Dante Alighieri: biography, mazuva eupenyu, zvisikwa

Mukurumbira wenyika ndiro zita romudetembi akakurumbira weItaly Dante Alighieri. Mitsara kubva kumabasa ake inogona kunzwika mumitauro yakasiyana-siyana, sezvo inenge nyika yose inonyatsoziva zvisikwa zvake. Inowanikwa nevakawanda, yakashandurirwa mumitauro yakasiyana-siyana, yakadzidzwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzepasi. Panharaunda yenhamba huru yeEurope kune dzimwe nyika dzinogadzirisa kuunganidza, kutsvakurudza uye kuparadzira ruzivo pamusoro penhaka yavo. Zuva rekuyeuka zuva rehupenyu hwaDante ndeimwe yezviitiko zvechiitiko chikuru muupenyu hwevanhu.

Tora mukusapera

Panguva iyo apo mudetembi mukuru akazvarwa, vanhu vaitarisira kuchinja kukuru. Yakanga iri mambakwedza ehukuru hwemamiriro ezvinhu ezvakaitika kare, ayo akachinja zvachose chiso cheEuropean society. Nyika yepakati pekare, kudzvinyirirwa kwevanhu, hutsinye uye kusabatana kwaiva chinhu chekare. Kubuda kwechikwata chevatengesi vepagari vasingabhadharwi . Nguva ye simba uye kubudirira kwenyika dzenyika dzakauya.

Saka, Dante Alighieri (ane nhetembo dzakashandurirwa mumitauro yakasiyana-siyana yenyika) haasi murondedzeri wokupedzisira weMiddle Ages, asiwo munyori wekutanga wemazuva ano. Anotungamirira runyora rine mazita eRenaissance titans. Ndiye ndiye akatanga kutanga kurwisana nechisimba, utsinye, obscurantism yenyika yekare. Aivewo mumwe wevaya vakatanga kusimudza bhaniro revanhu. Uyu waiva danho rake mukusafa.

The Youth of the Poet

Nzira yehupenyu yaDante Alighieri, nhoroondo yake yakanyatsobatana zvikuru nezviitiko izvo zvakaratidza hupenyu hwevanhu uye hwematongerwe enyika rweItaly panguva iyoyo. Akaberekerwa mumhuri yeMafatinesine emarudzi muna May 1265. Vaimiririra varombo uye vasingazivikanwi mhuri yefodhu.

Baba vake vakashanda seye gweta muFirrentine banking firm. Akafa mangwanani-ngwanani, kunyange panguva yehuduku hwake, gare gare mwanakomana mukurumbira.

Kutaura kwekuti zvishuwo zvezvematongerwo enyika zvakanga zvichinyisa munyika, hondo dzeropa dzaigara dzichiitika mumasvingo eguta, Florentine kukunda kwaizova kukunda kukundwa, zvisingagoni kurega kutaridzirwa kwechirwere chidiki. Akanga ari mucherechedzi wekuparadzanisa kweGhibellian simba, maropafadzo emakurukota uye kuumbwa kwePolanska yaFlorence.

Zvidzidzo zveDante zvakaitwa mukati memadziro echikoro chemazana chepakati pekare. Mukomana uyu akakura zvikuru, saka akanga asina kukwana, asina kudzidza kuchikoro. Akaramba achidzokorora zivo yake oga. Kunyanya kumucheche mukomana akatanga kuve nehanya nemabhuku uye unyanzvi, achibhadhara zvakanyanya kupera, mimhanzi uye nhetembo.

Kutanga kwoupenyu hwemunyori wemunyori wenhetembo

Asi hupenyu hwemabhuku eDante hunotanga panguva apo maji evanhu vehurumende vanonwa nemabhuku, unyanzvi, mhizha. Zvose izvo zvange zvisingagoni kujekesa zvizere kuti zviripo, zvakabuda kunze. Mumazuva iwayo , maitiro matsva eunyanzvi akatanga kuonekwa sewaini mumunda wemvura.

Kwenguva yokutanga semudetembi, Dante akazviedza pachake achigara mudenderedzwa re "new style". Asi kunyange mune izvo zvakapfuura zvakakwana nhetembo munhu haagoni kubatsira kubvuma kuvapo kwechisimba chisina kunaka chemanzwiro akaputsa mifananidzo yemutauro uyu.

Muna 1293, bhuku rokutanga remunyori wacho rakabudiswa pasi pemusoro unoti "Upenyu Hutsva". Muchikwata ichi pakanga pane nhetembo makumi matatu, iyo kunyora iyo yakabva muna 1281-1292. Vaiva nehurukuro yakawanda yeprosaic, yakaratidzwa ne autobiographical uye philosophy-aesthetic character.

