Galapagos Finch: kwakabva marudzi. Zvikonzero kusiyana nemamiriro muromo

Nokuti kuti ari Galapagos Islands havasati chikamu yakaoma, uye yakabuda kubva muura enyika, uye kasvisto dzavo uye fauna of nevamwe. Vazhinji vamiririri vane endemic, uye kupfuura kumwe munyika regai kuitika. Izvi zvinosanganisira mhando dzakasiyana uye Darwin finches. Vakanga kutanga rakarondedzerwa Charles Darwin, uyo yakawanikwa kukosha kwavo dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka.

Origin of Species

Endemic boka shiri duku, mamwe masayendisiti anoreva mhuri emberizidae, vamwe - kuna Tanager. The zita rechipiri - yaDarwin - vakagamuchira kuonga kwayo akawana. Young uye chinzvimbo musayendisiti akashamiswa zvitsuwa hunhu. Iye akataura kuti zvinhu zvose finches zviri Galapagos Islands tateguru, vakasimuka pano anopfuura mamiriyoni 2 years ago kubva kondinendi pedyo, kureva, Ungangove, kubva kuSouth America.

Shiri dzose dziri duku, muviri urefu Avharenji 10-20 masendimita Musiyano mukuru, izvo chakaita Charles Darwin pfungwa speciation -. The chimiro uye kukura shiri muromo. Akasiyana-siyana, uye rinobvumira neimwe mhando ipi zvavo zvakaparadzana zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza niche. Uyezve, pane kusiyana ruvara minhenga (vatema uye shava mavara ukakunda) uye vocalizations. Zvepasi shiri, musayendisiti yakati kuti pakutanga chitsuwa chaiva chimwe chete mhando finches. Zvishoma nezvishoma kupararira kuburikidza rezvitsuwa, achichinja kuita zvakasiyana dzinogarisana mamiriro. Zvisinei, akagadzirira-to-upenyu munyika utsinye ezvinhu akanga asiri ose Darwin finches. Beaks - yaiva huru yokuona rwokuzvarwa vakasarudzwa. In kutamburira vapone zvinobatsira yakanga avo rudzi umo vari wakanyatsokodzera zvokudya zvemo. Vamwe vanhu vakagamuchira dzakasiyana-siyana mbeu, apo vamwe - zvipembenene. Zvakaguma kukamurwa primordial (yemadzitateguru) mhando dzakawanda dzimwe, uye mumwe nomumwe wavo unyanzvi mune imwe chikafu chawo.

Somugumisiro tsvakurudzo ake uye zvinhu zvishoma Galapagos Finch chakapinda munyika zvipenyu nhoroondo uye asinganzwisisiki uye kure zvitsuwa akazova panze rabhoritari kuti rakanakira kuchengeta migumisiro shanduka kwendangariro.

ano maonero

Akafuridzirwa dzidziso Charles Darwin-shanduka finches achishingaira vakabatsira sayenzi yemazuva wayo chisimbiso. Kanenge kutaura musayendisiti ichi kubva Princeton University Peter Grant nevamwe vake.

tsvakurudzo yavo, ivo akasimbisa kuti mhaka siyana kwemarudzi ose Galapagos finches iri chikafu nechigadziko uye kurwira pakati vanhu zvakasiyana. Pabasa ravo, vanoti kuti pfupi nguva nemumwe eshiri kuchinja kwakadaro kwakaitika. Finch muromo saizi yachinja somugumisiro ndechokuti chitsuwa purofiti vakwikwidzi, uye zvokudya zvaiva zvishoma. Zvakanditorera makore 22 kuti shanduka pezvakaitwa kungoenzana nguva. In Finch muromo aiitwa maduku, uye vakakwanisa kusada makwikwi nokuenda zvokudya zvakasiyana.

Zvakabuda makore anopfuura 33 ebasa dzakabudiswa mumagazini inonzi Science. Zvinosimbisa nezvebasa rinokosha makwikwi nedanho kuumbwa itsva kwemarudzi.

Rinounza pachitsuwa vakawanda finches, uye vose vari endemic, asi Zvinonyanyozivikanwa mhando huru matatu boka pasi-uchifamba. Ngatikurukurei navo zvizere.

Large mukonde Finch

A songbird diki (yaifananidzira pamusoro) anogara pazvitsuwa zvina rezvitsuwa, uye sezvo unogona kufungidzira kubva rokuremekedza, upenyu hwake ari rakada chokuita mukonde. This Galapagos Finch kuzvishandisa kwete chete sezvo pokugara asiwo chikafu (emichero nemaruva). Muromo oblong chimiro, simba, zvakanaka akakodzera kuti kuwana tumbuyu uye mbeu. Black, pamwe wachena makwapa vanhukadzi.

Medium ivhu Finch

Uyu mufananidzo kuimba finches, yakawanikwa naCharles Darwin vari Galapagos Islands. The nemamiriro muromo riri simba, simba, wakafanira nekudzvanya duku mbeu kukura. Hwaro zvokudya sezvo vari tumbuyu (zvakananga kuti anounganidza utachiona hwacho kubva ganda conolophus uye nenjiva), uye taitanha michero. Maererano zvichangobva kudzidzwa, ndizvo ichi mhando inogona muenzaniso wakanaka mangwanani sympatric speciation. Pane vanhu vaviri (morphs) kuti vari siyanei nemamiriro muromo. Zvisinei, izvi zvakaita kuti musiyano nokuimba. Somugumisiro, vanhu vose nevanhu vanogara mundima iyoyo, asi zvikurukuru chete vakayambukira mukati morphs.

Sharpbeak ivhu Finch

Amazing Galapagos Finch yakanakisisa kuzivikanwa mumwe subspecies - septentrionalis. Zvokudya Its ine kunonyanya ropa nedzimwe mhuka mhenyu pachitsuwa, kunyanya gannets. Sharp uye dzakaonda muromo vanongodya agure ganda chero anotanga kubudisa ropa. Nokudaro nzira isina kujairika ivo nekure muviri vanoda ari mvura, iyo anopa zviwi ishoma zvikuru. Anofungidzirwa, maitiro rino rakavapo pamusana tupukanana chikafu, izvo shiri hatch mune dzimwe mhuka.

We vorudzii uchiona dzepabonde dimorphism: vanhurume ndivo zvikurukuru minhenga vatema, uye vanhukadzi - grey pamwe shava makwapa.

camarhynchus

The genus ine mhuka matanhatu, vose vane endemic vakawana chete Galapagos Islands. The fauna of uye nemiti inzvimbo vanoshupika zvikuru uye zviri nyore kuparadzwa kana kupindira mavari. Kugadzirwa mu voga kubva munyika chitsuwa vanoda kudzivirirwa uye kuchengetedza. Kunyanya, mangrove tea muti Finch pari mungozi kutsakatika. Small pfumbu shiri ne muorivhi nechityu kurarama chete chitsuwa - Isabela, yevagari kukura vanenge 140 vanhu.

Kufarira ndiyo nzira Galapagos Finch vanodzirurira. Iye anoda guru zvipembenene mazana, izvo ibvai pasi omuti wacho dzimwe nguva zvakaoma, saka rinoshandisa chaiwo zvishandiso (tsotso, manyoro, uswa), izvo nouchenjeri anochera mukati. Saizvozvowo kunouya mumwe shiri iyi mhando - the Woodpecker Finch (yaifananidzira), uyo anoda kushandisa kusanganisira spines ane mukonde.