Female hweOttoman Sultanate

Munyaya ino tichashandisa hunonyatsodonongodza Female Sultanate hweTurkey. Tichataura pamusoro mumiririri wake uye bhodhi iri inofungidzirwa ino nguva munhau.

Tisati funga muudzame sultanate vakadzi hweOttoman Empire, mashoko mashoma ari mamiriro umo iri kuchengetwa. Zvakafanira kuti tiri kufarira kupinda munguva munhoroondo chechinyorwa.

The hweTurkey unonziwo hweOttoman. It rakaumbwa muna 1299. Panguva iyoyo ini, Osman Gazi, uyo akava Sultan wokutanga muumambo hwacho, vakazivisa rusununguko kubva Seljuk nharaunda duku wehurumende. Zvisinei, vamwe matsime akashuma kuti Sultan kuti musoro kekutanga kwaitanga kugamuchirwa chete Murad I, muzukuru wake.

Ichatonga zvine mbiri hweOttoman Empire

Rokutonga Suleiman ini Zvikuru (kubvira 1521 kusvika 1566) anonzi ichatonga zvine mbiri hweOttoman Empire. Portrait of Sultan akapa pamusoro. Muna 16-17 emakore, hweOttoman mamiriro aiva mumwe kupfuura simba munyika. Mundima Empire kusvika 1566 yaisanganisira nyika iri guta Persian kweBaghdad kumabvazuva kweBudapest uye Hungary kuchamhembe kusvika kumaodzanyemba Mecca uye Algeria kumavirira. The pesvedzero wehurumende ichi munzvimbo kubvira pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi17 zvishoma nezvishoma akawedzera. Empire pakupedzisira vakadonha mushure pokurashika muna World War First.

Basa revakadzi muhurumende

Mumakore 623 pakati hweOttoman hwedzinza akatonga nyika zvaiva munyika, pamwe 1299 kusvika 1922, apo umambo havasisipo. Vakadzi dzinofarira yedu hwacho, mukusiyana kuti monarchies dzeEurope, havana kubvumirwa chibate hurumende. Zvisinei, izvi zvakanga zviri zvose Islamic munyika.

Zvisinei, munhau hweOttoman Empire, pane inonzi sultanate vakadzi. Panguva ino, fair pabonde vakanga vachishingaira muhurumende. Vanyori vezvakaitika kare vakawanda nomukurumbira vakaedza kunzwisisa Sultanate vakadzi, kunzwisisa basa rayo. Nesuwo kukupa tinyatsoziva ichi anonakidza nguva munhau.

Shoko rokuti "Sultanate Chevakadzi"

Kokutanga ino izwi kunoburitsa kushandiswa muna 1916, Ahmet Refik Altynay, Turkish wenhoroondo. Inowanikwa mubhuku musayendisiti. basa rake anonzi - "sultanate vakadzi." Uye mazuva ano kuoma gakava pamusoro matambudziko kuti akava pamusoro pokumuka iyi hweOttoman Empire. Pane kusawirirana kuti chii chiri chikuru chinokonzera Fani iyi saka zvakajairika kuti vechiIslam nyika. Masayendisiti gakava ndiani anofanira kunzi mumiririri Women of Sultanate rokutanga.

zvinokonzera

Vamwe vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanofunga kuti iyi yakanga kunotangira panguva kuguma hurumende. Zvinozivikanwa kuti hurongwa munyika kukunda uye kugamuchira muhondo kwaibva pavo. Zvimwe masayendisiti anodavira kuti vakadzi vari Sultanate hweOttoman Empire akazviratidza nokuvonga kutamburira abolition mutemo "On Kwevaapostora", rakabudiswa Mehmed II Fatih. Maererano nomutemo uyu, zvose navanun'una Sultan anofanira hazvo kuurayiwa mushure accession chigaro. Hazvina basa zvakanga, izvo vavariro vaiva navo. Historians vane maonero ichi tenda Hjurrem Sultan ari mumiririri Women of Sultanate rokutanga.

