Historical era panguva. Mazuva ekugadzira muhutano

Nhoroondo yekare nguva inokosha chinhu chose musayenzi uye muupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Pane dzimwe nguva dzinobata nguva yakatarwa. Mazita avo akaumbwa chaizvo munguva pfupi yapfuura, mushure mekunge munhu aigona kutarisa kudzoka, kuongorora nekuparadzanisa zviitiko zvakapfuura muzvikamu. Iye zvino tichatarisa nguva dzose muhurongwa, tichadzidza kuti nei vakanzi vakadanwa uye izvo zvavanozivikanwa.

Nei kune chinyorwa chezvakaitika kare?

Iyi nzira yakagadzirwa nevatsvakurudzi vane chikonzero chakanaka. Chokutanga, nguva imwe neimwe yakasiyana inoratidzirwa netsika dzakasiyana. Nenguva imwe neimwe, maonero ayo, mafashoni, maitiro evanhu, rudzi rwekuvaka bhizinesi nezvimwe zvakawanda. Tichifunga nezvezera remunhu zvakarongeka, iwe unogonawo kubhadhara kune chokwadi chokuti mumwe nomumwe wavo ane marudzi chaiwo ehudhi. Uyu ndiwo mimhanzi, kupenda, uye mabhuku. Chechipiri, munhoroondo yevanhu ipapo kwaiva zvechokwadi izvo zvinonzi zvinoshanduka, apo tsika dzakashandura zvakanyanya, mitemo mitsva yakasimbiswa. Izvi, zvechokwadi, zvaisanganisira kuchinja kwezvakaitika kare, izvo zvakazviratidzira mune unyanzvi. Kuchinja kwakadaro kungave kwakakonzerwa nekurwisana, hondo, svondo yekuwana, dzidziso dzevezivi vakuru uye vatungamiriri vechechi. Uye ikozvino, tisati tatarisa nguva dzose dzezvakaitika kare, tinocherechedza kuti sangano redu rakawana shanduko yakakura zvikuru munguva ichangopfuura. Kufambira mberi kwesayenzi nekwenyanzvi kwakachinja zvachose pfungwa dzedu pamusoro pekukurukurirana, zvinyorwa zvemashoko uye kunyange nezvebasa. Uye chikonzero cheizvi ndiIndaneti, kunze kweiyo makore gumi akapfuura munhu wese akatarisa, uye nhasi iyo chikamu chehupenyu hwevanhu vose.

Nguva yekare

Tinosiya nhoroondo yevanhu vekare, sezvo paingova pasina pfungwa imwe chete panguva iyoyo, chitendero kana kunyange nzira yekunyora. Saka, apo nguva dzevanhu dzinofungidzirwa zvakarongeka, dzinotanga kunyanya kubva panguva yekare, nokuti panguva iyoyo yekutanga inotaura, mitemo yekutanga nemitemo, uyewo unyanzvi hwatinodzidza kusvika ikozvino, zvakaonekwa. Nguva yacho yakatanga kumativi ekuguma kwezana remakore rechina BC. E. Uye yakapfuurira kusvikira 456 - zuva rokuwa kweMambo hweRoma. Panguva ino kwakanga kusina kungoita chitendero chechimiririro chechimiro chakanyatsogadziriswa nevanamwari vose, asiwo maitiro ekunyora - chiGiriki nechiLatin. Uyewo munguva iyi muEurope, pfungwa yakaberekwa, yakadai senhapwa.

