Basa uye kushandisa makabhohaidhiretsi. Kushandiswa makabhohaidhiretsi mukurapa

Makabhohaidhiretsi - chakakosha chezvinonhuwira masero uye nyama upi mupenyu muviri, ingava chirimwa, mhuka, kana munhu. Idzowo huru chitsama makemikari nyaya Nyika. Makabhohaidhiretsi - boka nokururamisira chaizvo yeimwe. Pakati pavo unogona kuwana zvakasiyana siyana zvinhu pamusoro zvivako. Nemhaka iyi inoti, carbohydrate mabasa vari pahupamhi chaizvo. Nhasi tichakurukura dzinokosha ehupfumi, vasiri basa uye kushandisa makabhohaidhiretsi kwakasiyana-siyana zvokudya (uye kwete chete) indasitiri.

manyuko makabhohaidhiretsi

Vanonyanya kupa makabhohaidhiretsi - chef chirimwa mavambo. Kureva, chingwa, bota, miriwo, michero uye michero. Kana zvinhu mhuka, vamwe vavo vari zvakare akapfuma makabhohaidhiretsi. Ndizvo, pakutanga kwezvose, mukaka, rine anonzi mukaka shuga.

Food zvigadzirwa ingasanganisira makabhohaidhiretsi siyana. Naizvozvo, mutengo, kushandiswa makabhohaidhiretsi vavo mashandiro ari kwazvo yakakura. In zviyo uye mbatatisi starch ndiyo - kunzwisisa carbohydrate iri insoluble nemvura, riri rwakakamukana nyore shuga kubudikidza kuitwa zvomudumbu facial. Michero, miriwo uye kumuromo idzi zvinhu dzinoturwa muchimiro nyore shuga: muchero, bhiti, nomudonzvo, mazambiringa uye zvichingodaro. Ndivo mvura soluble uye tsime woga pachitunha. Shuga, mvura-soluble, vari kukurumidza wefodya unopinda muropa.

kudya makabhohaidhiretsi

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti ruzhinji makabhohaidhiretsi apere muchimiro kuzvivako, uye 20-25 chete% muna nyore. Zvinoita kuti zvishoma nezvishoma kundopinda shuga iri tishu. Kana munhu anowana zvokudya zvakakwana mari makabhohaidhiretsi kubva, vari iiswe chiropa uye tsandanyama muchimiro "mhuka starch" glycogen. With kwaiva makabhohaidhiretsi, glycogen yeparutivi wakanamatira kupinda shuga uye raishandiswa zvinodiwa nomuviri (masero simba uye nyama). Kana muviri unowana zvakawandisa yavo, vatendeuke kupinda mafuta. Panzira, anoreva makabhohaidhiretsi sezvo mafuta, iyo kunokosha zvakakodzera kugaya.

Makabhohaidhiretsi - zvinokosha zvinoumba zvokudya, saka havana chete kukonzera simba homeostat muviri, asi kubatanidzwawo mune biosynthesis vanoverengeka kabhoni tubhokisi Polymers. Over hwose, paavhareji munhu anodya 14 matani yeimwe izvi. Izvi, vanenge 2,5 matani - nenzira iri nyore. Kushandiswa mapuroteni, mafuta, makabhohaidhiretsi uye dzavo nomukaka havasi noruvara nezvokudya. Makabhohaidhiretsi - huru chikamu chedu kudya. Ivo uchapedza 4 zvakawanda kakapetwa mapuroteni kana mafuta. In nyore, zvakavhenganiswa kudya, vanenge 60% simba munhu anowana kubva makabhohaidhiretsi. Basa ravo guru mumuviri - kupa simba. The mabasa upenyu hwevanhu zvikuru panyama, zvikuru zvaanoda makabhohaidhiretsi. Kana ndakagara mararamiro mu izvi zvinhu vanoda kunoderedza. Nokuti vaya vasina kuita basa rakaoma, nezuva chinodiwa makabhohaidhiretsi ndiwo magiramu anenge 400.