Hjurrem Sultan

Mukadzi uyu (mufananidzo wake anopiwa pamusoro) aiva mudzimai Suleiman I. Zvakanga iye uyo muna 1521, kokutanga munhoroondo ehurumende, akatanga kupfeka musoro "Haseki Sultan". In shanduro mutsara uyu zvinoreva "mudzimai chaanofarira".

Tiudzei zvimwe pamusoro Hjurrem Sultan, ane zita runowanzotaurwa nezvarwo sultanate revakadzi Turkey. zita rake chairo - Lisovskaya Aleksandra (Anastasia). MuEurope, mukadzi aizivikanwa Roksolana. Akaberekwa muna 1505 muWestern Ukraine (Rohatyn). Muna 1520, Sultan Hjurrem apinda Istanbul Topkapi Palace. Pano Suleiman I, Sultan kweTurkey, akapa Alexandra zita idzva - Hjurrem. Iri ndiro shoko kubva mutauro Arabic anogona kushandurwa kuti "kuunza mufaro." Suleiman I, sezvatakagamuchira akati, mukadzi uyu akapa zita "Haseki Sultan". Alexandra Lisovskaya kuwana zvakawanda simba. Iye kwakatosimba 1534, apo amai Sultan akafa. Kubvira panguva iyoyo akatanga kumhanya Hjurrem revakadzi.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mukadzi akadzidziswa kwazvo nguva yake. Zvaaiva nazvo mitauro inoverengeka vatorwa saka mhinduro mabhii avakuru simba, vatongi uye vemifananidzo dzavatorwa. Uyezve, Hjurrem Haseki Sultan anogamuchira vamiriri dzavatorwa. Hjurrem chaizvoizvo aiva mubatsiri enyika Suleiman I. Murume wake vakapedza chikamu chinokosha nguva ari mishandirapamwe, saka kakawanda aitofanira kuita mabasa ake.

The unoreva zvakawanda kuti kuongorora basa Sultan Hjurrem

Haasi masayendisiti ose anobvumirana pfungwa kuti mukadzi uyu anofanira kukurukurwa sezvo mumiririri Women of Sultanate. Mumwe mukuru nharo kuti kupa ndechokuti nomumwe vamiririri iyi munhau zvave dzinoratidzwa anotevera maviri pfungwa: hutongo pfupi pamusoro sultans uye kuvapo rokuti "Walid" (amai Sultan). Hakuna hairevi Hjurrem. Haana kurarama makore masere, "Walid" mukana kuti vawane rokuremekedza. Uyezve, kwakanga nomusoro kufunga kuti izwi rokutonga Sultan Suleiman ndakanga pfupi, nokuti akatonga kwemakore 46. Sezvo, Zvisinei, zvingava zvakaipa vanouti ushe "kuderera". Asi isu tiri kufarira munguva sechinhu migumisiro chete "kuderera" umambo. Raiva mamiriro ezvinhu akaipa ari munyika akasika sultanate nevakadzi hweTurkey.

Mihrimah akatsiva Hjurrem akafa (yaifananidzira pamusoro - guva rake), achiva chairwoman pamusoro revakadzi Topkapi. Zvinonzi zvakare vaidavira kuti mukadzi uyu akanga zvadzinoitawo pane mukoma wake. Zvisinei, haigoni kuonekwa mumiririri Women of Sultanate.

Uye uyo anogona nenzira yakakodzera kunzi nokuwanda? Tinopa iwe mazita vatongi.

Female Sultanate hweTurkey: pamazita vamiririri

Nezvikonzero dzataurwa pamusoro apa, vakawanda kare vanofunga kuti vamiririri zvina chete.

• Wokutanga wavo - Nurbanu Sultan (Makore oupenyu - 1525-1583). In mavambo zvakanga Venetian, zita womukadzi - Cecilia Venier-Baffo.
• mumiririri rechipiri - Safiye Sultan (anenge 1550 - 1603). Ichokwadi zvakare Venetian, ane chaiye zita - Sofia Baffo.
• Mumiriri wechitatu - Kösem Sultan (Makore oupenyu - 1589 - 1651). mavambo ayo Hazvizivikanwi chaizvo, asi anofungidzirwa raiva Greek Anastasia.
• Uye vokupedzisira, mumiriri chechina - Turhan Sultan (Makore oupenyu - 1627-1683). mukadzi uyu - yechiUkraine ainzi Hope.

