Cosmology - a ... davi nyeredzi kuti vanodzidza zvivako uye shanduka wezvose

Astronomy - imwe sainzi gangaidzo kuti vanhu akasika sokunge kuti pasinei pachake. Inotibatsira Via zvakawanika uye Masvomhu chaizvoizvo ose zuva kuita zvose Zvakawanikwa itsva, uye ivo tirangarire kuti hatizivi zvachose pamusoro zvakasikwa, nyeredzi uye kunyange mapuraneti pedyo redu renzou. Nhasi, kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakasiyana yezvenyeredzi, ramakagadzwa zvihombe ndedzinotevera: Galactic uye extragalactic nezvenyeredzi, wefizikisi, nyeredzi, zvokuongorora nyeredzi, nyika, exobiology, astrochemistry uye cosmology. Detailed nehanya aiva ichangobva sainzi, tava kutendeukira ikozvino.

zvichireva

In zvesayenzi akapoteredza cosmology - sayenzi pamwero mukuru kudzidza zvakasikwa. Its hwaro nderei dzidziso uye zvokuimba yezvenyeredzi, wefizikisi uye masvomhu. Ainyanya mugadziriro sayenzi kudzidzwa murwiyo zvakasikwa, ayo mamiriro, zera uye-shanduka kubva pakutanga kwayo. Mune zvimwewo pfungwa cosmology - nhamba kubva muchadenga zvaanorumbidza, akawana kuti zvakasiyana nguva, uye dzidziso relativity, akapa nyika Albert Einstein. Zviri kuburikidza ichi zvakawanikwa mumuviri mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 cosmology akava yoga sayenzi, chinocheka, inobva Masvomhu uye nenhamba. Kusvikira panguva iyi yaionekwa pamusoro ephemeral chikamu uzivi mutsa, uye nokuti nyika yakanga isina kunzwisisa zvikuru.

zvikoro zviviri - imwe dzidziso

Zvino cosmology somunhu sainzi zvakanzi rakakamurwa matavi maviri, uyewo masayendisiti vari vamiririri vayo. Empiricists mu kuitisa basa rayo inobva vachingoshandisa zvaanorumbidza yemiviri zvomuchadenga uye nyaya. Havazivi kusika zvakasiyana yokutevedzera mamwe chaizvoizvo panyika, nokuti vanotenda kuti chero zvakazoitika, zviri kure chokwadi. Theorists nekusiyana, ndivo Masvomhu, migumisiro zvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana. Hwaro basa ravo anogona nhema mumwe muenzaniso chivakwa nzvimbo mugove, munhu mutema buri kana zvimwe chinhu. Zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti cosmology - sayenzi kuti vanodzidza zvinhu zvakasikwa, uye zvinobatsira, uye dzidziso. zvikoro Vose vakanga vava vakawanda pfungwa - Big Bang dzidziso. Maererano nayo, yose nzvimbo uye nguva rakabva kamwe kwazvo uye batana nyaya. Kusiyana pazviri pane yechipiri, zvishoma wakakurumbira, asi kwete isina zvinoreva dzidziso. Anoti kuti muchadenga - zvachose Unit, iro haana paakatangira kana mugumo, kana kuti inception kuti kuwa.

The mashoko pamusoro iyo nesayenzi

Pane zvitanhatu mazano zvakasikwa, izvo zvinoshandiswa cosmology:

