Halogens - nayo ... halogen yeimwe

Pano muverengi achawana ruzivo pamusoro denderedzwa rechiedza, makemikari zvinhu periodic table D. I. Mendeleeva. Zviri munyaya kuchaita kuti vazivane dzavo makemikari mumuviri zvivako, ari zvakasikwa, nzira chikumbiro uye nevamwe.

General mashoko

Halogens - zvose pezvokuvamba kwemakemikari periodic table vari namanomwe boka. Maererano nzira nokuda classifying ari stroma muri zvinhu zvose boka wechinomwe, huru subgroups.

Halogen - ndivo zvinhu vakakwanisa sei pamwe zvinenge zvose zvinhu nyore mhando kunze imwe mari nonmetals. Zvose izvi simba oxidizers, nekuti pasi zvinhu zvakasikwa, muitiro kuva zvakavhenganiswa chimiro nevamwe zvinhu. Chakarurama halogens reactivity zvinoderedza nezvibereko zvavo ordinal vakaverengwa.

Halogens anotevera zvinhu vari: fluorine, kuiisa chlorine, bromine, ayodhini, astatine uye artificially akasika tennesin.

Sezvambotaurwa, vose halogens - iri oxidizing pamwe akasiyana ehupfumi, tisingabatanidzi zvose zvavo vasiri simbi. External simba pamwero ane maerekitironi nomwe. Kudyidzana pamwe simbi inotungamirira paumbwe imwe Ionic chisungo uye munyu. Inenge ose halides kunze fluoride vangapikisa rimene somunhu kuderedza mumiriri, ari oxidizing dhigirii kuchiguma 7, asi izvi zvinoda kuti anosangana nezvinhu kuva mukuru mwero electronegativity.

Features Mabviro

Muna 1841, Swedish kemisiti J. Berzelius aronga kutanga rokuti halogen, kureva kuzvizivisa panguva F, Br, I. Zvisinei, kusvikira pakatanga rokuti pachinhu yose boka zvokuvamba muna 1811, musayendisiti wokuGermany uye . Shveygger chete shoko rinonzi chloro izwi pachayo rinoshandurwa kubva muchiGiriki se "solerod".

Mabhomba marongerwo uye ukuru oxidation

The configuration rokunze Erekitironi goko mabhomba halogen ndiko: astatine - 6s ² 6p ⁵ iodo - 5s 5p ^{2 5 2} 4p 4S Bromo ⁵ chloro - 3s 3p ^{5 2,} fluoro 2s ² 2p ^5.

Halogen - okunze ane dzokunze Erekitironi goko mhando maerekitironi nomwe kuti dzinovabvumira "effortlessly" batanidza Erekitironi goko riri kukwana kuti wakakwana. Kazhinji, asi oxidation dhigirii kunoratidzwa sezvo -1. Cl, Br, I uye At kuita pamwe zvinhu kuva nedhigirii yakakwirira, kutanga kuratidza yakanaka oxidation dhigirii +1, +3, +5 uye +7. Fluoride ane kugara mwero oxidative -1.

waridza

Nokuda kwavo yakakwirira mwero reactivity pamusoro halogens kazhinji dziri yeimwe. Kupararira panyika nechepasi zvinoderedza maererano kuwedzera mabhomba nharaunda kuna I. Astatine kubva F panyika nechepasi pane zvose pachiyero magiramu uye tennessin vakasikwa artificially.

Halides vanowanikwa zvakasikwa kazhinji ari yeimwe pamusoro halides, uye ayodhini zvinogona kutora chimiro potassium kana yavaibvisa iodate. Nokuda solubility yaro mvura aripo nenyanza mumvura uye brines rwokuzvarwa mavambo. The F - zvishoma mumiririri halogen uye kakawanda kuwanikwa pamabwe sedimentary mhando, uye ayo kwainyanya - a karusiyamu fluoride.

