvose zviri munharaunda yegungwa uye pasi pemvura.

Zvinetso zvezvakatipoteredza zveIndia Ocean

Mabasa evanhu ave nemigumisiro yakaipa. Mvura yegungwa yakasvibiswa zvakasvibiswa, izvo zvishoma nezvishoma zvinotungamirira pakuparara kwemamwe marudzi ehupenyu hwemvura. Semuenzaniso, mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemakungwa mumagumo ezana remakore rechi20 dzakatyisidzirwa nekupera zvachose. Nhamba yekuti sei marwadzo uye marumoni whales zvakaderera zvikuru.

Muma1980, Komisheni yeWhaling yakatanga kurambidzwa kwakakwana pakuvhima ivo. Kuita zvechisimba kwechibvumirano chakanga chakatongerwa nemutemo. Asi muna 2010, pasi pekutungamirirwa kwenyika dzakadai seJapan, Denmark, Iceland, kurambidzwa, nhamo, rakarambidzwa.

Dambudziko guru kune vagari vemahombekombe ndiko kusvibiswa kwemvura yegungwa nemafuta emafuta, marudzi ose emarara kubva munyukireya uye masimbi ane simba. Uyezve kuburikidza negungwa kupfuura nzira dzematangi emafuta, anounza mafuta kubva kuPersian Gulf kuenda kunyika dzeEurope. Kana kamwe kamwe kune njodzi pakutakura kwakadaro, izvi zvinotungamirira kurufu rwevanhu vanogara pasi pemvura.

Kudzidza geography kunonakidza, kunyanya kana kunobata kunaka kwegungwa uye vagari vemo. Vakawanda vanodzidza muIndia Ocean ndiyo yechitanhatu yevhesi yepamusoro yechikoro. Vana vanoshingaira vanoteerera zvose izvo mudzidzisi anotaura pamusoro pei giant guru uye risingazivikanwi iro rinosangana nekusiyana kwezvirimwa uye hupfumi hwemhuka.