Turhan Sultan uye Sultan Kesemen

Kana yechiUkraine Nadezhda makore 12 okuberekwa, asi Crimean Tatars akamutora senhapwa. Vakatengesa wake Ker Suleyman Pasha. Iyewo, resold mukadzi Walid Kesemen, mai Ibrahim I, mubati pfungwa chakakanganisika. Pane firimu rinonzi "Mahpeyker", iro rinotaura pamusoro upenyu Sultan uye mai vake, chaizvoizvo akamira musoro umambo. Aifanira dzitarisire nhau dzose, sezvo Ibrahim ndakanga mupfungwa chakakanganisika, saka aisagona zvakanaka kuita mabasa avo.

mutongi uyu akasvika choumambo muna ra1640, aine makore 25. Zvakafanana zvakakosha hurumende chiitiko chakaitika pashure pokufa Murad IV, mukoma wake (nokuti izvo pamakore okutanga munyika aitungamirirwa sezvo Kösem Sultan). Murad IV Wakapedzisira Sultan, vachirondedzera kune hweOttoman hwedzinza. Naizvozvo Kesemen akamanikidzwa zvinetso kwohumwe utongi.

The mubvunzo yokugara

Zvaizoratidza sokuti, kuti mugari wenhaka kuva dzakawanda revakadzi harisi nyore. Asi pakanga hove. Chaiva chokwadi chokuti imbecile Sultan aiva kujairika kunaka uye dzavo pfungwa vanhukadzi runako. Ibrahim I (asian wake akauya pamusoro) vanosarudza vakadzi mafuta kwazvo. Chronicles ndiwo zvinyorwa makore iwayo umo kutaurwa yakanga murongo, aifarira. kurema kwayo kwakanga anenge 150 makirogiramu. Kubva ichi tinogona kufungidzira kuti Turhan, uyo akapa mwanakomana wake mai vake, uyewo aiva rebei uremu. Zvichida ndokusaka nayo Akatenga Kesemen.

The hondo pakati maviri Walid

Hazvizivikanwi kuti vana vakawanda vakaberekerwa kuUkraine tariro. Asi tinoziva kuti ndicho rokutanga vamwe varongo akamupa mwanakomana Mehmed. Izvi zvakaitika muna January 1642 Mehmed chaizivikanwa mugari wenhaka chigaro. Pakafa Ibrahim I, uyo akaurayiwa muna nevapanduki, akava Sultan itsva. Zvisinei, panguva ino akanga ava nemakore 6 chete okuberekwa. Turhan, mai vake, maererano nemurairo kugamuchira musoro "Walid", izvo angadai wakasimudza naye pamusoro hurumende. Zvisinei, zvinhu ndakadzidzawo haana naye nyasha. Vake-Kösem Sultan, ndaida kumupa. It yabudirira chii vasingagoni kuitwa mukadzi upi. Ndiye rwechitatu akazova Valide Sultan. Mukadzi uyu aiva oga munhau aiva musoro kana kutonga muzukurukomana.

Asi chokwadi kuti bhodhi rayo yakasiyiwa Turhan. In mumuzinda kwemakore matatu (1648 kusvika 1651) kwakamuka zvinonyadzisa, chichinetsa. Muna September 1651 ari Kesemen-makore 62 okuberekwa akawana zvakadzipwa. Iye akasvimha Turhan.

Kupera Women kuti sultanate

Saka, maererano vakawanda kare dzinoti pakutanga sultanate wevakadzi 1574. Zvakanga ipapo Nurbanu Sultan akapiwa zita Walid. Akapedza kudzidza chete nguva mubereko kwatiri muna 1687, mushure accession kuti chigaro Sultan Suleyman II. Akanga atova vakura waiva simba guru, pashure 4 makore iye afa Turhan Sultan, akava ichangoburwa simba Walid.