Order of 50-65% makabhohaidhiretsi achipinda mumuviri yedu pamwe nechipiriso zvigadzirwa. 15-25% - ne shuga uye shuga zvigadzirwa. About 10% - munhu root- uye tuber zvirimwa. Uye vanenge 5-7% - michero nemiriwo.

Makabhohaidhiretsi vane simba kwazvo irritant exocrine rwatata uye kupfuura tichishingaira stimulator pamusoro kwetunhu jekiseni, iyo inoita basa rinokosha mune mutemo carbohydrate muviri uye kuramba Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri shuga homeostasis. Overloading nyore makabhohaidhiretsi kwemakore kunotungamirira β-masero hyperplasia isiri yekenza, uye ipapo - kufenda vazviparadzanise nevamwe maitiro uye pakusikwa prerequisites kuti kukura chirwere cheshuga.

kupatsanura pakati makabhohaidhiretsi

Zvichienderana nemamiriro, pokutaura uye Absorção de Água yevanhu makabhohaidhiretsi, izvo anoumbwa chikafu rakakamurwa nyore uye zvakaoma kunzwisisa. By kungoti zvinosanganisira monosaccharides (fructose, shuga, galactose) uye disaccharides (sucrose, lactose). K kunzwisisa - polysaccharides (cellulose, starch, glycogen). Kunze muenzaniso wakanaka makabhohaidhiretsi, mune imwe neimwe makirasi, pane zvimwe zvishoma rinozivikanwa fuma,.

nyore makabhohaidhiretsi

Mono- uye di-saccharides nyore soluble mumvura nyore kunyura pachitunha. Vari kusiyaniswa munhu anzi chinonhuhwira kuravira, saka unowanzonzi nyore shuga. The inonyanya monosaccharide ndiyo shuga iri michero siyana uye michero, uye synthesized mune cleavage kuti va- uye polysaccharides. Shuga, kamwe mumuviri, nokukurumidza anowana kushanda. Anoumba glycogen, zvinogara uropi uye tsandanyama (kusanganisira mwoyo), uye inodzora ropa shuga yomuropa. Kana nesimba shuga chinogona kushandiswa zvakananga sezvo simba rine.

It ane zvakafanana zvivako uye fructose. Inogona kuonekwa zvinokosha chaizvo, nyore digestible carbohydrate. Asi, zvichienzaniswa shuga, fructose ichiri nomumugwagwa kwaitora nguva kugaya kuti ura, uye, kamwe muropa, nokukurumidza anosiya ropa rukova. 80% fructose iri rakaramba ari chiropa, kudzivirira supersaturation yomuropa. Zvisinei, chiropa synthesizes munhu glycogen fructose nyore pane shuga. Zvichienzaniswa sucrose, fructose wefodya nani uye ane yepamusoro kutapira. Nokuda okupedzisira pfuma kuna kutsvakwa padanho kutapira zvibereko, unogona kushandisa yakawanda fructose maduku, nokudaro kuderedza zvachose kudyiwa shuga. Izvi ndozvazvakaita pakuvaka ane zvokudya caloric kumanikana. Tichitarisa kushandiswa makabhohaidhiretsi muupenyu hwako, vainyatsotarisirwa inofanira kubhadharwa kuti zvokudya zvokudya. Fructose inowanzoshandiswa sezvatinoita shuga iri kugadzirwa mishonga vanhu chirwere cheshuga.

Nechinyoreso nekumwisa sucrose kwakakanganiswa mafuta muviri uye kwakawedzera mafuta inotungamirwa. Uyezve, kare vakaratidza kuti vane kuwedzera uwandu shuga kuti anopinda muviri, kuwedzera kwetunhu mafuta kubva makabhohaidhiretsi yakaoma, mafuta, uye kunyange zvakananga mapuroteni. Somugumisiro, uwandu shuga yaishandiswa murume, anogona kudzora zvikuru mafuta muviri.