Middle Ages

Kunyange kana zvikoro zvichitarisa nguva panguva yakatarwa, kunyatsoteerera kunobhadharwa pakudzidza kweMiddle Ages. Nguva yacho yakatanga pamagumo ezana remakore rechi5, asi hapana mazuva ekuguma kwayo, zvishoma muenzaniso. Vamwe vanodavira kuti zvakapera pakati pezana remakore rechi15, asi vamwe vanotenda kuti MaMidhi Ages yakagara kusvikira muzana remakore rechi17. Nguva iyi inoratidzwa nekukura kukuru kwechiKristu. Yakanga iri mumakore aya apo machechi makuru akaitika. Pamwe chete navo, Inquisition yakaberekwa, iyo yakaparadza vose vaipikisa chechi. MuMiddle Ages, maitiro euranda akasimuka, akadai sehutsika, izvo zvakange zviripo munyika mazana emakore gare gare.

Renaissance

Iro tsika yekusiyanisa nguva ino seyoye yakasiyana, asi vanyori venhau dzakawanda vanodavira kuti Renaissance, saka kutaura, chikamu chekunyika cheMiddle Ages. Chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti pamagumo ezana remakore rechi14 vanhu vakatanga kukwidza vanhu. Mimwe mitemo yekare uye tsika dzakadzoka, Inquisition yakagadzirisa zvishoma nezvishoma nzvimbo dzayo. Izvi zvakazviratidza pachedu mune unyanzvi uye mune mufambiro wevanhu. Vanhu vakatanga kushanyira mabhizimisi, pakanga paine chinhu chakadaro sebhokisi rekunyika. Chizvarwa chechizvarwa chekare, chakafanana neAntience, chakatanga muItaly, uye nhasi chinosimbiswa nezvivako zvezvivakwa zvekuvakwa uye unyanzvi.

Baroque

Apo patinofungisisa zvakananga nguva dzehupenyu hwevanhu mukuronga, baroque, kunyange kwete kwenguva yakareba, vakatora bazi rinokosha pakuumbwa kweunyanzvi. Pasi apa, tichakurukura nezvinyorwa, asi zvino, regai tione zvinotevera. Iyi nguva yakanga iri mhedziso inonzwisisika yeRenaissance. Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti chido chezvivaraidzo zvekunyika uye kunaka zvakakura kusvika pane zvinoshamisa. Ikoko kwakanga kune chimiro chekuvakwa kwezita rimwe chete, iro rinoratidzirwa nehuwandu uye kunyengedza. Mamiriro akafanana akazviratidza mumimhanzi, uye mukukwevera, uye kunyange mumitemo yevanhu. Nguva yeBaroque yakatangira kubva kuma16 kusvika kumazana gumi nemazana nemakore.

Classicism

Muchikamu chechipiri chezana remakore rechi17, vanhu vakasarudza kurega kubva pakubata kwakanaka kwakadaro. Sangano, kufanana nehupenzi iyo yakasikwa, yakagadziridzwa uye yakagadziriswa kubvisa mitemo. Classicism yakatanga kuzviratidza mukugadzirwa kwezvivako uye mukati. Iyo mafashoni yaisanganisira makona akajeka, migwagwa yakarurama, chibvumirano uye kubvuma. Iyi yemitambo nemimhanzi, iyo yaiva pamwero wekuvandudza kwetsika yavo, yaive pasi pekuvandudzwa patsva. Paiva nemamwe mapepa akatumira vanyori kune ichi kana icho chiteshi. Pasi apa tinokurukura nguva yemaitiro muhutano uye nemashoko akawanda tichadzidza kuti chii chechikoro chaive.

Romantic time

Muzana remakore rechi18, vanhu vakaita sevari kutapukirwa nemucherechedzo wekunaka uye nekufungidzira kusinganzwisisiki. Iyi nguva inoonekwa seicho chisingazivikanwi munhoroondo yevanhu, ephemeral uye yekutanga. Munharaunda maive nemafungiro, maererano nekuti munhu umwe neumwe munhu akasiyana-siyana wezvokunamata, nehupenyu hwake hwemukati, zviitiko uye mufaro. Sezvo mutemo, apo vanyori vezvakaitika kare vanomiririra tsika dzechimiro mumamiriro ekurongeka, imwe yenzvimbo dzinonyanya kukosha inopiwa kurudziro. Munguva iyi, iyo yakatora kusvika muzana remakore rechi19, kwakaonekwa kunoshamisa kwemimhanzi (Chopin, Schubert, nezvimwe), mabhuku (mazita anozivikanwa echiRussia) nekupenda.

