Chisvetasimba - nayo ... tupukanana: mienzaniso, mazita, mapikicha

nyika yedu mhenyu siyana zvikuru uye nemamwe. Zvakaoma kukwira chinhu yakawanda yakanaka, hwakakwana uye zvinoshamisa. Plants, mhuka, notumwe tupukanana mabhakitiriya - vose munzira dzakasiyana kuchinja kuvapo, vane zvavo nevamwe zvinhu. muviri wose kunoita kuti uitore zvayo zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza niche, vanova chikamu chenyaya hombe denderedzwa upenyu. Naizvozvo, uye akaronga kuti iwe unogona, vachishandisa iripo nzira dzose kuita kudaro.

Environmental mapoka zvinenge maererano mhando coexistence

Chokwadi, kurarama mundima iyoyo uye kazhinji yakafanana nesimba tsime, zvose zvipenyu vanomanikidzwa kupinda mumwe panguva kudyidzana. All vangazivikanwa 9 mhando coexistence ezvinhu zvipenyu:

1. Neutralism - howa regai kuvimba mumwe uye haana chokuita chero kudyidzana.
2. Makwikwi - interspecific uye intraspecific. Healthy kunobva rwokuzvarwa zvinoderedza uwandu kwemarudzi, ari kubatwa nzvimbo mamwe nemhuka.
3. Mutualism kana symbiosis - rudzi ukama mhando kwamakanga wezvikamu pamwe nemumwe. Panyaya iyi, kuti zvinobatsirei pachena kuti mapato maviri. Muenzaniso: mycorrhiza uye midzi miti, kuti senitrogen-kugadzira utachiona uye zvinomera uye zvichingodaro.
4. Interspecific yakawiriranwa. The mhando ukama, umo vamiririri yakasiyana siyana dzakabatana pamusoro muvengi chete, batsirai mumwe tupukanana uye zvichingodaro. D.
5. Commensalism uye electrophoresis - upenyu tenzi hombe rine pokugara kana zvokudya zvimwe, mhando zviduku. Kukuvadza anogamuchira kana mumwe kana mumwe, kushandiswa chete angoramba achitaura.
6. Amensalizm - upenyu mumwe muviri kuchambokanganisa kunowanzoitika ariko mumwe. Muenzaniso: Tree uye uswa pazasi iye haana kugamuchira chiedza zvakakwana.
7. Parasitism, kana imwe mhando - muridzi, mumwe - mushanyi, zvichiita kukuvadza zvikuru utano uye upenyu muviri. Boka tupukanana rakanyatsojeka yakakura. Shanduka zvinenge dzakadaro akatevera nzira regression. Pakati pavo pane vamiririri vose umambo zvakasikwa.
8. Predation - vachidya zvakawanda simba siyana simba. The chikuru ukoshi - mutemo nhamba kwazvakaita uye wokunatswa kwenzvimbo vamiririri vanorwara uye simba.
9. Allelopathy - makemikari mwoyo pakati dzimwe mhando zvinomera.

Mumwe zvakakura, kukanganisa utano hwevanhu uye siyana nekuita pakati zvinenge zviri parasitism. Ngationgororei izvozvo zvizere.

Chisvetasimba - ndiani ichi?

Kana shoko sezvariri rakashandurwa, zvinoreva "pedyo zvokudya", "pedyo zvokudya." Urwu rwatova zvikuru anotsanangura wakadii chisikwa. Tupukanana - zvipenyu zviri tichiregeredza muridzi woupenyu, pakugadzirisa mukati kana kunze uye zvinodya tsvina. Kukonzera yakawanda zvakakanganisika, kazhinji zvinouraya.

Chisvetasimba - ndiye anogara vamwe nenzira dzose uye mumativi. Kune Vamiririri avo kugadzirisa muvanhu, mhuka, zvinomera. Kukonzera yakawanda zvirwere kutungamirira kudhaka uye chepfu zvishoma nezvishoma kuuraya hondo muviri kubva mukati. In chitarisiko uye munyika marongerwo vari siyana chaizvo tupukanana. Photos vazhinji vavo vanogona kuonekwa munyaya. Sami Vamiririri angareva zvinotevera zvinenge:

1. Parasitic zvirimwa.
2. Insect tupukanana.
3. Majemusi.
4. Animals.
5. Howa.
6. Mabhakitiriya.

Zviri pachena kuti upenyu hwakadaro siyana pakati mumwe umambo. Ngationgororei mimwe funga mararamiro zvinhu nemamiriro uye kukuvara vazvo.

celled tupukanana

Duku Nhengo ichi zvipenyu mapoka zvipenyu. Kazhinji chaizvo indistinguishable kuti kupfeka ziso. Ivai zvinhu marongerwo:

• Chimiro inogona kuramba, asi anogona siyana nokuda pasina goko uye turgor;
• muwande zvose zvepabonde uye asexually (zvichienderana kwezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu);
• Rine chaiyo zvinhu izvi kuvatendera kuti ozeyewa pahondo muviri;
• Zvingava nguva vachingotya ndakarovha rokutanga trimester pamusoro pezvakaitwa upenyu, kurara mhando (cysts);
• kufema yose muviri pamusoro;
• kufamba kushandisa cilia kana flagella, prolegs.