With kushandiswa ezvibereko shuga anotanga kutyora remafuta akawandisa muviri uye kuwedzera kugutsikana yaro ropa. Mukuwedzera, zvakawandisa shuga kwakaipa nokuti intestinal kasvisto - tusingaoneki kunowedzera vazhinji chinonyangadza, chinonyangadza urongwa vari nokukurumidza, uye anovandudza flatulence. Nezvahwo, izvi nemishonga zvinochengetwa pakushandisa fructose. The chikuru tsime makabhohaidhiretsi Zvibereko uye michero. A yakawanda fructose uye shuga kuwanikwa uchi: 37,1 uye 36.2%, ukuwo. All shuga, riri visi - fructose Ndiko vanenge 8%.

Next monosaccharide - galactose. Akanga asina kuwanikwa zvokudya iri vakasununguka chimiro. Galactose - iri lactose cleavage chigadzirwa, chikuru carbohydrate mukaka.

Maererano disaccharide, chikuru kwavo kwedu zvinodyiwa sucrose. Munguva hydrolysis nayo rinotsemuka muruoko fructose uye shuga. Vanonyanya kupa vari sucrose, bhiti uye runzimbe shuga. The shuga zviri sejecha-carbohydrate rinosvika 99,75%. Uyezve, sucrose rinowanikwa michero, miriwo uye manwiwa.

dzakaoma makabhohaidhiretsi

Polysaccharides vari kunzwisisa zvikuru nemamiriro Morekuru uye zvikuru pasi solubility mumvura. kirasi iyi inosanganisira: starch, cellulose, glycogen, uye pectin. Kushandisa makabhohaidhiretsi mukirasi iyi kukamurirwa siyana inegumi. The chikuru muviri ukoshi ndiyo starch. Its kugutsikana mudenga zviyo Nde chikonzero mhosva dzavo muviri kukosha. Zvokudya avhareji munhu starch rinotangira 80% zvachose makabhohaidhiretsi kuparadzwa. Kamwe mumuviri, zvinoitika mukati nyore makabhohaidhiretsi uye kuita mabasa avo.

Panyaya glycogen, zviri mumuviri yedu inoita basa nesimba zvinhu dyisa kushanda tsandanyama uye nhengo dzomukati. Glycogen kunoshandurwa kuburikidza reosintez nokuda shuga.

Pectin - a soluble fuma, zvakanaka ozeyewa mumuviri. Sezvinoratidzwa zvichangobva kudzidzwa mumunda utano zvokudya, pectin anogona kushandiswa prophylactic uye dzokurapwa zvinangwa zviri zvirwere nemudumbu.

The internet mamiriro riri pedyo chaizvo polysaccharides. Its kugutsikana mukuru bota zvigadzirwa vanozivikanwa. Uyewo yakawanda faibha ari chigadzirwa, zvikuru ndiye unhu kwayo. The manyoro ari carbohydrate, nani Vakoromorwa ari dumbu, uye kuti anounza zvakawanda zvinobatsira kuti murume. ehupfumi izvi vane faibha miriwo uye matapiri. Chinokosha ndiko mano polysaccharide kusvikira nokubviswa remafuta akawandisa kubva mumuviri womunhu. Zvino funga kushandisa makabhohaidhiretsi zvizere.

parenteral udyo

Kushandiswa makabhohaidhiretsi mu mushonga ichikura nokukurumidza nhasi. Parenteral zvokudya - intravenous kwokubatsira muviri. It rinoshandiswa zviitiko apo murwere haakwanisi kudya vakazvimiririra. Kushandiswa makabhohaidhiretsi mu parenteral zvokudya kwakajairika chaizvo. Vari kushandiswa nyore chikonzero kuti ndivo kupfuura nyore rine simba nokuda dzemuviri. Carbohydrate Energy ukoshi 4 kcal / g. The daily dzevanhu chinodiwa kuti simba anoda kubva 1.5 2 zviuru macalorie. Nokudaro dambudziko nevamwe makabhohaidhiretsi kuzosangana izvozvo. Inoratidzwa isotonic shuga mhinduro kufukidza chose caloric vanhu zvinodiwa anofanira kudururwa kubva 7 kusvika 10 litres kuti mhinduro. Izvi zvingaita kuti Urume zadzisa, pulmonary edema uye zvemwoyo zvirwere.

