Chikwata - kwaiva neboka revanhu vaipfura magweta .... neboka revanhu vaipfura chef

Shoko rokuti "chikwata" yakabuda muRussia kare.

Nhoroondo chiitiko

Saka, muna 12-15 emakore, chikwata - nemushambadziri repamutemo kana sangano kirasi date vemo. Mberi kusvikira 1917. Mukutanga Middle Ages chaizvo zvakanaka zita iri. Chikwata anowana Chikumbiro kwayo shamwari dzakasiyana-siyana enyika, zvechitendero uye munzanga hunhu. The yekare veGermany pasi chikwata vakanzwisisa zvokudya pamwe chete, achiperekedzwa zvibayiro kuna vanamwari, uyewo mariro, michato uye kuberekwa kwevana.

ChiKristu akasimudzira kutanga hondo kweChechi pamwe nemasangano ane zita iroro. Vamiririri Church aidavira kuti chikwata - sangano pamwe vakasara muchihedheni. Zvisinei, pashure penguva rave akarasika hunhu masangano aya vechihedheni, vakatanga kuumba panguva mumachechi echiKristu.

Danho rinotevera kukura pfungwa iri remakore rechinomwe namasere. Panguva iyi, chikwata - sangano rechitendero, ainzi chokuremekedza anorichengeta uye ndine chechi uye imba misangano. Raisanganisira vamiririri pakunamata uyewo nevesangano. inotungamirwa ichi iripo kunyange dare. The chikuru maruva ari guilds wakawira 14-15 emakore.

Chikwata senzira tinorwisana kusaruramisira

Pamwe kuwedzera maguta vakatanga kuoneka chikwata kuti vabatane vagari mukurwisa kokumanikidza feudal madzishe. Chikwata vatengesi vakabatsira pakuchengetedza enyika uye magariro richikunda ezvinhu nhengo.
MuEngland, pasi masangano aya vainzwisisa handicraft zvitoro. Muna 11-12 emakore zvakava kwakapararira kutevera kududzirwa pfungwa: iri chikwata - zviri chete vatengesi dzesangano.

Kwakapararira akagamuchira idzodzo akadaro Germany, England, France. The kwaita guilds yakafanira zvinodiwa dzakawanda uye intercity wokutengesera. Kazhinji vakabatana chikwata vatengesi rimwe chete nzvimbo. Ivo anorenda akadzivirira zvigadzirwa zvakasikwa nhumbi uye kutenga dzezvitoro, vakaedza vabudirire pachavo nekuve zvinobatsira. Songaniro miganhu kwakadaro akazviratidza kushamwaridzana kubatanidza misha inoverengeka.

Kazhinji chikwata - wesangano vatengesi nokuti mifananidzo chaiyo zvinhu (somuenzaniso, "haberdashers" kana "Vintners"). Nhengo mapoka akadaro makasungwa nevamwe uye kutsigira mumwe mu kuputsika kwengarava, kurwisa makororo uye muripo rorudzikinuro. Rinotungamirirwa chikwata vakuru uye akasarudzwa kanzuru.

Chikwata - chinhu kunobatsira kuderedza

Munzvimbo umo vemunharaunda aya akarongwa, vaiva mhando nzira nechokwadi Implementation ane panzvimbo zvakanaka imupota nhumbi. Uyewo, ivo wapiwa anotambura chitoro okutengesa. Kunopiwa dzakadaro kodzero chindingindingi aigona kukuvadza zvido yakananga nevatengi rweguta, apo pane chikwata.

The kukura simba pamusoro chikwata

Tiine zvishoma nezvishoma masangano aya vakatanga kutora tsika kushomeka kuitwa nhengo sangano. Saka, kuitwa pakati chikwata rakanga akaenzana kupedza wezvokutengeserana. Munharaunda apo masangano aya vane mukuru zvazvinoita marongerwo yakapfuura kunyange mavanze mabasa avo, uyewo kuzvishandisa vatarisire raanoziva uye kutengeserana. Achitendeukira kare, tinogona kutaura nechivimbo kuti vatsivi guilds vakava guru rezvokutengeserana makambani.

Saka, iyi pfungwa ine nhoroondo zvakanaka zvakawanda, uye zvisinei pane zvikuru kubudirira magetsi ezvoupfumi, vanoverengeka nezvimwe.

Neboka revanhu vaipfura Lawyers Russian

Chikwata magweta - chokuzvidira, nyanzvi uye asiri mubereko unozvipa wedare nenzanga unyanzvi mune mirayiridzo iyi Russia. Zvinonzi akaumba uye unoshanda sezvakatenderanwa kuMudzidzisi mutemo.

Lawyers chikwata ari nhengo International Bar Association nemamwe masangano dzakawanda. vemunzvimbo iyi pamwe nemamwe masangano akadai International Law Union uye Federal Association of pakati Moscow Bar Association.

Sezvo chikamu chikwata ichi unoshanda mudzimba Academy of Notaries, iyo muridzi kodzero kuti ape zvidzidzo ayo vadzidzi ezvinhu dhipuroma. Uyewo, kana anomhanyira zvidzidzo dhigirii uye dissertation kanzuru.

neboka revanhu vaipfura Realtors

List chikwata rinopedzisa yakakodzera munharaunda Russian Realtors. Zviri sangano rinounza pamwechete nyanzvi mudzimai Real Estate musika. Mumakore gumi okupedzisira ezana basa rake, chikwata ichi yava sangano rimwe simba. Sechivako munharaunda anosanganisira zvinopfuura chiuru masangano hanya, kusanganisira kumativi 60 Regional vechikamu chaiye kuchamuka pamusika.