Chiedza

Mukufananidza nerudo rwekudhiroya, sangano pacharo rakanga richigadziridzwa. Painenge ichinyora nguva dzose muhurongwa, sekutonga, ndicho Chiedza chiri shure kwechikoro. Pamwe chete nekubudirira kwesayenzi uye unyanzvi pamagumo ezana remakore rechi17, ruzivo rweuchenjeri rakatanga kukwira pamwero mukuru munzanga. Izvi zvakaratidzwa mukurambwa kwemitemo yechitendero chechihedheni. Pane ruzivo rutsvene rwakauya zvine musoro uye pfungwa yakajeka. Izvi zvakanyanyisa pasi simba rehutungamiri hwehurumende uye dynasties yekutonga, iyo yakawanda inotaura nezvekubatsira kwechechi. Nguva yeZvhenekeri yakava nzvimbo yekuberekwa kwehuzivi hutsva huchienderana nemasvomhu uye physics. Pakave nenhamba dzakawanda dzekuongorora nyeredzi dzakaramba dzidziso dzezvitendero dzakawanda. Nguva yeZvhenekeri yakabata kwete Europe chete, asiwo Russia, pamwe neFar East, uye kunyange America. Munguva iyi serfisi yakabviswa munyika dzakawanda. Zvakakoshawo kuziva kuti mumazana emakumi mapfumbamwe nemakumi mapfumbamwe nemakumi masere vakadzi vakatanga kutora chikamu mumisangano yesayenzi nehurumende kwekutanga.

Nguva itsva

Takanyora muchidimbu zviitiko zvose zvezvakaitika kare uye zvakasvika muzana remakore rechi20. Iyi nguva inozivikanwa nokuda kwekufamba kwemhando dzakasiyana- siyana muhudhi, huzhinji huri hurumende hunochinja hurumende. Nokudaro, kubva kune imwe nzvimbo yezvekuona, nguva ino inonzi Itsva Nguva. Kubvira pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, munhu anogona kutaura, sangano rave rakaenzana zvakakwana. Uranda hwave huchibviswa munyika yose, uye miganhu yakajeka yehurumende yakasimbiswa. Mamiriro ezvinhu akadaro akava nzvimbo yakakwana yekusimudzira kwete kwete unyanzvi asi nesayenzi. Isu tava kurarama munguva ino, saka, kuitira kuti tiongorore zvakadzama, zvinokosha chete kutarisa kumashure.

Chidimbu chinoguma

Mushure mokunge taudza nguva dzose dzenhoroondo yenyika mukuronga, akazvitsanangura ivo, tadzidza zvaive munharaunda yedu mune iyi kana yezana remakore, tinotendeukira kuchidzidzo chekanaka. Pashure pezvose, zvakaenzana nekubudirira kwemitemo uye mhirizhonga yenyika, unyanzvi hwakagadzirwa, iyo kune vakawanda ndiyo inonyanya kuisa chikonzero chekuparadzanisa nhoroondo yevanhu munguva dzakasiyana. Pasi isu tichamiririra nguva dzeumhizha muhutano, tinozvifananidza uye tichakwanisa kuenzanidza mifananidzo yakajeka yekuti sangano redu rakaumbwa sei kubva pakutanga kwenguva. Kutanga, tinowedzera "nguva" huru, uye tinovagovera mumatavi akasiyana. Mushure mokunge, mimhanzi nguva dzose haigoni kupindirana munguva yakatarwa nenguva imwechete mumabhuku kana, taura, mukupenda.