Kushandisa dzimwe pfungwa yokushanda mhinduro ine shuga hwakazarawo nevamwe nemigumisiro - chidzoke yeplasma hyperosmolarity uye stimulations intimal tsinga (phlebitis uye thrombophlebitis). Uye kuti kubvisa ngozi osmotic diuresis, vanofanira kugara shuga aizomupa mwero kuwanda 0,4 kusvika 0,5 g / makirogiramu / h. Kana isu exchange mufananidzo uyu kune imwe isotonic shuga mhinduro kupa zvishoma kupfuura 500 mm paawa kuti murwere yairema 70 makirogiramu. Kudzivisa kutyora achishivirira kusvikira makabhohaidhiretsi uye kwakatevedzana matambudziko, shuga wakaradzikwa kugadzirisa insulin yakakodzera. The kukarukureta rinoitwa maererano nzira: 1 U 3-4 magiramu rakaoma shuga. Jekiseni kwete chete kunobatsirawo pamusoro shuga Utilisation, asi kunoitawo chaiko amino asidhi Absorção de Água.

Kushandiswa makabhohaidhiretsi mukurapa kunobva mhando. In parenteral zvokudya dzinoshandiswa nevakawanda: fructose, shuga, sorbitol, dextran, glycerol uye ethyl doro.

haushandi chikafu

Kune zvokudya zvakawanda kuti dzinobva zvizere kana rushoma vabve zvokudya makabhohaidhiretsi zvokudya, uyewo nokuwedzera kudyiwa mapuroteni uye mafuta. The US Department of Agriculture akaongorora, maererano iyo Vakawana kuti vanhu avo panezvisina zvokudya yakapfuma makabhohaidhiretsi, zvikurukuru mune hwandaiva uremu. Food, chine mugove makabhohaidhiretsi, zvinovaka muviri, asi zvishoma macalorie.

Sezvaunoziva, muna America, kupfuura hafu yevagari uchitambudzika kubva dambudziko yokufutisa. Uye nhamba yevanhu vakadaro riri kukura zvishoma nezvishoma. Long-rokuti vemo ongororo kuti dzinodyiwa zvigadzirwa dzakaratidza kuti vanhu vari kudya hunodzorwa makabhohaidhiretsi, kugamuchira shoma macalorie pokuda mapuroteni uye mafuta, pamwe zvakafanana nezvokudya kudyiwa. Ichi boka revanhu vose vacho, uye paiva nevanhu vanopfuura 10,000, apasi body mass indekisi. Chikonzero ndechokuti 1000 macalorie kuti carbohydrate tubhokisi zvokudya zvakawanda nokusanzwira mvura. boka iri revanhu kuwana kudya zvimwe zvokudya, kureva mavhitaminzi A uye C, carotene, calcium, simbi uye magnesium. Mafuta, remafuta akawandisa, zingi, yavaibvisa uye vhitamini B12 mune zvokudya zvavo raiva diki pamwero.

Kushandiswa makabhohaidhiretsi uye mafuta ari zvokudya hwakada kufanana. Zvisinei, sezvo kushandiswa makabhohaidhiretsi kuti mapurotini. Yakakwirira kunyatsoshanda kuti makabhohaidhiretsi sechinhu simba bhuku iri kugona kwavo kuchengetedza mapuroteni. Kana yakawanda makabhohaidhiretsi, muviri anoshandisa vashoma amino acids sezvo simba anopinda chikafu zvinhu. Kazhinji, izvi zvinhu hazvisi zvinokosha zvinoumba zvokudya, nekuti vanogona synthesized kubva amino acids uye glycerin Zvisinei, mumwe haafaniri wakarerutsa basa ravo. Kushandiswa makabhohaidhiretsi zvokudya zvinofanira kuva magiramu anenge 50 pazuva. Zvikasadaro, kungava kutyora metabolic kwendangariro.