Physical unhu unhu

Halogens nemumwe anogona kuva akasiyana chaizvo, uye vane zvinotevera ehupfumi panyama:

1. Fluorine (F2) - gasi chiedza tsvuku ruvara, ane unopinza uye kunovhiringidza kwakanaka, uye havasi pasi compression chaiye tembiricha ezvinhu. Utsotso ndeyekuti -220 ° C uye kubika pfungwa -188 ° C.
2. Kuiisa chlorine (Cl ₂₎ chinhu gasi haana compressible panguva ambient tembiricha, kunyange kana zvaoma, ane cheYangon, kunzwa kwakanaka uye yero-nyoro ruvara. Utsotso kunotangira -101 ° C uye mota pa -34 ° C.
3. Bromine (Br _2), - a yainge uye rinorema mvura ine shava-mashava ruvara uye unopinza fetid kwakanaka. Inonyunguduka pa -7 ° C uye mamota pa 58 ° C.
4. Ayodhini (I ₂₎ - yakasimba mhando mumiririri ane rima pfumbu ruvara, uye maitire esimbi kubwinya, kunhuwidza zvikuru unopinza. Utsotso kwacho kunotanga apo 113,5 ° C uye mamota pa 184.885 ° C.
5. Rare denderedzwa rechiedza - ndiko astatine (Pana _2), ndiro yakasimba uye ane yebhuruu-dema ruvara pamwe esimbi kubwinya. Utsotso nguva anoenderana kumativi 244 ° C, achibika rinotanga uye pashure kusvika 309 ° C.

Makemikari nature halogens

Halogen - okunze dzakakwirira kwazvo oxidative basa iro kunodzima nenzira kubva F kuna At. Fluorine, sezvo vakawanda vanoshingaira mumiriri halogens, unogona sei nezvirwere zvose nesimbi, pasina dzakakudzingai chero kuvazivisa. Most nesimbi vamiririri kupinda mumhepo pamusoro fluorine kumbotambudzika vaingoerekana combustion, nokudaro kusunungura kupisa zvizhinji.

Pasina pasi fluorine kudziyisa unogona sei pamwe chaizvo vasiri nesimbi, akadai H2, C, P, S, Si. The mhando maitiro hazvisi exothermic uye angaperekedzwa kuputika. Pakutsamwisana F inoenda oxidize ari halogen asara, uye vari kutarisana nemwaranzi, kuti chinhu anokwanisa uye anoita sei weheavy magasi inert hunhu.

Kana kuwadzana zvakaoma mhando yeimwe, fluorine munhu zvikuru akasimba maitiro, semuenzaniso, oxidizing mvura, zvinogona kukonzera kuputika.

The reactive kunogonawo chloro, kunyanya mune akasununguka mamiriro. basa pamwero isingasviki fluorine, asi anokwanisa sei pamwe anenge ose nyore zvinhu, asi senitrogen, okisijeni, uye anokudzwa magasi handifaniri nawo. Kuwadzana rehydrogen, muchidziisa chloro kana yakanaka chiedza pave burnoprotekayuschuyu maitiro achiperekedzwa kuputika.

Mukuwedzera Maitiro uye kuzvitsinhanisa Cl anogona sei aine zvakawanda zvakaoma-mhando zvinhu. Kukwanisa bvikinyidza Br uye ndini kudziyisa imwe remubatanidzwa akasikwa navo aine simbi kana sehydrogen, uye zvinogona sei pamwe alkaline zvinhu.

Bromo mishonga sekwaserera pane kuiisa chlorine kana fluorine, asi achiri hworatidza zvakajeka zvikuru pacharo. Izvi imhaka yokuti vazhinji bromine Br rinoshandiswa sezvo mvura, nekuti ichi mwero kwokutanga pfungwa pane zvimwe yakaenzana ezvinhu kupfuura Cl. Zvinowanzoshandiswa kemisitiri, kunyanya Organic. Rinogona zvazvichanyungudutswa H ₂ O uye zvishoma sei nawo.