Mhando parasitic majemusi

Celled chisvetasimba - ichi kuva ngozi, chakasvitswa kubva munhu mhuka ndiEzekieri, zvichikonzera vanoverengeka chakakomba uye ngozi zvirwere nehondo yawo. Typical mienzaniso:

• Leishmania;
• trypanosomes;
• Plasmodium falciparum;
• manyoka amoeba;
• Toxoplasma;
• babesia;
• gregarines nevamwe.

Tupukanana, vane mazita akanyorwa pamusoro, ivo pave zita iwoyu zvirwere muvanhu nemhuka, zvakaipira iyo kunyange pashure kurapwa kuramba vakaomerwa. Maronda paganda, kuva chimiro chakaipa kwazvo, vawirwa nenjodzi nechitarisiko uye nhengo dzomukati, Kushatiswa mukuru vasiri mamiriro, kushaya hope, kushaya mbereko uye vamwe vakawanda.

Leishmania

Chimwe chezvinhu ngozi chete-celled zvisikwa vanhu nemhuka vazhinji Leishmania. chisvetasimba kwakadaro - a nemaziso muviri une pamugumo muviri flagellum uye mumwe - blefaroplast. The chinokosha chine core. Kugadzirisa zvisikwa izvi vari chirwatata, chiropa uye mwongo. Vakaguta zviri masero, zvichivhiringidza kugona kwavo kuti vararame. Vanokwanisa muwande nokukurumidza, ipapo kutanga kuparadza hondo. Kutamiswa zvipembenene nhunzi akadaro.

The chirwere, iro rinoita kuti protozoan chisvetasimba rinonzi Leishmania. Zvinogona kuitika nenzira mbiri:

• akaoma;
• achichema.

It akaratidza ari chinoda kugadziriswa Maronda paganda, runokurumidza kuparadzira zvose pamusoro muviri. Treatment refu, rinorema, dzimwe nguva yokunyatsochengeta nguva kusvika gore. nzvimbo Main nokuparadzirwa uye chirwere of chisvetasimba - India, Italy, China uye Iran.

trypanosome

Protozoan chisvetasimba chinokonzera zvirwere zvikuru. Vanhuwo zvikuru - vakarara nokurwara. Trypanosomes dziripo dzakasiyana siyana. Places kupinda uye kuparadzwa mumuviri:

• node uye ropa;
• uropi uye musana;
• serous Urume.

A mutakuri chirwere - the tsetse nhunzi, notupukanana. Pakanyenga kunyanya Africa. Symptomatology kuti akarara kurwara:

• kuzvimba ganda, mukati iyo muwande kutanga tupukanana;
• dzungu;
• svoto;
• kurasikirwa Kufambisa;
• chetsinga chirwere;
• mupfungwa retardation;
• mukuru nekuneta;
• vachinetesa of masoja emuviri uye nezvimwewo.

Zvichida muupenyu kupfuura rikwanise chimiro, painoguma murufu. Mabatirwo chakakomba, kwemwedzi uye kunyange kwemakore. Zvakanakisisa tiite kudzivirira uye vaunze kutapata kuti chisvetasimba mu zvikuru dzakabudirira nzira.

Tupukanana pakati zvipembenene

Kunewo chaizvo zvakawanda, kukonzera dzimwe nguva vari chirwere ngozi chaizvo uye zvakakura. Rakajairika zvipembenene tupukanana:

• inda - rokunze muviri tupukanana kuti mhuka (kusanganisira vanhu), anogona kukonzera zvirwere zvakadai typhus;
• nhata - kupinza ropa zvisikwa inodziya-ropa rechiJudha chairo, kukonzera dambudziko;
• Various nhunzi - dyisa the scum, uye kuora Organic residues, kukonzera munhu uye mhuka zvirwere zvakadai denda, nemanyoka, fivha, hwechigwadara, tibhii, utachiwana parasitic nehonye;
• mubhedha notupukanana - kuruma kubudikidza ganda, zvokudya neropa, kukonzera zvirwere, sema;
• malarial Umhutu - zvenguva wehondo kutakura plasmodium chinokonzera marariya kukura;
• bhiza inomhanya uye mbuo - nokunwa ropa remhuka, yekutapurira navo siyana zvinotapukira.

