Icon "Kutonga kweOrthodoxy". Kukunda kweOrthodoxy: nhoroondo yezororo yevana

Muvhiki yekutanga yekutendeuka, vaKristu pasi pose vanopemberera Mutambo weOrthodoxy. Chin inoitwa musi weSvondo, mumachechi ose kune mafiro anoita Mwari.

Mutambo weKutonga kweOrthodoxy

Gore roga roga izwi remufundisi rinodanwa muzita remutambo wekutonga kweOrthodoxy, Metropolitan Kirill anowanzoita basa raMwari muMoscow Cathedral yaKristu Muponesi. Mushure mokudaro, Hutsvene Hwake Mutungamiri wehurumende akaita urongwa chaiwo, hwakatangwa muzana remakore rechi11 neMonk Fedosy weKiev-Pechersky.

Mukati remakore remakore rechisere AD, chiitiko chakaitika chisina kungodzorera vatendi mukana wekuremekedza zvifananidzo nemifananidzo yevasande, asi zvakare vakava uchapupu hwekudzorerwa kwekubatana kweChechi, uyewo kukundwa kwekunyepedzera uye kupesana. Kutaura nezvezororo rainzi "Kutonga kweOrthodoxy," mharidzo yeMutateguru wekare inoratidza kwatiri isu tose zvinoreva zvakadzama zvechiitiko ichi.

Nhoroondo yezororo

Nhoroondo dzezvakaitika kare dzinoratidza kuti Magwaro Matsvene-achinamatwa kunamata zvidhori yakaramba iri tsika yechiKristu isingadikanwi kusvikira muzana remakore rechina AD. Asi mambo weByzantine Leo III Isaurus yakarambidzwa pakunamata zvifananidzo zvitsvene. Akaparadza zviuru zvemifananidzo, mifananidzo, zvifananidzo zvevatsvene muumambo hwose. Kutenda kwechokwadi kwevaKristu, vatongi uye veOrdodox avo vakaiswa pasi nekutambudzwa uye kurwiswa utsinye. Vakanga vasungwa, vakatambudzwa, vakaurayiwa.

Icon - chifananidzo kana chifananidzo chitsvene?

Mufananidzo unofananidzira kukunda kweOrthodoxy - chiratidzo chezororo - inonyatsotaura uye yakananga kuti haisi kuzosiya kusava nehanya kunyange kune yakanyanya kure nechitendero uye vanhu vasina uninitiated. Izvi zvinoshanda kune zvese mifananidzo yechechi. Zvakaoma kufungidzira kuti munguva yekare mumwe munhu aifanira kusimudza ruoko kuti asvibise zvidhori. Zvichida ndicho chikonzero mifananidzo yakachena yakanyanyisa uye inobata mwoyo yevanhu zvakanyanya zvokuti vanobvumira kutyisa kose kwekuparadza nekunyengedzera?

Chikonzero chakakosha chekurambwa kwezvifananidzo chaiva kuramba kwekutenda kwakadaro kuti Mwanakomana waMwari akawana chimiro chemunhu ndokuponesa nyika yose kubva pakuparadzwa. Kuonekwa kwaJesu kwakaratidzwa mweya waMwari, Mwari akava pedyo nekusvikirira kuvanhu, zvakabva zvigoneka kuzviratidza uye kuzvinyora. Mwari akarasikirwa neara yekusakwanisa uye kusakanganisika uye, sezviri pachena, yakava pedyo nevanhu kupfuura dzimwe dzose. Asi muMagwaro Matsvene zvakataurwa kuti kusikwa kwezvifananidzo chivi, vafundisi vazhinji vakanga vasinganamati mifananidzo yevasande. Vateereri veyiyi dzidziso, vatongi nevatongi, zvichida, vatora dzidziso yekutadza kwezvisikwa zvezvifananidzo, vakasungirwa vanhu kuti vatende mukusagamuchirwa kwezvifananidzo zvechechi, neavo vasina kutevera zvinorambidzwa izvi, vanorambidzwa hupenyu.

Kuita zviratidzo

Mukusikwa kwemifananidzo pane tsika. Apo bhishoni yeIndria yakavakwa kuValdai, yakasarudzwa kuita urongwa kwechechi itsva kubva kuIiberia Icon yaamai vaMwari. Nyora yacho yakanyatsogadziriswa, uye kuchengetwa kwekombiki yepamusoro. Uhama hwemamongi muminyengetero yakanyorovesa mvura, akadiridza cypress bhodhi kuti anyore mufananidzo. Kuwedzera kwemvura iyi yakavhenganiswa nemapende, isograph yakatanga kupendesa chifananidzo, ichienderera mberi nekunyora nekunyengetera nekutsanya.