Halogen-iodo chaikosha anoumba rimwe fuma nyore I ₂ uye inogona sei pamwe H ₂ O, ichiputswa ari iodide zvinogadzirisa, zvichiumba anions dzakaoma. Ruzhinji halogen I anosiyana kuti hazvina sei pamwe vazhinji vamiririri vasiri nesimbi uye zvishoma nezvishoma zvaanoita pamwe simbi, muchiitiko ichi zvakafanira kuti vakuchidzire. Sezvo hydrogen ikasakendenga chete pachena kuti zvikuru kuchipisa, uye kuita endothermic.

Rare halogen astatine (At) rinoratidza reactivities zvishoma ayodhini, asi unogona sei pamwe simbi. Somugumisiro dissociation kuitika zvose anions uye cations.

mafomu

Halogen yeimwe zvinonzi nevakawanda anoshandiswa munhu akasiyana-siyana munzvimbo. Natural cryolite (Na ₃ Alf ₆₎ chinoshandiswa kugadzirira Al. Bromine uye ayodhini sezvo nyore zvinhu inowanzoshandiswa mishonga uye makambani nemakemikari. In pagadzirwe pagondobwe mota vanowanzoshandisa halogen. Lights - iyi ndiyo imwe nhengo idzodzo. Qualitatively sarudza mashoko nokuda chikamu chino muchina kuchikosha chaizvo, sezvo headlights kuvhenekera mugwagwa usiku, uye nzira nokuda Detective zvose iwe nevamwe vatyairi. Imwe yenzira dzakanakisisa zvinoumba zvinhu kusika xenon headlights vaiona. Halogen zvakadaro zvishoma vakaderera unhu kune inert gasi.

denderedzwa rechiedza Good - ndiko fluorine, imwe chirungiso yaiwanzoshandiswa anogadzira zvinhu toothpastes. Zvinobatsira kudzivisa panowanikwa mazino zvirwere - mazino caries.

Yakadaro chinhu-halogen akadai kuiisa chlorine (Cl), anowana kushandisirwa mukugadzirwa HCl, rinowanzoshandiswa kwetunhu Organic zvinhu zvakadai mapurasitiki, rabha, chakaita zvokugadzirwa fibers, madhayi, uye zvokufembedzwa uye zvakafanana. D. Uyewo kuiisa chlorine yeimwe anoshandiswa sezvo bleaching nevasori neshinda uye donje zvinhu, bepa, uye senzira kudzora utachiona mumvura yokunwa.

Yambiro! Chepfu!

Tichifunga mukuru kwazvo reactivity pakati halogens hunzi muchetura. Izvi zvakajeka zvikuru kukwanisa kubatana maitiro anotaurwa fluorine. Halogens vane simba uye cheYangon zvivako anokwanisa kuita tishu kwokukurukurirana.

Fluoride vaviri vaviri uye aerosols anonzi imwe yenzvimbo nengozi siyana halogen kukuvadza vamwe zvipenyu. Izvi imhaka yokuti kuti taita panoonekwa kunhuwidza uye kunzwa chete kusvika kumusoro kuwanda.

Achiratidza

Sezvo tinogona kuona, kuti halogens ndivo inokosha chaizvo chikamu periodic table, vane ehupfumi zhinji kuti zvisingapindirani panyama uye nemakemikari unhu, mabhomba mamiriro, ukuru oxidation uye mano sei pamwe simbi uye nevasiri simbi. The indasitiri anoshandisa siyana nenzira, kubvira yokuvirisa utsanana zvinhu uye kupedza zvinhu kwetunhu makemikari kemisitiri kana bleaches. Pasinei chokwadi kuti imwe yenzira kuramba nokusika chiedza muna motokari headlamp riri xenon, halogen, zvisinei hazvisi muduku uye harwuna zvinowanzoshandiswa uye ane yayo zvakwakanakira.

Zvino munoziva kuti denderedzwa rechiedza. Crossword chero mibvunzo pamusoro izvi zvinhu kwamuri hausisiri kumutadzisa.