tupukanana izvi - mienzaniso zvipenyu, paunogona nyore Zindoga nemhuri yako, kana uchichenjera utsanana, utsanana uye chengeta kuitira dzinovaraidza.

nembato

Zvikuru ngozi pakati tumbuyu ndiro chishambwe nezvipembenene encephalitis. Kutaura zvazviri, sezvazvakanyorwa kunzi chirwere, kukura nazvo chinokurwadzai. Kutaura zvazviri, Tupukanana ichi anonzi "taiga" uye "imbwa gupa". The mhuka vashomashoma, kusvikira 4 mm pakureba. Zvisinei, ayo kuruma ngozi kwazvo. Pamwe nemate muropa romunhu anowana encephalitis utachiwana. Pakuzadzisa chirwere achavaponesa akuvara zvirwere. Kana iye simba zvakakwana, chirwere haangavi kutanga. Kana kwete, zvaigona kunge huru kwazvo. Vakawanda Migumisiro encephalitic chirwere:

• fivhiri;
• kudhaka;
• uropi;
• yomumuzongoza;
• chetsinga chirwere;
• chirwere chepfungwa;
• rufu.

Zviri pachena kuti hazvina ngozi chaizvo uye kusingafadzi vanhu tupukanana dzakadaro. Photo chishambwe anogona kuonekwa pazasi.

Parasitic zvirimwa

All zvinomera kubudikidza nzira autotrophs simba. Saka munhu angafunga. Zvisinei, zvinoita sokuti vamwe vavo zvokudya heterotrophically, kuva kana utachiona hwacho kana zvikara. Vakawanda siyana kurarama tichiregeredza muridzi uye kukonzera irreparable kumukuvadza, muri:

• broomrape;
• dodder;
• rackwheel;
• mistletoe;
• rira guru;
• rafflesiaceae vamiririri.

Kugadzirisa pamusoro tsika yemiti, tupukanana, akaratidzwa pamusoro, zvichiita kuti chirwere chakakomba, kazhinji zvichiita rufu uye yekudyidzana yokuderedza goho uye zvirimwa. Pakurwisa zvinenge akadaro ari chaizvo kushingaira munhu.

Nezvimwe zvisina kugadziriswa pamusoro kurimwa zvinomera, uye pamusoro mumwe - miti, nemiti, makwenzi uye zvichingodaro. Uye chete chikonzero vane siyana zvirwere, bvisai zvinokurisa uye mvura, kunyimwa upenyu.

mistletoe

Typical tupukanana pamiti - mistletoe. The inonyanya mhando - mistletoe kupendwa. Inotarisira akasvibirira zvikuru uye akanaka, asi muridzi kuti sucks ari muto, akacheneruka chaizvo uye yakaoma. Its midzi mistletoe weaving mu korona muti uye nokudaro anofanira kuwana zvose chicherwa yeimwe uye mvura.

Externally mistletoe ane chimiro ane miti yakasvibira magnificently maruva gwenzi unongoda pamapazi kana korona wehondo. Iyo miti anowanzodanwa sei chisvetasimba ichi?

1. Fruit zvirimwa.
2. Birch.
3. Poplar.
4. Maples.
5. Pine.
6. Willow.
7. Mhashu.

The vanhuwo anewo zita "guruu shiri" uye "nemiouki michero."

Animal tupukanana

Pakati mhuka, parasitic mararamiro vari kunyanya nehonye round, sandara, uye vamwe. Zvazvinoita mumapapu, mwoyo, zvomudumbu nhengo, ropa uye nhengo dzinobudisa ezvinhu, chiropa. Honye zvinoenderana kuupenyu mukati mumuviri kuitira kuti hapana chakaipa asingagoni kumubhadhara tenzi. The chisvetasimba ane:

• goko chaiyo kuti anotidzivirira kugaya kubudikidza gastric muto;
• nezvikokovonho, kupotsera kana zvimwe chivako kunhaka uye mafambiro;
• Yokudzidza maitiro zvomukati;
• kukwanisa kuwanda uye kunonosa vezviuru mazai panguva.

Rakajairika Makonye kuti infest munhu, sezvinotevera: tapeworm, tapeworm bovine uye Pygmy, Ascaris, Trichinella, Dirofilaria, loiasis, schistosomes, whipworm, uye vamwe.

Kazhinji kubva parasitic nehonye, zvinokanganisawo vana, kubva mumugwagwa mitambo hanya utsanana. Ndirwowo zvikuru nevanhu manyuko zvokutapukirwa - nyama, hove uye vamwe mapuroteni zvigadzirwa, vane kukwana kupisa kurapwa.