The mukadzi akafa muna 1683, aine makore 55-56. marangwanda ake vakavigwa muguva ari chechi, izvozvo konekwa. Zvisinei, kwete 1683, uye 1687 anonzi mukuru musi kuguma nguva Women of Sultanate. Zvakanga iyoyo makore makore 45, Mehmed IV paakabviswa pachigaro. Izvi zvakaitika somugumisiro nokumukira, iyo yakarongwa nokuda Koprulu, mwanakomana Grand Vizier. kwakaguma Saka sultanate nevakadzi. Mehmed mujeri kwemakore 5 kwemakore uye akafa muna 1693.

Nei basa vakadzi yakawedzera mu nokutongwa nyika?

Pakati huru zvikonzero kuti basa revakadzi kwakawedzera muhurumende, pane zvakawanda. Mumwe wavo - Vanya Sultanov kune zvakanaka pabonde. Chimwe - matambudziko ane vana vavo mai. Chimwe chikonzero - chokwadi chokuti sultans vakanga incapacitated ne nguva accession chigaro. Zvinogona kucherechedzwa wo manomano uye vanoronga vakadzi uye vanhuwo zvinongoitikawo. Chimwe chinokosha - zviri chii chikuru vizier kakawanda kutsiviwa. Ya yavo atore ake pambiru waiva mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi17, avhareji pfuurei gore. Izvi, chokwadi, vakabatsira kunyongana kwaiva kumaruwa uye enyika disintegration umambo.

Kubvira muzana remakore rechi18, mukuru sultans vakatanga kuuya pachigaro kare mune zvakanaka akura zera. Mai vazhinji vavo vanofa vana vavo vasati vakava vatongi. Vamwe vakanga vakwegura vasingachadi vakakwanisa kurwira simba uye chikamu chinokosha paruzhinji nyaya. Tinogona kutaura kuti pakati muzana remakore rechi18 Walid haana vane basa rinokosha mudare. Havana kubatanidzwa hurumende.

Kukoshesa nguva sultanate vakadzi

Female Sultanate muna hweTurkey vanofungidzirwa zvakawanda chaizvo. The kwakanaka pabonde maimbova varanda uye vakakwanisa kusimuka kuti chinzvimbo wokusvika Walid, vakanga kazhinji haana vakagadzirira nechokwadi kuti ezvematongerwo mufambiro munyaya. Mukusarudza kwake musarudzo uye kugadzwa inokosha zvepamusoro, vaivimba kunonyanya pamusoro zano kuvimba. kazhinji kusarudza haina kwakavakirwa mano vamwe vanhu kana kuvimbika kwavo kuna raitonga hwedzinza dzavo kuvimbika ethnically.

Ukuwo, hadzi sultanate hweTurkey aiva zvakanaka divi. Pamusana kwaari, akakwanisa kuponesa monarchical murayiro, runozivisa mamiriro ichi. Zvaibva nezvokuti ose sultans kunge kubva chete hwedzinza. Kusaita zvinhu nomazvo kana kutadzawo vatongi (akadai utsinye Sultan Murad IV kuti, ane asian anopiwa kumusoro, kana unopenga Ibrahim I) zvaizopedza zvinoitwa uye simba vavo kana vakadzi. Zvisinei, mumwe haagoni kufungawo chokwadi kuti zviito vakadzi, kuitwa iyi yakabatsira kuti kurega kunotanga umambo. To mukuru pamwero ichi rinoshanda Turhan Sultan. Mehmed IV kuti, mwanakomana wake, 11 September 1683 akarasikirwa Hondo Vienna.

In mhedziso

Vakawanda tinogona kutaura kuti munguva yedu hakuna inonzwisisika uye kazhinji kugamuchirwa nhoroondo tinyatsonzwisisa matambudziko kuti akava pamusoro pokumuka munhukadzi Sultanate umambo. Mamwe masayendisiti anodavira kuti bhodhi iri akanaka pabonde anenge akasunda munyika kuti vaiparadze. Vamwe vanofunga kuti zvakanga pane chaitika pane mhaka munyika kuderera. Zvisinei, chimwe chinhu chiri pachena: mukadzi hweOttoman Empire akanga ndoda kukanganisa uye vakanga zvikuru mberi kure absolutism pane mutongi wavo ano mu Europe (somuenzaniso, Elizabeth I uye Catherine II).