Kushandisa guilds iri pfuma pamusika

Basa munharaunda iyi zvisikwa uye pakuzadzisa wokuRussia Real Estate musika. The chikuru vavarira hazvisi kuitira zvinoshingaira kusimudzira kukura kwebudiriro munyika Real Estate musika nokushandiswa mitemo yaivapo uye akakodzera pamutemo framework.
Izvi zvichaita kuti pave kusikwa kwegadziriro zvaanoda nhengo dzayo, uyewo vakarongeka kushandiswa kwayo kwezvivako kudzivirira zvakafanana zvido yacho kuronga kusangana zvinhu zvinodiwa, wakaumbwa ari nyanzvi, zvesayenzi uye michina kukura.

Ichi chikwata mberi kwave munzvimbo nenzvimbo kuitwa zvainanga kusikwa zvoupfumi nzvimbo mudzimai Real Estate. Mushure abolition kuti kutyora nokuda Realtors chikwata akasimbisa chokuzvidira hurongwa advertising kuMudzidzisi mabasa, inova rubatso rezita unhu chaihwo wemunda mabasa. Akadaro advertising gadziriro, kutanga yakatangwa Russia zvinoita kuti tikwanise kuongorora unhu mabasa inopiwa nemakambani anoshanda ari Real Estate pamusika. Muchiitiko ichi tiri kutaura pamusoro makambani kuti vanobatanidzwa mune Nhengo chikwata, uyewo vaya vanoshanda vakazvimirira pamusoro pamusika.

Makambani mumunda muviri

National neboka revanhu vaipfura Chefs akasika makore 11 apfuura (muna 2003). Chinangwa charo kutsigira uye kukudziridza resitorendi dzemabhizimisi, uyewo kusikwa zvimwe zvinodiwa ounyanzvi.
Maererano munharaunda inobatanidza vakawanda nyanzvi simba indasitiri, confectioners uye chef vanomiririra zvakanakisisa mumaresitorendi Russian. The chikuru mabasa ose chikwata ringabatanidza zvinotevera:

- Kukwidziridzwa of dzakagadzirirwa chef uye chikanywa;

- kutsigira pakuzadzisa kumaresitorendi mu Russia;

- pamwe kumatunhu kuburikidza yokubvunza uye okudhindira;

- Kurovedza vaduku chef uye confectioners, etc.

Kuvaka inogona kuenderera munharaunda

Saka, kana kufunga mubvunzo: "How kuumba chikwata" - zvinokosha kuvaka pamusoro wandei zvinotaurwa nesangano kuMudzidzisi mabasa.

Chekutanga, nzanga akadaro akasika vauye pamwe chete nenyanzvi mune imwe mirayiridzo kukurudzira imwe mhando yokutengeserana. Muchiitiko chino, izvozvo kutaura chawakaronga mabasa, izvo zvinogona Classified sezvinotevera:

- The sangano okudzidziswa, kuitisa chekudzidzisa, iyoyo mikana kuvandudza unyanzvi;

- kupa rutsigiro mashoko nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana;

- kubatsirwa basa nhengo uyewo pakudzivirira zvavanofarira uye kodzero.

Chechipiri, munharaunda ino aite zvinhu maererano nomutemo zvinoshanda. Russian chikwata chiri zvinobatanidzwa zvinhu takatsunga ne kutyora mitemo kubvumira muviri wavo chete rinokosha mvumo.

Unosungira gwaro Dare zvinonakisa mabasa munharaunda, mumwe gwaro pamusoro yakawiriranwa ukama nhengo. Gwaro iri rinoti kodzero uye mabasa nhengo dzayo.

Saka, pakati zvinhu anowanikwa yenyu mitezo chikwata, unofanira zvinosanganisira zvinotevera: ruzivo rutsigiro pamwe Indaneti, terevhizheni, anodhinda nhau uye forum nemazvo; kupa mukana kuita siyana ezvokutengeserana (semuenzaniso, tenzi makirasi); Kuva mukana kuwana zano rwenyanzvi nevezera ravo; Kushandisa mikana iripo kubatsira basa, uyewo kuvapa zano pamutemo.

The mabasa nenhengo chero munharaunda iyi mhando hunosanganisira: ari popularization mabasa ounyanzvi hwokugadzira vane vamiririri vari nhengo chikwata; yakanaka nokutenda uye akanaka aurayiwe mabasa avo zvaidiwa nyanzvi nokuzvibata kana kuwadzana vashandi uye vashandirwi.

chikwata zita kunobva nhengo imwe mhando yebasa kuitwa nenhengo dzaro.

mhedziso

Achiratidza, zvinokosha kucherechedza zvinotevera sezvakarongwa ichi bepa zvinhu. Chikwata - chinhu chaicho yevanhu vakabatana munda wavo uye vanokwanisa, mune pedyo pamwe chete navo kuti vabudirire dzakakwirira kunoguma yasarudzwa achitungamirirwa sangano. Ndokusaka, nokuda rakamanikana nezvechii, pane guilds zvemagweta, chef, Realtors, etc. Songaniro ava rudzi "madenderedzwa dzinofarirwa", izvo anobatsira kuwana nzvimbo yavo muupenyu zvakaoma ichi vechidiki nenyanzvi.