Zvisinei, zvakawandisa yaunodya kuti carbohydrate kunotungamirira kuti paumbwe subcutaneous mafuta. Kana kuvaka Kudya, zvakakosha kwete chete kugutsa vanhu kudiwa izvi zvinhu, asiwo yokufudza kudyiwa mhando dzakasiyana. Zvinokosha kuti kuongorora nhamba nyore uye kunzwisisa makabhohaidhiretsi. Kana muviri anogamuchira shuga yakawanda, havagoni kunyatsonzwisisa kuti synthesized kuti glycogen uye triglycerides zvakaitika mukusimudzira paumbwe mafuta tishu. Kana ropa jekiseni kugutsikana yakawedzera, muitiro wacho nokukurumidza.

Complex makabhohaidhiretsi, kusiyana nyore, akoromoka zvishoma nezvishoma, saka avo tigutsikane muropa inowedzerawo zvishoma nezvishoma. Nezvenyaya iyi, zvinokurudzirwa kuti huru chikamu carbohydrate zvokudya zvakanga chete zvakaoma digestible zvinhu. uremu hwavo anofanira kuva pakati 80 uye 90 muzana. Kushaya kunzwisisa makabhohaidhiretsi kuoneka kunyanya vaya vanotambura cheshuga, kufutisa, atherosclerosis uye zvirwere kumwoyo.

Sezvaunoziva, makabhohaidhiretsi akawanda zvinoshandiswa zvokudya uye mishonga. Asi munzvimbo iyi kushanda makabhohaidhiretsi hakuiti kugumira ipapo. Pane kumwe vanoshandisa?

shuga

carbohydrate Izvi zvakanaka yokuita zvinoitwa muviri uye kunogona kushandiswa mune murwiyo vamwe mishonga. Uyezve, shuga iri zvinowanzoshandiswa confectionery indasitiri. Achibatsirwa kuita jellies, caramel it, makeke nezvimwe zvigadzirwa. Munguva Whitehead Textile indasitiri nayo anoita somunhu kuderedza zvaanoda. Zvino kugadzirwa glycolic asidhi uye ascorbic acid, shuga iri pokutangira zvinhu. Naro uyewo vakatakura kunze kwetunhu vamwe pagadzirwe shuga.

Wandei kukosha ndechokuti shuga chinovira. Panyaya pamwe sauerkraut, wemagaka, mukaka nezvimwewo zvinogadzirwa, uyewo silage. In kugadzirwa doro kushandisa doro chinovira kuti shuga.

sitachi

Starch - inokosha inotonhorera. Kuti kuita nyore kunyura nomuviri, zvigadzirwa vari pasi kudziyisa kurapwa. Under ezvinhu soro tembiricha kukwana hydrolysis kuti starch, uyewo paumbwe mvura soluble dextrins. Dextrin kamwe zvomudumbu turakiti vari hydrolyzed kuti shuga, iro tsime woga pachitunha. Kana isu kutaura nokushandiswa makabhohaidhiretsi vari indasitiri, haagoni kufuratira starch. Huru zvinogadzirwa kuti anobudiswa pairi - shuga uye shuga manyuchi. Izvi mberi anowedzera nharaunda umo tinofanira kuva kushandisa makabhohaidhiretsi. tsanangura muchidimbu muitiro kubudisa shuga uye starch manyuchi inogona sezvinotevera.

Starch neshungu mune musanganiswa pamwe sanganisa sulfuric acid. Zvakawandisa asidhi iri neutralized nesuko. The precipitate karusiyamu sulphate, iyo yakaumbwa mumakore neutralization iri yakasvinwa kure. Ipapo mhinduro yakanga dzichiitika uye yoga kwazviri shuga. Kana musingadi kuuya hydrolysis kusvikira pakuguma, wawana musanganiswa shuga kune dextrins, unonzi molasses. Rinoshandiswa nenzira confectionery indasitiri. Uyezve, dextrins zvinobva starch dzinoshandiswa nevakawanda sechinhu namira uye thickener kuti pendi. Starch anoratidza sei chikumbiro siyana zvingava makabhohaidhiretsi. Chemical urongwa, saka, haina kuoma.