Nzira ye iconoclasm

Zvose izvi zvaiyeuchidza tsika yekunamata zvidhori. Nokudaro, vanhu vazhinji vechechi vakatora rutivi rwemasimoni. Mambo Theophilus, iconoclasm, uyo akatonga umambo hweByzantium kusvika muna 842, yakanga isiri iyo. Uye mudzimai wake, Mambokadzi Theodore aiva muKristu wechokwadi.

Yezororo yekutanga yekutonga kweOrthodoxy

Pano pane shanduro yaimbova, mugore rechigumi nemaviri rokubata ushe, mambo akave achirwara uye, achiziva zvivi zvake, akatendeuka pakuparadza zvifananidzo zvitsvene. Mudzimai nemunyengetero wakaisa kwaari chimiro cheMhandara, kutsvoda izvo, mambo ainzwa zviri nani.

Kunyange zvakadaro, chirwere chacho hachina kukanganisa, uye mushure mekufa kwaMambo Theophilus, mudzimai wake, uyo akashanda se regent pasi peMukomana Emperor Michael III, akaraira kutambudzwa kwevaKristu uye kuparadzwa kwezvifananidzo. Mambokadzi akarayira Mutungamiri weConstantinople Methodius pamusoro pekuchengeta Gungano, uye musi weSvondo wekutanga weLent, musi waMarch 11, 843, vese mabhishopi eOrthodox vakashevedzwa kubasa guru raMwari mutemberi yaSt. Sophia. Nhengo dzeDare dzakanyora pasi nevanamambo, asi mushure mechinguva zita rake rakanga risina kunyorwa.

Vose vafundisi nevatadzi vese, vanotungamirirwa nave mambokadzi, vakatora mumigwagwa yeConstantinople vane mifananidzo mumaoko avo. Mushure mokunge ma moleben, chikwata chakaitwa muConstantinople, uye vakatendeka vakadzorera zvifananidzo zvakachengetedzwa munzvimbo dzavo mutemberi.

Maererano nenhau, panguva yemafungiro Feodora akatenda Mwari nekukanganwira murume wake, Emperor Theophilus, uyo akatsigira kuparadzwa kwemifananidzo, akafunga sevanamati vevanamwari uye akavaparadza. Ichi chiitiko chaiva kutanga kwemhemberero yegore negore yeOrthodoxy, iyo ndiyo zuva rinokosha pane imwe karenda yeOrthodox mumazuva edu.

Zvinorehwa nezororo

Asi kubudirira kwechokwadi kweOrthodoxy haina kuuya pakarepo, nhoroondo yemabiko, kunyange zvazvo yakatanga nezana remakore rechisere, asi nzira yekutambudzwa kwevaKristu yakaramba ichienderera kusvikira pakati pezana remakore IX. Ndizvo chete ipapo-vanamati-vakasunungurwa vakasunungurwa kubva mujeri, vakadzokera kumasangano avo, uye avo vakanyura mubasa rekugadziriswa vakapiwa kana kuti vagamuchire chiratidzo-kunamatira, kana kurega kushumira muchechi.

Zuva iro Kutonga kweOrthodoxy kunochengetwa, kunoratidzwa kwete kwete chete nekukunda kwechechi pamusoro pevatsigiri vezvifananidzo. Kukunda kwaireva kuti kereke yechiKristu mukana wekupinda mukati memvura yakadzika yehupenyu hwevanhu nechokwadi, kujekesa pfungwa dzavo, kuvapa mukana wekutangira nzira yechokwadi. Ichechi yaipemberera kukunda pamusoro pezvose zvidzidzo, zvikanganiso uye kusawirirana.

Mhemberero yeOrthodoxy yakagadzwa, basa rinokosha, panguva iyo mitemo yeEcumenical Councils inorondedzerwa , vanamati-vanamati vakakomborerwa, kuremekedzwa kune vatongi vakafa, madzitateguru anotsanangurwa, uye mushure mokunge magwaro eOrthodox dzidziso dzakatanga kuiswa.

Chikamu chekufungidzira

Kukunda kweOrthodoxy kunoratidzirwa nekunamata, uko kunosanganisira chikamu chakakosha - chiremera chekusaziva, kureva, urongwa hwezviito zvinotungamirira pakudzingwa kwechechi. Nokudaro, kereke inonyevera vatendi vose kuti hazvibvumirwi kuita, uye avo vanoita zvitadzo zvakadaro vanoziviswa kuti havaiti.