• Space iri isotropic. Izvi zvinoreva kuti zvose zvinhu muchadenga - mapuraneti uye asteroids uye mapoka enyeredzi uye vatema maburi - kufamba zvisiri zvenguva dzose, kubva mumwe murayiro, uye cosmology zvidzidzo chaiyo kufamba ichi. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo vanogona kuunganidza uye dzinoumba kunaka nzvimbo nharaunda, kumanikidza uye tembiricha. Mune vamwe, nekusiyana, kuti kupera, rarefying nzvimbo kushoma.
• Constant kuwedzera miganhu. Kunyanya cosmology inodzidza shanduka zvakasikwa, uye iyi, tinogona kutaura, zviri kuitika pamberi pedu chaipo. All zvinhu nzvimbo, uye zvikurukuru mapoka enyeredzi ari kutamira kure nomumwe. Mukuru nzira dzavo, kuti nokukurumidza nekukura daro.
• Space yakapoteredza nyika yedu, uye isotropic. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti Nyika, uyewo yaro muchadenga - zvake chikamu zvakasikwa kuti marongerwo kusiyana zvishoma kubva, muti, nzvimbo pedyo puraneti Kepler-36b.
• Maererano Big Bang pfungwa, mashoko makore Pasi, vose asteroids, nyeredzi, mapoka enyeredzi uye zvakasikwa pachazvo pamusoro chete. The kwaita nyaya, vatsvakurudzi achinyatsotaurira remakore makore anenge mabhiriyoni 20 okuberekwa, apo nyeredzi dangwe vanenge mabhiriyoni 15 apfuura. Apo vazhinji anotitungamirira mumatongo uyo kuchera vakakwira marangwanda ose hofori nezvinokambaira. Maererano nemashoko aya, zvinoitika kuti Earth akazviratidza kwokutanga pane nyaya dzose pezvakasikwa. Kutaura zvazviri, masayendisiti refu vakarerutsa parameters ari nechokure pakati emapoka enyeredzi. More kuchangobva inofungidzirwa zvinoratidza kuti zvose magumo panyaya nzvimbo uye maererano nenguva.
• Zvakavanzika Universe, iro iguru, midzi yawo nezvimedu duku - maatomu. Sezvatakamboreva kumusoro, chero nzvimbo iri akafanana kuti chikamu yaivapo panyaya nemamiriro, iyo vaongorori vaigona kuverenga. Panguva 10 rehydrogen maatomu vane mumwe nehelium atomu.
• Chokwadi kuti nekusiyana, rinosimbisa Kururama dzidziso zvachose kuwedzera wezvose ndechokuti nechokure kukuru kubva SS zvikuru quasars, vanogara zvakawanda zvinoshingaira upenyu.

The cosmological muenzaniso wezvinhu zvose

A nhoroondo pfupi zvakasikwa ari mudzidziso yakakurumbira Big Bang dzidziso. Iye akaberekwa nekuvongwa Einstein kuti mukuru dzidziso relativity, waiva hwaro vanoongorora nyeredzi zviitiko zvakaumba muenzaniso rakawedzera yacho. Shanduro iyi kunosimbiswa mushure musayendisiti Hubble juxtaposed kure pakati mapoka uye pakukurumidza vachifambira kure nomumwe. Wechitatu Kusimbiswa achiteverwa G. Gamow, uyo akawana yepasi pose microwave kumashure nemwaranzi. Ndiwo mamiriro Fani inowanikwa pamakona ose zvakasikwa uye kwakafanana "ungira" wemakore kuputika.

Nakisisa tembiricha Bang

Code achiedza kutsanangurira vana sei pezvakasikwa akauya, achiti akanga kare pasina kupfuura pizi, asi zvakanga zvisingaiti kuita uye tembiricha uye kumanikidzwa mairi. Chaizvoizvo, nhoroondo pfupi zvakasikwa hakuna akasiyana zvikuru kubva ichi toyi womuenzaniso. Chizvarwa dzakapoteredza yedu nyika anoenzanisa kusvika mabhiriyoni 20. Years. Panguva apo zvinhu zvose zvakanga chete nguva, kumanikidza imomo akanga 10 ^{kusvika 90} makirogiramu / masendimita ^3. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, giravhiti yakabuda. Zviya, masayendisiti anodavira kuti izwi hachisi chinhu chakaparadzana kana chinokosha. Giravhiti - iri kukanganisa nzvimbo, iyo nokuda arambe achirema kwenyaya. Izvi inotsanangura kuti yakasimba yepasi pose mitumbi pedyo chadenga (kunyange usingashandi), uye gasi zvivako uye nyeredzi vasina munda uyu. Saka, kwemazana emakore pezvakasikwa rakawedzerwa, pova chaiwo rinokweva munda.