Unyanzvi: makore ezvakaitika panguva

• Nguva yekare. Sezvo dombo rekutanga rakavezwa, richiguma muzana ramakore rechina BC. E.
• Antiquity - kubva muzana remakore rechi8 BC. E. Pamberi pezana remakore rechitanhatu AD. E.
• Mukati Meguru: Romanesque uye Gothic. Yokutanga inotangira 6-1000 emakore, uye yechipiri - makore gumi nemakumi mashanu.
• Rumutsiriro ndiyo yakakurumbira mazana emakore gumi nematanhatu nemakumi mapfumbamwe.
• Baroque - 16-18th century.
• Rococo - yezana remakore rechi18.
• Classicism. Yakagadzirirwa kurwisana nemamwe mazano kubva kuma16 kusvika kuma1900.
• Kuda zveRoma - chikamu chekutanga chezana remakore rechi19.
• Kusananguka - chikamu chechipiri chezana remakore rechi19.
• Modernism ndiyo kutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti mazuva ano ndeye zita rinowanzoitwa panguva ino yekusika. Munyika dzakasiyana uye nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana zveunyanzvi, mazamu awo akaumbwa, atichakurukura pasi apa.

Icho chinyore chichataurira ... Pakutanga kwekutaura kwakanyorwa

Iye zvino funga nezvemazuva ezvinyorwa panguva yekutevedzana kwezviitiko: nzvimbo yekare (Antiquity neEast), Middle Ages, Renaissance, Classicism, Sentimentalism, Romanticism, Realism, Modernism uye Modernity. Nokuti kokutanga nguva yezvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvakatanga kuonekwa muGrisi, Roma, uye kune dzimwe nyika dzeEast. Yaiva mumasimba aya ayo akatanga mutauro wakanyorwa. Munyika yekare yakatanga kuonekwa nhema-pamusoro peHercules, pamusoro peZeusi nevamwe vanamwari, pamusoro pezvinyorwa uye zvikara zvikuru. Gare gare, vazivi vekutanga, vanofunga nevanyori vakaonekwa. NdiHomer, Sappho, Aeschylus, Horace. Icho chinonzi ikozvino chinonzi lyric nhetembo, asi kazhinji nyaya idzi dzinotaurwa sezvakaitika kare zvinovimbika. Nyika yeAkare East inonyanya kuzivikanwa chete nhetembo dzayo dzinodzidzisa. Zvisinei, ngatisarege kukanganwa kuti yaiva muchikamu ichi chenyika munguva yekare apo bhuku rinokosha kupfuura mamwe ose revanhu rakaonekwa - Bhaibheri.

Middle Middle and Renaissance

Hapana muganhu wakajeka pakati pezviitiko izvi, uye hazvidiwi. Mushure mezvose, mumakore apo Europe yakanga ichangotanga kuumbwa sehurumende, vanhu vakanga vasati vaita unyanzvi. Kuratidzwa kwokutanga kwekugadzirwa kweMiddle Ages kwakapetwa nechechi. Nokudaro, nhaka yenyorwa, yatakagara nhaka kubva mumakore iwayo, inongova yakangwara chete. Pano iwe unogona kudana "Rwiyo Rwangu Rwomukati", "Rwiyo RweRand" uye "Rwiyo rweNibelungs." Makore mazana emakore akazotevera, reRaissance rekuuya, uye nyika inozivikanwa nemazita akadai seShakespeare, Dante, Boccaccio, Cervantes. Nhau dzavo dzinogona kudanwa kusununguka, sezvo pasina chimiro chakajeka, uye pakati pezviitiko ndeye munhu uye manzwiro ake. Ichi ndicho chimiro chikuru cheKutanga.