Mune nhetembo dzekereke iyi yakatanga kutaurwa nezvorudo nyaya yerunyori. Chinhu chakanamatwa kwake chaiva Beatrice Portinari zvakare mumazuva apo mukomana uyu akanga asina makore 9. Rudo urwu rwakafanirwa kupedzisa hupenyu hwake hwose. Kazhinji kazhinji, yakawana kuratidzwa kwayo nenzira yekusangana kasingawanzoitiki nguva dzose, kutarisa kwenguva pfupi kweadiwa, mumiseve yake isina maturo. Uye mushure me1290, apo rufu rwakatora Beatrice, rudo rwedetembi rwunova dambudziko rake pachavo.

Kuita zvematongerwo enyika

Kutenda ku "Upenyu Hutsva" zita raDante Alighieri, ane biography inofadza uye inotyisa, inova yakakurumbira. Mukuwedzera kune mudetembi ane tarenda, akanga ari nyanzvi yepamusoro, mumwe wevanhu vakadzidza zvikuru muItaly. Uhu hwayo hwaaifarira hwaive hukuru hunoshamisa panguva iyoyo. Akadzidza nhoroondo, mafiroso, rhetoric, teology, astronomy, geography. Akabhadharawo zvakanyanya kurongwa hwekuEastern philosophy, dzidziso dzaAvicenna naAverroes. Hanya dzake dzakanga dzisingakwanisi kupukunyuka vanyori vekare vekare uye vaifunga - Plato, Seneca, Virgil, Ovid, Juvenal. Kunyanya kukoshesa zvisikwa zvavo zvichagoverwa kune vanhu vanoita zveKutanga.

Dante aigara achisarudzwa neguta reFlorrentine kuti riremekedzwe. Akaita hukuru hunokosha hwemapurisa. Muna 1300, Dante Alighieri akasarudzwa kuhofisi ine mapfumbamwe matanhatu. Vamiririri varo vaitonga guta racho.

Kutanga kwekuguma

Asi panguva imwe chete pane kuwedzera kwekukakavara kwemakakatanwa ehurumende. Zvadaro nzvimbo yepamusoro yehutsinye yaiva Guelph mushure payo. Akaparadzanisa kuva "mutsvuku" uye "mutsvuku" musangano, zvakanyanya kupesana.

Iyo mask yaDante Alighieri pakati peGuelphs yakanga yakachena. Muna 1301 pamwe nekutsigirwa kwePapa "dema" Guelphs yakabata simba pamusoro peFlorence uye yakatanga kusakanganiswa nevanopikisa. Vakatumirwa kutapwa uye kuurayiwa. Kuvepo kweDante chete muguta kwakamuchengetedza kubva pakuzvidzwa. Akatongerwa rufu musipo. Akanga akamirira kupisa nguva pfupi mushure mokuuya kunyika ye Florentine.

Nguva yekutapwa kubva kumusha

Panguva iyoyo, kuparara kunorwadza kwakaitika muhupenyu hwemunyori wenhetembo. Kuruboshwe asina nyika yekwawo, anomanikidzwa kutenderera nemamwe maguta muItaly. Kwenguva yakati akange ari kunze kwenyika, muParis. Akanga achifara kuona mune vakawanda palazzos, asi haana kumbogara. Akanzwa kurwadziwa kukuru kubva pakukundwa, uye aidawo Florence, uye kugamuchira vaeni machinda kwaiita sechinyadzisa uye ichimuzvidza.

Munguva yekutapwa kubva kuFlorence, kushambidzika kwemweya kweDante Alighieri kwakaitika, iyo biography yaive yakawanda kusvikira panguva iyoyo. Munguva yekufamba-famba pamberi pake kwakange kune nguva dzose kuvenga uye kuvhiringidzika. Kwete chete nyika yekwavo, asi nyika yose yakaonekwa naye se "nzvimbo yekubereka yezvokwadi uye kushushikana". Yakanga yakapoteredzwa kumativi ose nekukakavadzana kusingaperi pakati pezvemaguta ehurumende, kukakavadzana kwechisimba pakati pehutungamiri, hutsinye, mauto ekunze, kutsika minda, kuparadza minda yemizambiringa, kuneta, vanhu vasingadi.

Mhirizhonga yemakororo yakakurumbira yakatanga munyika. Kuburikidza kwemazano matsva, kurwisana kwakakurumbira kwakaita kuti kumutswa kwemafungiro aDante, kumukurudzire kuti atsvake nzira dzose dzinogoneka kubva mumamiriro ezvinhu iye zvino.