nezvinetso cosmology

Inobva pfungwa Big Bang dzakavakwa uye dzimwe yemashoko chokwadi, izvo, pfungwa, hapana kupfuura zvinokosha. Musimboti kunetsana uku iri ndechokuti mumwechete ari nzvimbo panguva yokuzvarwa, riri isotropic mune ichi - icho dzidziso inogona akagadzira maererano SS kudzidza. Kunze kutenderera nyika akatizivisa zvinhu zvakasiyana izvo kungasava isotropic. Masayendisiti vaziva pachishandiswa matambudziko matatu cosmology, izvo saka kure hazvigoni kugadziriswa, asi ivo zvokudya kumwe kufunga uye kutsvakurudza. Pasi apa, isu anofanira kufunga kwavo zvizere.

mamiriro mumwechete

Zviri chirwere kuti vakatenda nevakawanda kuri munyaya vakatanga pakutanga ingava renyaya. Zvinoshamisa arambe achirema, kukanganisa nzvimbo uye nguva, sanzwisisika tembiricha - zvose dzaona ari pano ezvinhu papepa, asi kunyange muchidimbu kuedza kwakadaro akakundikana. Nokuti chikuru dambudziko cosmology - kurambwa of mumwechete kwenyika panguva inception. Ungangove, pokutangira yakanga yakasiyana ezvinhu nyaya.

Kushaya isotropy

Theorists vanodavira kuti zvose nzvimbo mune homogeneous nzvimbo, asi zvinoratidza kuti hazvisi. Ongorora pakadzika zvakasikwa zvinoratidza kuti panzvimbo imwe pane Zvaifadza sumbu remapoka enyeredzi ari imwe nzvimbo isina chinhu. Chokwadi, arambe achirema kwenyaya zvose nzvimbo yacho angasava zvakafanana. Naizvozvo tinogona kutaura kuti Universe ndiye anisotropic, uye ayo makemikari anoumba haisi chete pose pose.

Closed kana noruvazhe?

Zvino vaongorori zvakavanzika zvose nhema zvayo duku mitezo, izvo zvinofanira kusarudza zvaizoitika. It vakaverenga avhareji arambe achirema kwenyaya, uye kana somugumisiro zvichava kusapfuudza dzinonetsa pamwero, nzvimbo achaparadzwa compressed, uye pachinzvimbo tichava kuwedzera donje. Kana arambe achirema dererei pane huwandu muganhu, ipapo zvose kuchawedzera nokusingaperi, uye kuyera ayo nzvimbo, vhoriyamu, uye nguva yava chete shamisa.

Chimwe muenzaniso matangiro uye shanduka of Universe

Scientific cosmology - imwe nzvimbo zivo umo chaizvoizvo ose zuva zvakawanwa itsva inoitwa, pfungwa kunotangira, chimwe nechimwe iine musoro uye ona zvinhu sezvazviri. Mukuwedzera pane anozivikanwa Pfungwa Bang vanonzi dzidziso asymmetry kana kudyidzana kwenyaya uye antimatter. Zvinonzi vaidavira kuti yepasi pose microwave kumashure nemwaranzi muchadenga anogara kuberekwa uye anoramba kubuda nokuda kukurukurirana kwenyaya uye antimatter. Izvi zviviri zvinhu zviri kure ari munhu akamira vakaenzana muchadenga. Nyaya iri zvose zvatinoziva. Antimatter ariko chete vanhu vari Masvomhu. Zvakaita kuti vatende kuti vari masekonzi gumi ariko nyika yokutanga paiva kukundikana symmetry, umo antiparticles vaiva vashoma, sezvo tichienzanisa nezvimedu, uye chikonzero harizivikanwi.

afterword

Cosmology - imwe nharaunda ruzivo kuti vanodzidza zvakasikwa yose. Izvi sainzi yokungotaura kuti zvine musoro anogona kutsanangura siyana mananara vari pezvakasikwa, kupembedza ichi kana kuti kufamba emapoka uye nyeredzi.