Pakutanga, kwaingova nemakore makumi maviri chete anathematiza mumutambo weOrthodoxy, uye runyorwa rwevanhu vakaiswa pasi peanathema raiva kusvika kuvanhu 4 000. Panguva dzakasiyana-siyana, Archimandrite Yuryev wemusitori wemasitori Cassian, Stepan Razin, Grigory Otrepiev, Archpriest Avvakum , Emelyan Pugachev, munyori Leo Tolstoy, monk Filaret, Gleb Pavlovich Yakunin vakaiswa mubhuku panguva dzakasiyana.

Nhoroondo yekutumirwa kwekunetsa

IOrthodoxy rite yakaitwa pamberi pemifananidzo yeMuponesi uye Amai vaMwari mukereke. Pakupera kwezana remakore rechigumi nemana, muna 1767, kuchinja kweOrthodoxy kwakaitwa. Metropolitan yeNoggorod neSt. Petersburg, Gabriel akagadzirisa, achibvisa mazita mazhinji. Mushure memakore zana, nzvimbo yacho yakapfupiswa. Kusvikira 1917, paiva nevhu 12 vasingateereri, kureva, kunyeverwa pamusoro pekuti munhu angave akadzingwa kubva kupi, uye mazita ose kubva kwaari haana kubviswa. Muna 1971, anathema yakasimudzwa kubva kune vekare vatendi uye vakadzoserwa kuchifuva chechechi.

Vafundisi vechechi vanosimbisa kuti kupa anathema hakusi kutukwa. Munhu anenge apfidza anogona kudzokera kuchechi, uye achagamuchirwa kana kune uchapupu hunokwana hwekutendeseka kwekupfidza kwake. Anathema inogona kubviswa shure.

Kusvika iye zvino, kusagadzirisisa hakuwanzo kusanganiswa mumutambo wekutonga kweOrthodoxy, ivo varipo chete mumasangano eabhishopi.

Mufananidzo wezororo guru

Izwi rokuti "The Triumph of Orthodoxy" yakanyorwa muzana remakore rechi15 muConstantinople (nhasi ndiro guta reIstanbul). Chimwe chepakutanga chechifananidzo chitsvene chiri muBritish Museum yeLondon.

Tsanangudzo yekoni "The Triumph of Orthodoxy"

Sechiratidzo chekudzika, kunetseka uye heterogeneity yezororo rakadai soKutonga kweOrthodoxy, chiratidzo chakatsaurirwa kwaari chinoratidzira kwete mhondi imwe chete asi yakawanda uye inoumbwa nezvikamu zviviri. Pamusoro pezvakagadzirirwa chiratidzo cheamai vaMwari, Odigitria (Mutungamiri), chidimbu chaidikanwa chevaGiriki. Amai vaMwari vanotaura kumwanakomana wavo, Jesu, uyo agere pamakumbo ake, uye chimiro chake chakasuruvara, sezvo iye atoziva zvaanomirira mune remangwana. Zvinotendwa kuti yekutanga yeOdigitria yakanyorwa kubva mumamiriro aStudio Luke. Kwemakore akawanda, mifananidzo yezvifananidzo yakaparadzwa, uye chiratidzo "Kutonga kweOrthodoxy" chiratidzo mune mufananidzo, achisimudzira kuti mifananidzo haisati yambobviswa, zvokuti haikwanisi kunyorwa uye hakuna munhu achakwanisa kuiparadza.

Pamusoro, munyori wacho akaratidza mudzimai weMmpress Theodore nemwanakomana wake Mikhail. Mutsara wezasi, chiratidzo "Kutonga kweOrthodoxy kunoratidza vanhu vakafira kutenda muzita rekuremekedzwa." Kurudyi kwechigaro choumambo imire Saint Methodius, pamwe chete naMonk Theodore weVadzidzi, pamwe chete neTheophanes mutsvene the Sigrian Confessor naStefano the New, monk, ane mufananidzo waJesu Kristu. Bhishopi Theophylact the Confessor, hama, Theodore naTheophanes the Inscribed (Emperor Theophilus akarayira pazviso zvehama kutora ndima sechiratidzo chekusateerera kwavo iconoclasm.) Kuruboshwe rweChigaro cheMartyr Theodosius inobatana rokutambudzikira raKristu. Maererano nhoroondo facts, akabvuma rufu, tisingaregi musoja atadze mufananidzo Muponesi magedhi Constantinople.

Chiratidzo "Kutonga kweOrthodoxy", mufananidzo uye chepakutanga, inoratidza kubatana nekubatana kwevarume vanoratidzwa muhombe. Zvechokwadi, vose vane ndebvu, uye ivo vakapfekedzwa nenzira imwechete. Achicherechedza izvi, munyori uyu aida kuomesa kuti nhamba yevanonamata-mifananidzo yakawanda kwazvo, vanhu vazhinji vachiri kuswededzwa kune kutenda kutsvene uye kwakachena.