Kukura kwechimiro chinoshamisa

Munguva yekudzungaira, kushaiwa, kuchema kunofungidzira pamusoro pekuguma kweItaly, nyanzvi yeDante yakasvuka. Panguva iyoyo anoshanda semunyori wenhetembo, nyanzvi yezvematongerwe enyika, vezvematongerwe enyika, mutori wenhau uye nyanzvi-nyanzvi. Panguva imwecheteyo Dante Alighieri akanyora The Divine Comedy, iyo yakamuunzira mukurumbira wenyika isingafi.

Pfungwa yekunyora basa iri yakaonekwa kare kare. Asi kuti uzviite, iwe unofanirwa kurarama hupenyu hwehupenyu hwose, huzere nehurombo, kurwisana, kurara, kuoma basa.

Mukuwedzera kune "Comedy", mamwe anoshandiswa naDante Alighieri (nhete, nhetembo) inoonekwawo. Kunyanya, mutauro we "Mutambo" unoreva makore ekutanga ekubuda. Haingobatsiri chete dzidziso yebhaibheri, asiwo mafiroso, maitiro, nyanzvi, huzivi hwepanyama. Mukuwedzera, "Mutambo" wakanyorwa mumutauro wenyika yeItaly, iyo yakanga isingawanzwisisiki panguva iyoyo. Mushure mezvose, zvinenge zvese mabasa emasayendisiti akabudiswa muchiLatin.

Mukufananidza nebasa rekurapa muna 1306 rakaona nyika uye basa remitauro rakanzi "Pamusoro pevanhu." Iyi ndiyo yekutanga yeEurope yekuongorora kwesayenzi yeRomance linguistics.

Zvose izvi mabasa akaramba asina kupera, sezvo zviitiko zvitsva zvakatumira pfungwa dzaDante mune imwe nzira yakasiyana.

Kuzadzika kusina kuzadzika kudzokera kumusha

Dante Alighieri, uyo anozivikanwa nezvenhoroondo yevanhu vakawanda, aigara achifunga nezvokudzoka. Kwemazuva, mwedzi nemakore iye asingatyi uye achiramba achirota pamusoro payo. Izvi zvakanyatsooneka panguva yebasa re "Comedy", apo paakasika iye mifananidzo isingafi. Akagadzira Florentine kutaura uye akaendesa kuhutungamiri hwematongerwo enyika. Akatenda zvakasimba kuti kwaive kuburikidza nekubatsirwa kwezvisikwa zvake zvekunyora zvinyorwa kuti aizokwanisa kudzokera kuguta rake rekuzvarwa. Zvaanotarisira, tariro uye pfungwa dzekudzoka zvakamupa simba rokupedzisa iyi titanic feat.

Asi akanga asingafanirwi kudzoka. Akapedzisa kunyora nhetembo yake muRavenna, kwaakabvumirwa kutizira neguta racho. Muzhizha ra1321 kusikwa kwaDante Alighieri "Divine Comedy" kwakapedzwa, uye musi waSeptember 14 wegore iroro guta rakange rakavigwa neunyanzvi.

Rufu kubva pakutenda mukurota

Kusvikira pakuguma kwehupenyu hwake, munyori wenhetembo akatendeka munyika yose munyika yake. Iyi mission yaakagara. Nokuda kwake, akaenda kuVenice, iyo yakanga iri kugadzirira hondo kuRavenna. Dante aida chaizvo kunyengetedza vatungamiri veAdriatic Republic kuti vaifanira kusiya hondo.

Asi rwendo urwu haruna kungounza zvigadziro zvaidiwa, asi zvakare rakava kuuraya munhetembo. Pakazodzoka pakanga paine nzvimbo yakasviba yegungwa umo denda rezvimbo dzakadaro raive nekugarwa - marariya. Ndiyo iye uyo akaita kuti kuparadzwa kwesimba remunyori, kutambudzwa nebasa rakaoma, kwemazuva mazhinji. Nokudaro akapera upenyu hwaDante Alighieri.

Uye mushure memazana makumi emakore mashoma Florence akaziva kuti akarasika ndiani akatarisana naDante. Hurumende yaida kubvisa zvakasara zvemunyori wenharaunda yeRavenna. Mota ake kusvika panguva yedu iri kure nemusha, iyo yakaramba uye ikamupa mhosva, asi iyo iyo inoramba iine mwanakomana akazvipira zvikuru.