Yamboshandiswa starching mucheka, izvo rinobvumira Mucheka kufema muupenyu rechipiri uye achawedzera upenyu hwayo basa. Starch zvigadzirwa vakawana kwazviri kuwana kushanda ari Whitehead Textile, mishonga uye foundry indasitiri.

cellulose

Kushandiswa hunobatsira makabhohaidhiretsi kwagara hakuna kumboderera pane kwavakabva basa. Kushandisa makabhohaidhiretsi anogona kuwanikwa zvakasiyana chaizvo mirayiridzo mabasa evanhu. Cellulose (internet) anoshandiswa murume kubva munguva dzekare. Pakutanga, vanhu vakatanga kushandisa huni sezvo mafuta uye kuvaka zvinhu. Zvadaro, donje, neshinda uye dzimwe fibrous miti vakadzidza kuti shinda. Gare gare, mabikirwo akaonekwa, kunogona kuwanikwa kubva huni mapepa. Paper, ayo chaizvoizvo, ari mutete paiva cellulose fibers, izvo remaonde uye glued. Zvinoguma yakasimba, pasi kumeso hwaakange ingi haina kupararira.

Pakutanga, nokuti gadzira mapepa kushandisa chete muriwo mbishi zvinhu (donje uye mupunga madzinde). Kubva ichi setsikawo mechanically zvikaramba fibers. Asi sezvo kukura vanhu, mabhuku aya akanga asina kukwana kufukidza kwokudiwa mapepa. The chikuru kwazvo zviri papepa. Kwakapiwa kuti kunaka bepa hakukoshi, zvakatanga kuwedzera kusvika 50 muzana pasi huni. Naizvozvo ipapo Michina kubvisa kwakadaro padivi zvinhu matanda sezvo Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti, lignin uye nevamwe. Ndizvo saka siyana zvinogona kushandiswa chaikwo makabhohaidhiretsi.

Pari, nzira rakajairika ndiko kuparadzana cellulose sulphite. Rinoshandiswa munzvimbo dzakasiyana, apo pane kushandisa makabhohaidhiretsi. Chemical kwacho kuri nyore. By nzira iyi, matanda akadzvinyirirwa yakabikwa musanganiswa pamwe karusiyamu rehydrogen sulfate. Ko zvino vasunungurwa kubva ose nouipi akaparadzaniswa pamusoro cellulose filters. The zvichiguma rinodhaka rinoumbwa monosaccharides, saka rinoshandiswa senzira mbishi mashoko doro kugadzirwa. Uye cellulose rinoshandiswa zvaAtemisi viscose, acetate uye cuprammonium fibers.

Dzimwe nguva ndakanganisa nokuti makabhohaidhiretsi Mahydrocarbon. Pasinei chokwadi kuti makirasi aya vaviri zvinhu anotaurwa vorega, havana ukama kune mumwe. Kushandiswa zvine Mahydrocarbon mumusha uye kubasa - zviri rungano yakatosiyana.

mhedziso

Nhasi uri iwe kunge chakawedzera ruzivo rwavo nezvinhu zvakadai makabhohaidhiretsi. Properties uye kushanda kunoita makabhohaidhiretsi uye kushandiswa kwawo kune vanhu zvinoratidza kuti izvi zvinhu zvinokosha utachiona zvinoumba redu. Ndivo chaizvoizvo pose pose uye muzvinhu zvose. Asi ichi hachisi kukosha, asi kuti upenyu hwedu havasi makabhohaidhiretsi zvaisazobvira. kushandisa Too chaizvo makabhohaidhiretsi muupenyu.