Kugadziriswa kwematokoni akaoma

Apo patinongoronga makore ehurongwa, zana remakore shure kwezana remakore, zvose zvinowira munzvimbo, kunze kweClassism. Zvinoratidzika kuvapo kunze kwenguva, nzvimbo, zvichirwisana nemamwe mavhiri. Kubvira panguva iyo yakasikwa yakava chikonzero chekugadzirisa kwevanyori vokuEurope, kuwanda kwezviitiko zvekunyorwa kwemabasa ekunyora kwakaonekwa. Zvakanga zvakajeka zvakakamurwa kuva maitiro: ode, satire, dambudziko, comedy, epic, fable. Tinogona kutaura kuti kubvira ipapo, miganhu yekusika yakagadzirwa, iyo yatinoshandisa nhasi (nyora kunyanya cinema).

Sentimentalism uye Romanticism

Iyi miviri miviri inoita sokuti inotsigirana. Vane mukurumbira pamabhuku avo, anotsanangura zvakaitika kune vakanyorwa, mafungiro avo, zvavanoda uye zvinoda. Pakati pevanyori vekudanana kwakanyorwa mumatsamba matsvuku mazita akadai saBalzac, Dickens, Hoffmann, Victor Hugo, Sisters Bronte, Mark Twain, W. Scott nevamwe vazhinji. Mumakore akazotevera ekudanana, vanyori vakadai saOskar Wilde naEdgar Allan Poe vakasika. Nhoroondo dzavo dzisati dzave dzisina manzwiro, asi dzakazara nehuchenjeri hwepfungwa.

Kuona uye Mazuva Ano, pamwe chete nemabhuku emazuva ano

Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi19 ne20, mazamu mazhinji akaonekwa mumabhuku. Munyika yedu ivo vainzi Silver Age, mune vamwe vakangodanwa chete maererano neshoko rimwe basa. Iyo yakakurumbira zvikuru yaiva chiratidzo uye chimiro. Vamiririri venzvimbo idzi vaiva vanyori vakadai saVerlaine, Baudelaire, Rimbaud, Blok. Acmeism yakakurumbira zvikuru muRussia. Mumiririri wake mukuru aiva Anna Akhmatova. Kubvira ipapo, mabhuku akave echokwadi sezvaanogona. Vanhu vakasiya manzwiro emukati nemafungiro. Kubva pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 kusvikira nhasi, vanyori vanotsanangura zviitiko chero chipi zvacho kubva pane zvakanyatsoonekwa, vachitarisa zvose zvitsva zvekufambira mberi.

Unyanzvi Hwakanaka

Iye zvino inguva yekufungisisa nguva dzose mukupenda mukuronga. Tinocherechedza pakarepo kuti pane zvakawanda zvadzo pane zvinyorwa, saka, tichadzokera kune umwe neumwe wavo muchidimbu uye pfupi.

• Cave painting.
• Unyanzvi hwekare hweEgypt neMiddle East.
• Crete-Mycenaean tsika.
• Antique mifananidzo nekunyora.
• MuMiddle Ages: mufananidzo wepiratidzo nemifananidzo yeGothic pamitambo yechitendero.
• Renaissance. Vamiririri vakanaka ndiMichelangelo, da Vinci nevamwe.
• Kubva muzana remakore rechi18, baroque style yakaratidzwa mukupenda. Yakanyatsoratidzwa mumifananidzo yeCaravaggio.
• Classicism, iyo mumasikirwo emasikirwo akaumbwa kubva muzana remakore rechi16, yakaitwa mumabasa aPoussin naRubens.
• Rudo rwechiRoma rwakazviratidza mumakamuri eDelacour neGoya.
• Kufungidzira kwakaonekwa kumagumo ezana remakore rechi19. Van Gogh anofungidzirwa kuti ndiye mumiriri wake akajeka, uye pamwe naye ndiGauguin, Lautrec Munch nevamwe.
• Muzana remakore rechi20 mufananidzo wakakamurwa kuva hutungamiri hwevanhu uye hutsika. Kutanga kwekutanga kwakatanga kubuda muRussia chete. Wechipiri akakunda nyika yose. Inonyatsooneka mumifananidzo ye S. S. Daly, P. Picasso nevamwe vanyori venguva ino.