Zvinoreva zvakadzama zvechiratidzo

Kana iwe ukatarisa zvakanyanyisa, chiratidzo "Kutonga kweOrthodoxy", pakutanga, pane zvimwe zvisiri izvo. Chimwe chinhu chinonakidza chaiva chokuti mufananidzo wemufananidzo wezana remakore rechiXV akaratidza vanhu vaigara muzana remakore rechipfumbamwe. Sei vakayeukwa shure? Ichokwadi ndechokuti muzana remakore rechi15 miganhu yeByzantine Empire yakawanda zvikuru. Ihwo hutongi hwaive hurombo, hwakarambidzwa nekumanikidzwa kwevavengi, kusanganisira vaMuslim, avo vaive varwi vane hasha kune chero mifananidzo yevanhu sezvifananidzo zvitsvene. IByzantine haina chakanaka kunze kwekukumbira rubatsiro mukugovera maoko nemichina kune vavakidzani veEurope, zvikurukuru France, kuzvidzivirira pachavo kuvaMuslim. Asi rutivi rweFrance rwakaramba.

Sezvo aonekwa asina kudzivirirwa uye anoreva, maByzantine akasarudza kunyora chiratidzo semukana wavo wekupedzisira, yekupedzisira kutaurwa nenguva iyo umambo hwakanga hwakapfuma uye hwakasimba. Mufananidzo wenguva iyoyo waiva kuedza kuzviratidza pachako uye kutenda kuti simba reumambo hwainge husati hwaoma. Uye saka mufananidzo wacho akanyora vanhu kubva kare, zana rechipfumbamwe, achifananidzira umambo hwakabudirira. Vanhu veByzantine, kufanana nevose vatendi vechiKristu vechokwadi, vaidavira kuti chifananidzo chitsvene chichatibatsira kuti vararame uye vadzoke zvakare mamiriro avo akarasika.

Zvinosuruvarisa, izvi hazvina kubatsira, umambo hukuru hwakakundwa, asi mweya wakasimba wevanhu vakatenda zvechokwadi muhutsvene hwaMwari hwakaputsika, kuti aizoponesa vana vake vakanga vakazvipira kwaari kumvura yakadzika yemweya wake.

Chii chaungaudza vana pamusoro pezororo?

Yokutanga, iyo yakanyanyisa vhiki yeLent inoguma neholide ye "Kutonga kweOrthodoxy." Kuparidza kwemuprista, munyengetero uye kutenda kwakatendeka kuchabatsira kuchengetedza nzvimbo yose. Kana kutsanya kunoonekwa nevatendi veOrthodox mune zvinyorwa zvose, zvino mushure mekudzivisa kwakanyanya kunouya kunzwa kwekunaka uye mufaro pamusoro penzira iyo yakaitwa. Uye nenzira iyi munhu haana kungokurira, asi akava nani, apfuura. Kunyanya kana akarega kurega kudya, asiwo haana kutadza, akadzivisa kukakavadzana uye kukakavadzana nevamwe, vanhu vomunharaunda, vakazadza mwoyo yavo nehanya uye rudo.

Zvakanaka, kana Kutonga kweOrthodoxy kuvana kuchave kwakakosha sezororo sevanhu vakuru. Kare, zvikoro zvakadzidziswa zvidzidzo umo vana vakadzidza tsika dzechechi, vakadzidza Magwaro matsvene. Nhasi izvi hazvisi, asi zvinoda kunzwisisa pfungwa dzinokosha, kunyanya kwekugadzirisa kwehuwandu. Kana zvinoreva pfungwa ye "kukunda kweOrthodoxy" zvakanyatsotaurirwa kune chizvarwa chemazuva ano, nhoroondo yezororo revana ichava inonakidza uye inobata mwoyo yavo, zvirokwazvo, kana vakatenda kuna Mwari kubva mudiki uye havazviparadzanisi nechechi. Mushure mezvose, zvinotanga nemunhu wese mumoyo make.

Nguva yezororo, iyo inoratidza kukundwa kweOrthodoxy kuvana nevakuru, inofanira kutanga inotanga mumweya wemunhu mumwe nomumwe sekunamata kwechokwadi uye kwakasimba uye nekutsanya. Kana munhu akatevera nzira yekutenda, mweya wake uzere nemufaro, rudo, pfungwa yekuve chimwe chinhu chechokwadi uye chisingaperi. Tinogona kutaura kuti mumwe nomumwe wedu anogona kupemberera zororo redu rekukunda kweOrthodoxy kanopfuura kamwe pagore, asi kakawanda kana tikasarudza nzira yakarurama, yakachena yerudo uye yakanaka.